© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All of the following undermined Soviet authority in the early 1980s...

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

All of the following undermined Soviet authority in the early 1980s EXCEPT:

• economic stagnation• a surge in the population of Soviet cities• party corruption• the Afghan war

29.01 Q

© 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

All of the following undermined Soviet authority in the early 1980s EXCEPT:

• economic stagnation• a surge in the population of Soviet cities• party corruption• the Afghan war

29.01 A

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EXPLANATION:All of the following undermined Soviet authority in the early 1980s EXCEPT:

• a surge in the population of Soviet cities

Although economic stagnation, party corruption, and the lingering Afghan war hadlong been undermining Soviet authority, what brought these forces to a head andbegan the dramatic collapse of the Soviet Empire was the accession to power ofMikhail S. Gorbachev (b. 1931) in 1985.

29.01 E

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Perestroika means:

• restructuring• openness• renewal• freedom

29.02 Q

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Perestroika means:

• restructuring• openness• renewal• freedom

29.02 A

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EXPLANATION:Perestroika means:

• restructuring

Gorbachev’s primary goal was to revive the Russian economy to raise the country’s standard of living. Initially, he and his supporters challenged traditional party and bureaucratic management of the Soviet government and economy. Under the policy of perestroika, or “restructuring,” they reduced the size and importance of the centralized economic ministries.

29.02 E

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Solidarity played a key role in political reform in:

• Hungary• Poland• Romania• Croatia

29.03 Q

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Solidarity played a key role in political reform in:

• Hungary• Poland• Romania• Croatia

29.03 A

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EXPLANATION:Solidarity played a key role in political reform in:

• Poland

After consultations between the government and Solidarity, the union was legalized. Jaruzelski promised free elections to a parliament with increased powers. When elections were held in 1989, the communists lost overwhelmingly to Solidarity candidates. Late in the summer, Jaruzelski turned to Solidarity and appointed the first noncommunist prime minister of Poland since 1945. Gorbachev expressly approved the appointment.

29.03 E

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Václav Havel led the opposition to the communist government in:

• Bulgaria• Czechoslovakia• East Germany• Latvia

29.04 Q

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Václav Havel led the opposition to the communist government in:

• Bulgaria• Czechoslovakia• East Germany• Latvia

29.04 A

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EXPLANATION:Václav Havel led the opposition to the communist government in:

• Czechoslovakia

The popular new Czech leader who led the forces against the party was Václav Havel (b. 1936). Shortly thereafter, Havel’s group, known as Civic Forum, forced Gustav Husak (b. 1913), who had been president of Czechoslovakia since 1968, to resign. On December 28, 1989, Alexander Dubcek became chairman of the Parliament, and the next day, Havel was elected president.

29.04 E

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After the failure of the August 1991 coup, the dominant political figure in Russia was:

• Jaruzelski• Gorbachev• Putin• Yeltsin

29.05 Q

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After the failure of the August 1991 coup, the dominant political figure in Russia was:

• Jaruzelski• Gorbachev• Putin• Yeltsin

29.05 A

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EXPLANATION:After the failure of the August 1991 coup, the dominant political figure in Russia was:

• Yeltsin

Boris Yeltsin emerged as the strongest leader within the new commonwealth. As president of Russia, he was head of the largest and most powerful of the new states. His popularity was high both in Russia and in the commonwealth in 1992, but within a year, he faced serious economic and political problems.

29.05 E

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Yugoslavia was created after:

• the first Balkan Crisis• the Crimean War• World War I• World War II

29.06 Q

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Yugoslavia was created after:

• the first Balkan Crisis• the Crimean War• World War I• World War II

29.06 A

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EXPLANATION:Yugoslavia was created after:

• World War I

Yugoslavia was created after World War I. Its borders included seven major national groups—Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Bosnians, and Albanians—among whom there have been ethnic disputes for centuries.

29.06 E

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During the late 1990s, Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians drew NATO forces into:

• Croatia• Macedonia• Bosnia• Kosovo

29.07 Q

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During the late 1990s, Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians drew NATO forces into:

• Croatia• Macedonia• Bosnia• Kosovo

29.07 A

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EXPLANATION:During the late 1990s, Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians drew NATO forces into:

• Kosovo

Toward the end of the 1990s, Serbian aggression against ethnic Albanians in the province of Kosovo again drew NATO into Yugoslav affairs. For months, through television and other media, the world watched the Serbian military deport Albanians from Kosovo where Albanians constituted a majority of the population.

29.07 E

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All of the following opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq EXCEPT:

• Poland• France• Russia• Germany

29.08 Q

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All of the following opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq EXCEPT:

• Poland• France• Russia• Germany

29.08 A

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EXPLANATION:All of the following opposed the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq EXCEPT:

• Poland

The invasion of Iraq was undertaken in the face of considerable opposition from France, Germany, and Russia.

29.08 E

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The postwar U.S. program of broad economic aid to Europe was known as the:

• Eisenhower Plan• Truman Plan• Marshall Plan• Dulles Plan

29.09 Q

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The postwar U.S. program of broad economic aid to Europe was known as the:

• Eisenhower Plan• Truman Plan• Marshall Plan• Dulles Plan

29.09 A

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EXPLANATION:The postwar U.S. program of broad economic aid to Europe was known as the:

• Marshall Plan

Named the Marshall Plan after George C. Marshall (1880–1959), the secretary of state who introduced it, this program provided broad economic aid to European states on the sole condition that they work together for their mutual benefit. The Soviet Union and its satellites were invited to participate. Finland and Czechoslovakia were willing to do so, and Poland and Hungary showed interest. The Soviets, however, forbade them to take part.

29.09 E

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The Khrushchev era witnessed a retreat from:

• communism• Stalinism• authoritarianism• militarism

29.10 Q

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The Khrushchev era witnessed a retreat from:

• communism• Stalinism• authoritarianism• militarism

29.10 A

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EXPLANATION:The Khrushchev era witnessed a retreat from:

• Stalinism

The Khrushchev era, which lasted until the autumn of 1964, witnessed a retreat from Stalinism, though not from authoritarianism.

29.10 E

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The three crises of 1956 included all of the following EXCEPT:

• the Hungarian uprising• Polish resistance to Soviet pressure• the Suez intervention• the Cuban missile crisis

29.11 Q

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The three crises of 1956 included all of the following EXCEPT:

• the Hungarian uprising• Polish resistance to Soviet pressure• the Suez intervention• the Cuban missile crisis

29.11 A

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EXPLANATION:The three crises of 1956 included all of the following EXCEPT:

• the Cuban missile crisis

1956 was a tumultuous year for international relations. The Suez crisis and intervention, Polish resistance to Soviet pressure, and the Hungarian uprising challenged world stability and peace. The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred six years later in 1962.

29.11 E

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The future of the Soviet Union was changed by the 1979 Soviet decision to invade:

• Chechnya• Afghanistan• the Ukraine• Mongolia

29.12 Q

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The future of the Soviet Union was changed by the 1979 Soviet decision to invade:

• Chechnya• Afghanistan• the Ukraine• Mongolia

29.12 A

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EXPLANATION:The future of the Soviet Union was changed by the 1979 Soviet decision to invade:

• Afghanistan

It was at this moment of great military strength in 1979 that the Brezhnev government decided to invade Afghanistan, a strategic decision of enormous long-range consequences for the future of the Soviet Union as well as the United States.

29.12 E

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At the height of U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam, over:

• 150,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

• 1 million U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

• 75,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

• 500,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

29.13 Q

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At the height of U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam, over:

• 150,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

• 1 million U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

• 75,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

• 500,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

29.13 A

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EXPLANATION:At the height of U.S. involvement in the war in Vietnam, over:

• 500,000 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam

President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. His successor, Lyndon Johnson (1963–1969), vastly expanded the commitment to South Vietnam.The land war grew until more than 500,000 Americans were stationed in SouthVietnam.

29.13 E