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1. pronouns
2. describers / classifiers
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personal
central reflexive
possessive
indefinite
relative
non-central interrogative
demonstrative
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personal pronouns speaker only
speaker
speech roles speaker plus
addressee
male
human
singular female
other role non-human
plural
1st
person
2nd person
3rd p e r s o n
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personal pronouns (subject/object)
speaker only I me
speaker
speech roles speaker plus we us
addressee you you
male he him
human
singular female she her
other role non-human it it
plural they them
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e.g.
personal pronouns (subject/object)
I asked him to give me a hand
They told them to hurry
Did she tell you that you could come?
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possessive pronouns (as determiner/head)
speaker only my mine
speaker
speech roles speaker plus our ours
addressee your yours
male his his*
human
singular female her hers
other role non-human its [its]*
plural their theirs
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This is my book; that one is yours
possessive pronouns (as determiner/head)
His car is blue; the black one is not his
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reflexive pronouns
speaker only myself
speaker
speech roles speaker plus ourselves
addressee yourself
male himself
human
singular female herself
other role non-human itself
plural themselves
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pronoun usage
Today in maths class, our teacher read the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she gave us a problem to solve: we had to find out how many items of food the hungry caterpillar ate before he built a cocoon around himself. We could work it out using any method and materials we wanted.
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interrogative pronouns
personal who; whom; whose (referring to people)
non-personal what; of which (referring to objects/animals)
neutral which
key: Subject usage; Object usage; possessive usage
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indefinite pronouns
personal everyone; someone; no-one everybody; somebody; nobody non-personal everything; something; nothing
neutral* each; all; both; none; neither
(*neutral = may be used with either persons or objects)
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indefinite pronounsThe indefinite pronouns usually take a singular
verb, e.g. The room was crowded and everyone was listening to the speeches.
An interesting linguistic innovation:These days it is common usage to refer to
an indefinite pronoun using a plural pronoun. This is because the indefinite pronouns are gender-neutral like the plural 3rd person pronouns. So the following is quite acceptable:
Someone’s coming. Let’s hide from them.Does anyone want to bring their bags over
here
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relative pronouns personal who; whom/who/that;
non-personal which; of which
neutral* that; whose
key: Subject usage; Object usage; possessive usage
(*neutral = may be used with either persons or objects)
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relative pronounssome examples
The book that I was reading is on the table.
There is the man whom we met last night. (formal)
There is the man who we met last night.There is the man that we met last night.
I saw a child whose beauty amazed me.
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demonstrative pronouns(singular/plural)
near this these far that those
The appropriate usage depends on proximity, i.e. the distance between the speaker and the person/object/wording referred to.
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words which describe and classify a noun
Today in maths class, our new teacher read the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she gave us a small problem to solve: we had to find out how many items of food the hungry caterpillar ate before he built a little cocoon around himself. We could work it out using any simple method and any old materials we wanted.
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Adjectives can :1. describe a noun, e.g.
an ugly painting;
determiner adjective noun
p r e m o d i f e r s
Head
class label
function label
the happy children
Pointer Describer
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our new teacher
possessive adjective noun
p r e m o d i f e r s
Head
class label
function label
the orphan children
Pointer Classifier
Adjectives can :2. classify a noun, e.g.
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words which describe and classify a noun
Today in maths class, our new teacher read the story of the hungry caterpillar. Then she gave us a small problem to solve: we had to find out how many items of food the hungry caterpillar ate before he built a little cocoon around himself. We could work it out using any simple method and any old materials we wanted.
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2. Adjectives can occur by themselves after certain verbs (be; become; seem; feel; look)
e.g. the painting is ugly. I thought the painting ugly.the children look happy.
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describing adjectives can be intensified; classifying
adjectives cannot
describing
classifying
the very
happy children
the very
ugly painting
the very
French pastry
the very
caesar salad
the very
electric train
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describing
classifying
the happiest children
the ugliest painting
the Frenchest pastry
the caesarest salad
the electricest train
describing adjectives can be compared; classifying
adjectives cannot
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subjective attitude ^ objective properties ^ classifiers ^ Nounsmall attractive well-worn twisted black ebony African walking
stick
size - general description - age shape - colour - material origin - purpose
p r e m o d i f i e r
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an adjective usually premodifies the noun but it may occur,
• as postmodifier, e.g. time immemorial• as object complement in a clause, e.g.
the door slammed shut.• alone in an exclamative, e.g.
Fantastic!
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an adjective can occur as head in an elliptical noun phrase, i.e. when the noun functioning as head is left out, e.g.
the poor (= poor people) the hungry (= hungry people) the aged (= aged people)
determiner head (describer head)
article adjective adjective noun
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a matured persona mature person:a tensed body
a person who is mature
a tense body: a body that is tense
A close shop a closed shop:A manicure garden
a shop that the owner has closed
a manicured garden:
a garden that the gardener has manicured
key: adjective verb
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A I borrowed a …..book called “How to Hug” yesterday.
B Are you enjoying it>A No. It was disappointing. I took it back this
morning.B What was wrong with it?A It was volume 7 of the Encyclopedia
Britannica
insert these adjectives – thick, library, English –
and order them correctly:
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comparisons
A woodpecker was talking to a chicken one day.
“Woodpeckers are very clever birds,” it said.
“Nonsense,” said the chicken. “What’s clever
about banging your head against a tree all
day?” Chickens are much …….. than
woodpeckers.”
“Really?” replied the woodpecker.
“Have you ever heard of Kentucky Fried
Woodpecker?” intelligent
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2a: pronouns in An Historic Speech
That I should have chosen as the title of this address `Are there enough Malaysians to save Malaysia’ is, in itself, an admission of the fact that we are, as surgeons will put it, very near the bone.
First, what is Malaysia; next, who wants Malaysia; next, who is prepared to fight and die for Malaysia?
I would like to start this discussion this evening before Malaysia was formed so that we can get quite clear in our minds who wanted Malaysia and why, because why they wanted Malaysia will decide whether they are prepared to fight for it, and if necessary, die for it.
Key: personal; reflexive; possessive; demonstrative; interrogative;
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2b: identifying the adjectives The truth is: you haven’t seen Singapore if you
haven’t been to Sentosa. With fabulous sun, sand and sea, manicured gardens, rustic ambience, lush natural greenery, historical enclaves, the enchanting Musical Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of exciting attractions – you can have the time of your life. And if you really want to have it all, besides our normal admission rates, try the Sentosa Passport which offers a special two-day discount package to enjoy nine wonderful attractions at only $44.90 (adult) and ($35.00 (child). What’s more: just bring along this brochure and save $9 per adult and $8 per child on each Sentosa Passport. Enquire at any hotel concierge for ticketing information.
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2b: identifying the adjectives The truth is: you haven’t seen Singapore if you
haven’t been to Sentosa. With fabulous sun, sand and sea, manicured gardens, rustic ambience, lush natural greenery, historical enclaves, the enchanting Musical Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of exciting attractions – you can have the time of your life. And if you really want to have it all, besides our normal admission rates, try the Sentosa Passport which offers a special two-day discount package to enjoy nine wonderful attractions at only $44.90 (adult) and ($35.00 (child). What’s more: just bring along this brochure and save $9 per adult and $8 per child on each Sentosa Passport. Enquire at any hotel concierge for ticketing information.
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2b: omitting adjectives
With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.
With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.
With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.
With sun, sand and sea, gardens, ambience, greenery, enclaves, the Fountain, and a kaleidoscope of attractions – you can have the time of your life.
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