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Reports-In, Wiki Update, $$$ Silverman’s 6 Class Activity: The Art of Interviewing--------------------Dinner Break--------------------- Report-Outs
› Input and ideas from the class Discussion: Concerns in Creating
Instruments and Collecting Data Group-work
1. Don’t mistake a critique for a reasoned alternative.
2. Avoid taking the actor’s point of view as an explanation
3. Recognize that the phenomenon always escapes
4. Avoid choosing between all polar opposites5. Never appeal to a single element as an
explanation6. Understand the cultural forms through which
“truths” are accomplished.
Interviewing isn’t hard› An interview is just a conversation that has
a purpose and (some) structure
Interviewing isn’t easy› It is a performance that requires both
careful planning and artful execution (of course it’s really easy to do it poorly)
Presentation based on the work of Kvale (1996)
Purpose› Exploration / Hypothesis Testing
Mode› Description / Interpretation
Openness of Purpose› Direct Approach / Indirect Approach
Rationality› Intellectual / Emotional
Well-structured› Formalized question wording› Standardized sequence of questions
(possible branching)› Interviewers interchangeable
Semi-structured› Pre-determined themes / question areas› Formulation and sequence flexible, follow-
up questions determined on the fly Unstructured
› Only a topic-introducing question is planned
Knowledge is the gold nuggets that need to be uncovered and extracted› Objective facts› Essential meaning
Assumes › Nuggets are pre-existing› Nuggets are unaltered
by the extraction process Aligns with an objectivist
epistemologyImage Source: http://www.synthstuff.com/mt/archives/bertrand-miner.jpg
The interviewer is on a journey to explore unknown territory› They may seek out specific
sites or topics The outcome of conversations
is a coproduction of the interviewer and the subject
Goals include:› Understand the world from the
subjects’ point of view /unfold the meaning of experiences
Aligns with a constructionist / subjectivst epistemology
Image Source: http://www.synthstuff.com/mt/archives/bertrand-miner.jpg
“What grades did you get?” “What are your study
habits?”
“You feel that grades are not an adequate measure of your competence?”
In a semi-structured interview a student says:
“I am not as stupid as my grades on the test say I am, I just have bad study habits”
The Miner Says: The Traveler Says:
Objectivity of the Interviewer› No leading questions
The subject’s ideas already exist, the goal is to reveal them› May or may not be conscious to the subject
Expectation of Convergence› Process of honing in
Questions must be cleverly designed to uncover the truth
Focus on Themes of Meaning› Not completely free-form, where do questions lead
Strive for Specificity› Elicitation of rich, nuanced descriptions of specific
situations and actions, not general opinions (it’s not just about asking your research Qs)
Flexibility› Interviewer needs to be open to new and
unexpected phenomenon (not ready-made interpretations)
› Realize that the process of the interview may change not only the interviewer’s understanding, but also that of the subject
Subject as Intellectual Companion
Watch carefully Answer the question on the
paper I gave you No sharing with your neighbor!
Reliability Validity
DefinitionConsistency of research findings
Correctness / Defensibilty of Knowledge Claim
Interchangeability of interviewers
Avoid leading questions
Verification / Correspondence with reality
Triangulation
Craft of the interviewer
Leading questions can uncover suspect info or test subject statements
Falsification / Always check, question and follow-up surprises.
Crystallization
Thematic› The question (question area) relates to the
research topic / questions and the theoretical conceptions underlying it
Analytic › The question is posed in a form that will
facilitate the planned analysis (e.g. rich narrative versus conceptual categories)
Dynamic› The question promotes a positive interaction
(keeps the conversation going and motivates openness). Question should be short, clear and jargon-free
1. Introducing Questions› “Can you tell me about…?”› “Do you remember an occasion when…?”
2. Follow-Up Questions› Nods and “Hmms”› Repeat signification words / implicit ideas› Look for unusual terms / intonation / body lang.
3. Silence› Let the subject associate, reflect and break the
silence with important information
4. Probing Questions› “Could you say more about that…?”› “Do you have other examples of that…?”
5. Specifying Questions› “What did you do in that situation…?”› “In what way was that hurtful to you…?”
6. Direct Questions› “Have you ever copied someone else’s work?’
7. Indirect Questions› “How do you think other students feel about
copying work?”
8. Structuring Questions› “I would now like to introduce another
topic…”
9. Interpreting Questions› “Do you mean that…?”› “Does the expression _______ capture what
you have just expressed?”› “Do you see any connections between your
attitudes towards copying work and the incident you mentioned about your brother?”
Introduction: Provide a context› Purpose, consent, tape recorder
First 5 minutes: The Key to the Interview› Inspire comfort and confidence with attentive
listening with interest and respect Conclusion: Debrief the Subject
› Opportunity to bring up other issues, ask questions, what happens when you turn the tape recorder off
Immediate Field Notes› Impressions based on interpersonal interaction
that may not be captured on tape
How do students use online course discussion forums?
Group Alpha Group Zed
How do students develop identities as participants in online discussions?
Group Alpha Group Zed
Where is your group at?
What have you done?
What are you working on now?
What is your biggest concern?
What are the big issues to worry about in collecting data from an objectivist perspective? (Argumentation)
What are the big issues to worry about in collecting data from a constructionist perspective? (Greening Gotham, Wario, SuperStar)
What are the big issues to worry about in setting up an experimental design? (Argumentation)
What are the big issues to worry about in terms of sampling? (Wario and Greening Gotham)
What are the big issues to worry about in collecting survey data?(Team SuperStar)
What are the big issues to worry about in analyzing online documents (posts / blogs)? (Greening Gotham, Super Star)
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