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© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
A new statistical definition of the enterprise
conceptional and practical implications
Joint UNECE, Eurostat, OECD Meeting
of Group of Experts on Business Registers
Session „Economic globalisation and business registers“
3. September 2013 Geneva
Roland Sturm
Federal Statistical Office, Germany
Folie 2© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
the smallest combination of legal units
that is an organizational unit
producing goods or services,
which benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making,
especially for the allocation of its current resources.
An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations.
An enterprise may be a sole legal unit
The current definition of the enterprise
Folie 3© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
The current definition of the enterprise
EN1
EN2
EN3EN4
EN1
EN2
EN3
Folie 4© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Findings about application (ESSnet Consistency):
1. No consistent application in Member States
2. Only 8 Member States employ the „complex enterprise“
3. Mostly enterprises are seen equivalent to Legal Units
4. More and more use of administrative data
The current definition of the enterprise
Folie 5© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Findings about reality:
1. Legal Units are not appropriate to delineate/identify economic actors
2. National borders lose relevance to delineate/identify economic actors
3. Autonomy defines Enterprises 4. Market Activity is proxi for autonomy5. Inside the enterprise often no market prices
meaningless for economic statistics
Folie 6© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
an organisational market oriented unit which benefits from a sufficient degree of autonomy in
decision-making. An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or
more locations.The enterprise can correspond to either• a single legal unit not controlled by any other legal unit• an enterprise group as a set of legal units under
common control, or • an autonomous part of an enterprise group
The proposed definition of the enterprise
Folie 7© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Gains in preciseness• market orientation, autonomy
Differences concerning relations• reference to enterprise groups instead of legal units• splitting of legal units
Loss of freedom• Obligatory control relations
(no complex enterprise without control relations)
Current versus proposed definition
Folie 8© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
an organisational
market oriented unit
which benefits from a sufficient degree of autonomy in decision-making.
An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations.
The enterprise can correspond to either
• a single legal unit not controlled by any other legal unit
• an enterprise group as a set of legal units under common control, or
• an autonomous part of an enterprise group
The proposed definition of the enterprise – What is new?
!new
new
Folie 9© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
The Global Enterprise (GEN)UCI
GEN1 GEN2 GEN3 GEN4
Folie 10© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
The Global Enterprise (GEN) and its national parts (TEN)
FR
DE
US
UCI
GEN1 GEN2 GEN3 GEN4
Folie 11© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
central positions:
1. GEN segregated in max 1 TEN per country
2. Legal Units can be active for more than one GEN
3. TEN „inherits“ the NACE of the GEN
4. For „national uses“ if needed: double classification
The Global Enterprise (GEN) and its national parts (TEN)
Folie 12© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
1. TEN are not autonomous
2. TEN are „random“ parts of enterprises
3. TEN are not defined from a „national“ point of view of statistics, but defined by the organisational structure of the enterprise (group)
4. Legal Units can be active for more than one TEN
Implications from the concept of the TEN
Folie 13© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
TEN application in national statistics
FR
DE
US
S - Sales/MarketingH - Human Resources
T - TransportP - ProductionH - Human Resources
M - ManagementH - Human Resources
S
H
T
P H
H
M
GEN1
Folie 14© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
„The choice of the adequate statistical unit is to be
determined by the goals of the respective statistical
domain - and not the opposite“ (N. Rainer)
• FATS on basis of GEN?• SBS on basis of GEN? Comparability of SBS for EU-
and national level?• National Accounts for member states or Europan
Account – or World Accounts?
Where to employ GEN and TEN?
Folie 15© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
• Why is the current concept of the enterprise not widely applied?
• Will the application of the GEN/TEN-concept be easier?
• Is the delineation of GEN/TEN structures by international cooperation (international profiling) workable?
• How to enforce respondence?• How to combine the GEN/TEN approach with the use
of administative data?
How to employ GEN/TEN?
Folie 16© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Definition
How we believe things are
Operationalisation
How we handle things in practice
Definition should not restrict
the possibilities of operationalisation
Definition versus operationalisation
Folie 17© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Territorynational – multinational - „global“
GEN/TEN is operationalisation!
NEN, DEN, EU-EN, (…) is operationalisation!
• current definition is neutral• proposed definition is neutral
Definition versus operationalisation
Folie 18© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Profiling
„A method to analyse the structure of an enterprise group in order to establish statistical units“
= operationalisation
• current definition allows Top-Down and Bottom-Up• proposed definition enforces Top-Down
restricts operationalisation
Definition versus operationalisation
Folie 19© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Legal Units
as respondents: operationalisation
as observation units: operationalisation
as statistical units: ?? definition
• Current definition describes reality unsufficiently and may restrict operationalisation
• Proposed definition restricts operationalisation
Definition versus operationalisation
Folie 20© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Legal Units
• An enterprise is…
“the smallest combination of legal units
or parts of legal units, …”
would suffice definition and operationalisation
Definition versus operationalisation
© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
Thank you for listening!
Roland Sturm
Telefon: +49 (0) 611 75 2580
roland.sturm@destatis.de
www.destatis.de
© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
EN1
EN2
EN3EN4
EN1
EN3
EN2
UCI
GEN1 GEN2 GEN3 GEN4
© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
EN1
EN2
EN3EN4
EN1
EN3
EN2
UCI
GEN1 GEN2 GEN3 GEN4
© Federal Statistical Office Germany, Roland Sturm, E 101 Business Register, Statistical Units
EN1
EN2
EN3EN4
EN1
EN3
EN2
UCI
GEN1 GEN2 GEN3 GEN4
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