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8/20/2019 02 Incident Prevention
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Incident Prevention
Safety And Health Officer
Certificate Course
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Learning Objectives
• To define what is incident
• To explain the causes of incident & role
of management control
• To explain 3 theory on accident
causation
• To list the cost involved in an incident
© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Scope
• Principles of loss prevention
• Causes of incidents
• Incidents and productivity
• Approach to loss prevention
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Principles of
Incident Prevention
1. Incident prevention is an essential partof good management
2. Management and workers must fullycooperate
3. Top management must lead in
organising safety
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Principles of
Incident Prevention
4. There must be an OSH policy
5. Must have organisation andresources to implement the OSHpolicy
6. Best available knowledge andmethods must be applied
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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What Is An Incident?
• An incident is:
– An unexpected, unplanned event in a
sequence of events
– That occurs through a combination of
causes
– Which result in:
• Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,
• Damage to property,
• A near-miss,
• Any combination of these effects. © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Why Prevent Incidents?
• Legal
• Human Rights
• Business
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Causes of Incidents
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Types of Incidents
• Cause immediate injury or damage toequipment or property:
– A forklift dropping a load
– Someone falling off a ladder
• That occur over an extended period:
– Hearing loss – Illness resulting from exposure to
chemicals© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Early Theory of Accidents
(Heinrich (1930's))
Ancestry/socialenvironment
Fault of a person
Unsafeact/condition
Accident
Injury© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Heinrich’s
Five Stage Sequence Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a person
Unsafeact/condition
Accident
Injury© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Accident Causation Model
(1974)
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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•Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions•Personal Factors•Environmental Factors
Unplanned Incident
The Three Basic Causes of
Accidents
UnsafeCondition
Unsafe Act
Direct Causes
Indirect causes
ACCIDENTPersonal Injury,
Property Damage
Basic Causes
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Lack of Management Control
• Management responsible for: – Selection of workers
– Machinery and equipment
– System of work – Information, training and Instruction
– Supervision, etc
• The accident prone worker is a falseapproach. It is like blaming the victim
instead of the perpetrator© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Multiple Cause of Accidents
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory
Cause A(Poor lighting)
Cause B(Not look where going)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Accident(Trip)
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Fall From a Defective Ladder
– Why was the defective ladder notidentified during normal inspection?
– Why did the supervisor allow itsusage?
– Didn't the injured employee knew it
should not be used?
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Fall From a Defective Ladder
– Was the employee well trained?
– Was the employee reminded not touse the ladder?
– Did the superior examine the jobfirst?
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
– Was there a necessity for that personto walk in that area or was there asafer route
– If the person was not in a hurry
would they have been more awareof their surroundings and avoidedthe wood
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Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
– If the area was better lit would the
person have avoided the wood
– Could the wood have been
removed
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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The Accident Pyramid
TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
400 Near misses
80 Property
50 First aid
3 Lost days
1 Fatal / Serious injury
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Accepted Accident Theory
• Multiple Causation Theory – A single unsafe act or condition may or
may not cause an accident but both
are caused by lack of managementcontrol
• Bird Loss Causation Model – In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of
quality control
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Accepted Accident Theory
• Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative
– Blaming victim and lack system thinking,continual improvements, upstream
control and worker participation
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Productivity Aspect of OSH
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Direct Vs. Indirect
Incident Cost Iceberg
It is estimated that
for every $1 in directincident costs, thereare anywhere from$4 to $11 in indirector “hidden” costs
Indirect Costs
Direct
Costs
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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The Hidden Costs
1. Product andmaterial damage
2. Plant and building
damage3. Tool andequipmentdamage
4. Expenditure on
emergency5. Fines6. Legal costs
7. Investigation time8. Supervisors time
diverted9. Clerical Effort10.Overtime working11.Temporary labour12.Loss of expertise /
experience supplies13.Clearing site14.Production delays
Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.Hidden Uninsured – 8-36 times as much as insured costs
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Incident Prevention Costs
• DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machineguards)
• OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE,etc.)
• SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (healthsurveillance, audits etc)
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Cost- Benefit Analysis of Control
Measures
• Compare specific incident costs withcost of specific improvement beingsuggested
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
• All injuries and occupational illnesses arepreventable
• Management is directly responsible fordoing this
• Safety is a condition of employment
• Training is required© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
• Safety audits and inspections must becarried out
• Deficiencies must be corrected promptly
• All unsafe practices, incidents and injuryaccidents will be investigated
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
• Safety away from work is as important assafety at work
• Incident prevention is cost-effective; thehighest cost is human suffering
• Employees must be actively involved
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reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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Summary
• Incident in the workplace is largely causedby lack of management control
• “If you think safety is expensive, try
accidents” • Implement an appropriate company policy
• Control OSH risk
• Put a management system in place
• Promote Occupational Safety and Health
© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
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