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MME6701 Solution to Assignment #2
1. Obtain a relation needed to compute the change in Helmholtz free energy when the initial and final states are specified by their pressure and volume.
Here the function is F = F (P, V). Then the differential equation of the function is
ππΉ = π ππ + π ππ
Since for V = V (T, P)
ππ = ππΌ ππ β ππ½ ππ
we have
ππΉ = πππ + π ππΌππ β ππ½ππ = πππΌππ + π β πππ½ ππ
Again, since for the function F = F (T, P),
ππΉ = β(π + πππΌ)ππ + πππ½ππ
Equating the coefficients of dT and dP from the above two equations, we get
πππΌ = β(π + πππΌ)
π β πππ½ = πππ½
From the first equation:
π = βπ + πππΌππΌ
= βπππΌ
+ π
and from the second equation:
π = πππ½ + πππ½ = ππ½ (π + π)
π = ππ½ π β π + πππΌππΌ
= βππ½π
Then the desired functional relation is:
ππΉ = βππ½π
ππ βπππΌ
+ π ππ
2. The initial state of one mole of a monatomic gas is 10 atm pressure and 300 K temperature. Calculate the change in entropy of the gas for (a) an isothermal decrease in pressure to 5 atm, (b) a reversible adiabatic expansion to a pressure of 5 atm, (c) a constant-volume decrease in pressure to 5 atm.
(a) Here the required function is: S = S (T, P). Then
ππ = πΆ!πππ β ππΌ ππ
For isothermal process, dT = 0, and
ππ! = β ππΌ ππ!
For ideal gas, V = nRT/P and Ξ± = 1/T. Then
ππ = β ππ ππ
1πππ = β ππ
πππ
Integrating between the limits of (S1, 10 atm) and (S2, 5 atm), we get
βπ = β(1 πππ)(8.314 π½/πππ πΎ) ln5 ππ‘π10 ππ‘π
= 5.76 π½/πππ πΎ
(b) For adiabatic process, Ξ΄Q = TdS = 0. Thus
βπ = 0
(c) Here the function is: S = S (V, P). The differential equation of this function is
ππ = πΆ!πππΌ
ππ + π½πΆ!ππΌ
ππ
At constant volume, dV = 0, and
ππ! = π½πΆ!ππΌ
ππ!
For ideal monatomic gas, Ξ² = 1/P, CV = 3R/2, and Ξ± = 1/T. Then
ππ = 3π 2
πππ
Integrating between the limits of (S1, 10 atm) and (S2, 5 atm), we get
βπ = 3(8.314 π½/πππ πΎ)
2ln
5 ππ‘π10 ππ‘π
= β8.64 π½/πππ πΎ
3. One mole of N2 gas is contained at 273 K and a pressure of 1 atm. The addition of 3000 joules of heat to the gas at constant pressure causes 832 joules of work to be done during the expansion. Calculate (a) the final state of the gas, (b) the values of ΞU and ΞH for the change of state, and (c) the values of cP and cV for N2. Assume that nitrogen behaves ideally and the above change of state is conducted reversibly.
The initial volume
π! = ππ π!π!
= (1 πππ) (0.082 π ππ‘π/πππ πΎ) (273 πΎ)
1 ππ‘π = 22.34 π
At constant pressure, the work done on the system
π! = βπ(π! β π!)
β(832 π½) 0.082 π ππ‘π8.314 π½
= β(1 ππ‘π) (π! β 22.34 π)
π! = 30.55 π
Then the final temperature
π! = π! π!ππ
= (1 ππ‘π) (30.55 π)
(1 πππ) (0.082 π ππ‘π/πππ πΎ) = 372.51 πΎ
Hence, the final state of the system is: P2 = 1 atm, V2 = 30.55 l, T2 = 372.51 K.
The internal energy of the system
βπ = π + π = 3000 β 832 J = 2168 J
Since for the ideal gas, dU = CV dT, then
πΆ! π! β π! = 2168 J
πΆ! 372.51 β 273 πΎ = 2168 J
πΆ! = 21.79 J/K
And heat capacity at constant pressure
πΆ! = πΆ! + π = 21.79 + 8.314 = 30.104 J/K
Then, the change in enthalpy of the system is
βπ» = πΆ! π! β π! = 30.104 372.51 β 273 πΎ = 2995.25 J
4. Copper exists in the state of 298 K temperature and 1 atm pressure. Calculate the temperature to which the copper must be raised at 1 atm pressure to cause the same increase in molar enthalpy as is caused by increasing its pressure to 1000 atm at 298 K. The molar volume of copper at 298 K is 7.09 cc, and the thermal expansion is 0.493x10β3 Kβ1. These values can be taken as being independent of pressure in the range 1β1000 atm.
For the function H = H (T, P)
ππ» = πΆ! ππ + π (1 β ππΌ) ππ
At constant temperature
ππ»! = π (1 β ππΌ) ππ!
Considering V of solid does not vary too much with P, integrating
βπ»! = π (1 β ππΌ) (π! β π!)
= 7.09 ππ 1 β 298 π₯ 0.493π₯10!! 1000 β 1 ππ‘π
= β6042.33 ππ ππ‘π π₯ 8.314 π½
82.06 ππ ππ‘π = β612.19 π½
The same amount of enthalpy change is produced when the system undergoes a constant pressure process. Thus
βπ»! = πΆ! ππ!
!!
β612.19 π½ = 22.6 + 5.6π₯10!! π ππ!
!"#
β612.19 = 22.6 π + 2.8π₯10!! π! β 22.6 (298) β 2.8π₯10!! (298)
2.8π₯10!! π! + 22.6 π + 6371.26 = 0
π = β22.6 Β± 22.6 ! β 4 (2.8π₯10!!)(6371.26)
2 (2.8π₯10!!) = 292.51 πΎ
Hence the temperature is 292.51 K.
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