1 2005 Advanced Distributed Learning. All Rights Reserved. Module III

Module IIIModule III

Collection of EvidenceCollection of EvidenceProper Collection, Packaging & Preservation of DNA Evidence

Learning Objectives Demonstrate proficiency in at least 2 methods of

collecting biological evidence

Recognize at least 2 improper methods of

packaging biological evidence

Explain the importance of proper storage of

biological evidence

Rule of “Thumb” It’s better to collect it and not submit it than

to not have collected it at all!

Keep lines of communication open between you and the laboratory

Remember Small items – submit entire item

Large items – submit a portion of the item

Amount to Collect• Early DNA - Size of quarter

• Serology - Size of dime

• Current DNA - If you can see it, we can try it

Collection of Blood Evaluate the item/stain and its

probative value Swab the stain (works best on

non-absorbent surfaces) Scrape the stain Cut the stain from the item Collect the item

Swabbing the Stain Lightly moisten the swab (distilled or

sterile water) Rub swab over the stain, rotating swab Use 2 - 4 more swabs

Swabbing the Stain Concentrated!! Better to collect it and not use it rather than to

lose the sample altogether Don’t sacrifice other exams!! (latents!)

Collecting the Item Recommended

• When staining pattern is important• Item is difficult to swab• Item requires multiple exams

Make sure the item is dry Package to ensure integrity (glass, sharps,

breakables)

Collection of Semen Evaluate the stain and its probative value Swab the stain

• Works best on non-absorbent surfaces

Cut the stain from the item Collect the item

Collection of Semen : Condom If the condom appears “filled”

• Secure the condom if possible so the inside doesn’t contaminate the outside

• Small hard container closed with• a paperclip• a twist-tie• an electrical tie

Possible Victim Vaginal Fluid

From suspect pubic area or fingers• Lightly moisten the swab (distilled or

sterile)

• Swab the entire area, rotating the swab

• Use no more than 2 swabs

Victim Sexual Assault Kit Standardized kit to collect

pertinent biological evidence from the body of the victim

Contact your local laboratory to determine which kit they use

Suspect Standard Kit• Standardized kit to collect pertinent

biological evidence from the body of the suspect

• Contact your local laboratory to determine which kit they use

Collection of Hairs/Fibers Post-It notes placed into envelope or Ziploc bag

• Straight into Ziploc bag NOT recommended due to static electricity

Gloves or forceps to transfer hair/fiber(s) into a glassine envelope

Vacuum is generally not recommended

Talk to YOUR laboratory!

Collection of Saliva From a bitemark:

• Moisten one swab and swab area of mark

• Follow with a dry swab to collect any remaining moisture on skin

• Allow swabs to air dry and package together

From Suspect Pubic Area

• Refer to vaginal fluid instructions

Known Saliva (Buccal) Swabs Known standard Swab the inside of the cheek area using 2

swabs Rotating them during collection Allow swabs to air dry (or place in swab box)

and package together Submit dry swabs as control swabs

Fingernail Scrapings/Clippings Collect only when indicated Clip nails into clean paper with a clean clipper Separating left and right nails

OR Scrape the underside of each nail onto a clean paper Package the scrapers inside this paper

Bone• Co-mingled remains, mass graves, skeletal

remains, exhumations, airplane crashes

• Marrow is where blood is made

• Good to use if no blood is available

• Best to collect rib bone or vertebrae

• Place in jar and freeze

• DNA is in the dental pulp

• Very resistant to decay

• Obtained from teeth of mummies

• Saved baby teeth can be used as secondary DNA standard in missing person cases

• Collect into pill box

Organs/Tissue• Collect if no blood is available

• Collect liver or spleen

• Place in jar and freeze

Data Bank Samples

Follow your state or local protocol for collecting samples from arrestees and/or convicted offenders

Plug in Activity Practice collecting blood evidence Given a variety of substrates Demonstrate proficiency in swabbing,

lifting, scraping and absorbing blood evidence

Determine advantages and disadvantages for each technique

Technique Advantages Disadvantages

Swabbing

Lifting

Scraping

Absorbing

Activity 1Collecting Blood Stains

Knowledge into Practice

Look at the following items and determine the best way to handle the object

For the following items, indicate how you would collect the evidence

Knowledge into Practice Assuming there is semen on the

following items

Identify the best method to collect the evidence:

• Swab the stain• Cut the stain from the item• Collect the entire item

Carpeting

Mattress

Car seat

Tissues

Diaper

Linoleum floor

“Sex toy”

Packaging Materials Paper bags Plastic bags* Pill boxes Envelopes and note pad Glass jars

Paint cans Cardboard boxes Evidence tape Specialized materials

Packaging TechniquesChoice of proper container

• Paper is the packaging material of choice

• Plastic should only be used when there is danger of liquids (biohazard or other) penetrating paper

Packaging TechniquesAir-Dried

• Evidence should be allowed to air-dry• The optimal method to preserve DNA

Packaging TechniquesTissue and liquid samples

•Keep refrigerated

Caution!!Never freeze liquid tubes of blood

Be careful, put glass tubes in plastic bag

Packaging Techniques Package items separately when recovered

separately

If items found together, then package together

• Clothing in a pile• Cigarettes in an ashtray

Packaging Techniques Don’t allow fluids or stains to touch each

other or unaffected areas

Packaging Techniques

Minimize interior movement

Unacceptable Plastic Multiple items per

bag Stains still wet “Mummy wrap”

Packaging DNA Evidence

Acceptable Paper One item per bag Stains air-dried Do not overfill

Labeling Packages Name/initials of the collector

Each person/entity subsequently having custody

Date of collection or transfer

Agency and case #

Victim or suspect name

Brief description of item

Labeling Packages Label container before packaging

Labeling Packages Label and identify exterior as to content

Labeling Packages Label the item with warnings/hazards or other

helpful information:

• Biohazard

• Sharp

• Fragile

• Unloaded

• Etc.

Sealing the Package Seal packages with tape

• Prevents items from falling in• Prevents items from falling out• Provides measure of security – evidence can’t

be accessed unless seal is broken

Initial across seal or under the seal

Sealing the Package

Acceptable

Scotch tape Packaging tape

Unacceptable

Masking tape Staples

Plug in ActivityGiven 10 items:

Practice identifying the properly

packaged evidence

Practice identifying the improperly

packaged evidence

Activity 2Identifying Properly Packaged Evidence

Station PackagesGood Bad (explain)

Identify the Packaging Error

Knowledge Into Practice

Review the following items of evidence

Describe how to best package them for preservation and transportation

Properly Labeled Evidence

Evidence Preservation & Storage

Lack of evidence preservation can render a probative piece of evidence useless!

Identify the Storage Error

Preserving DNA Evidence

Acceptable Keep cool

Bring to lab as soon as possible

Unacceptable Keep warm

Delay in transport to lab

Trunk Storage

SummaryDO Air dry before packaging Use paper Use separate bags Use plenty of room Seal with scotch tape Initial with permanent marker Keep item cool

SummaryDON’T

Package item still wet

Use plastic

Clump in one bag

Use smallest bag

Staple shut

Initial with ballpoint pen

Keep in trunk in July

Now What? Are you familiar with your lab’s DNA testing

policies? Do they…

• Work all types of cases?• Work cases regardless of the submission

of a suspect sample?• Work both subject and non-subject cases?

Contact lab personnel for assistance in evaluating evidence with respect to the lab’s policies and capabilities

Time to Submit! Follow your agency’s and forensic lab’s

policies• Meet in person?

• Submit only pre-approved items?

• Special times & locations for submission?

• Specific directions?

• Prioritization?– i.e., if you get results on A, don’t worry about B….

Continue the investigation while waiting for results!

Review Learning Objectives

Demonstrate proficiency in at least 2

methods of collecting biological evidence

Recognize at least 2 improper methods of

packaging biological evidence

Explain the importance of proper storage of

biological evidence

Questions?

15 Minutes !

Film Credits

CSI: Las Vegas

Season Four

Alliance Atlantis

Anthony Zuiker-Producer

The Andy Griffith Show

Desilu Productions

For educational purposes onlyFor educational purposes only

1 2005 Advanced Distributed Learning. All Rights Reserved. Module III

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