History Notes

History Notes- Make sure to bring a blue book

-10 vocab and write on 5

-Multiple Choice

-Short Answer

-Two essays that you have to write on

-Aristocracies, Middle Class, Working Class use in class example

to remember from the early industrialization effects. Aristocrats

began to lose economic and political stance to the Upper-Middle

class that was rising and had the most benefit from the

industrialization. The working class was still stuck in bad

working and living conditions with child labor etc. These

conditions still exist in places like Bangladesh and china.

-Warsaw pact was the communist response to NATO due to the cold

war

-Bushuoise and the proletariat. Proletariat is the working class

that was often open to exploitation etc. Bushuoise are the owners

of factories, the owners of capital, bankers, miners, doctors.

-Cash Crop agriculture, imperialism brought it in within the

context of Africa and asia and farming to feed yourself. Cash

crop agriculture was farming to create revenue and to sell the

crops which often was not the farmers themselves actually getting

the revenue but rather land owners, colonialists. People had to

pay taxes which forced them to work or they were simply forced to

work without and true return.

-Second wave imperialism: first way from second wave what

countries were involved, what were the motivations of each1st

wave was mainly settler colonies, 2nd wave was industrialization

and also spreading the scientific beliefs , time periods, mix of

neocolonialism

-Formal vs informal imperialism: Formal was more the 1st wave

were people were actually settler colonizing and spreading the

culture. 2nd wave was both settler and non-settler colonies but

the difference is formal consists of actually taking over as a

government. Informal was where a country influences another

country while the influenced mostly stays independent.

-Marxist ideas did not go in the United States because America

was much more diverse compared to Russia china and Cuba. America

had a large diverse economic situation like unions and people

could become small property owners. Marxism didn’t leave room for

the growth of the middle class. There was also religious

divisions as well with ethnic groups. As well as not leaving room

for social welfare and rise of social democratic, liberal

parties. As well as exploited colonies in other places that gave

the working class in America cheaper goods which allowed them to

achieve a higher state of living at the expense of the exploited

workers in other countries.

-Britain, industrialization started, came from the bottom up,

private investments rather than Russian where it was the top

down. The US was also bottom up, with access to cheap workers

from rural areas. U.S. was delayed by the civil war.

-Simon Boulevard not on test but a person in general, why they

are important, locate them in history.

-Look at the topics on the study guides for essays

-Imperialism, industrialization, Religious impact of

imperialism, Marxism, Russian and Chinese revolutions.

Independence movements in Africa and asia. Etc.

-Influence of peasants in china led to communism in china with

layer reform, literacy and education while fighting of the

Japanese much more peaceful. Russia was overnight change through

a war to move towards communism with less of a connection with

peasants more aggressive. Both led to repression of the

government.

-Global Impact of WWI vs WWII. WWII was a larger scale WWI with

the rising importance of the US with devastation of economy etc.

in Europe. Rise of Fascism in WWI, Cold war in WWII. End of an

empire in both cases. Ottoman, Russian, etc in WWII and loss of

European rule.

-Religious syncretism, religious influence and its mixing.

-Virgin of Guadalupe, represents religious syncretism, how did it

emerge, Juan Diego, Growth of Christianity and secularism

-Fascism… Charismatic leader, ultra-nationalism, straight from

strayer, promoting traditional values, antifeminism,

anticommunism

February 19 The Industrial Revolution: Why Europe?

Readings: Strayer, 527-531, 567-575 (chapt. 17)

*Arnold Pacey, “Asia and the Industrial Revolution,” in Worlds of History, vol. 2,

228- 231 “long nineteenth century”

“modern” era

Industrial Revolution

steam engine

capitalism

East India Company

1. How can we avoid inappropriate Eurocentrism when dealing with a phase of world history in which Europeans were in fact central?

2. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution mark a sharp break with the past?

3. Why did the Industrial Revolution take place first in Europe? In what way did this European development have global roots?

4. What was distinctive about Britain that helps to explain whythe Industrial Revolution began in this country?

5. In what ways was Indian technology considered superior priorto the Industrial Revolution?

6. How did European products gain great market share than thoseof India after the Industrial Revolution?

February 26 The Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Readings: Strayer, 575-581, 587-588 (chapt. 17)

*Sadler Committee and Ashley Commission, “Testimonies before Parliamentary

Commmittees on Working Conditions in England,” in Ward and Gainty, Sources

of World Societies, vol. 2, 165-167.

*Joseph Berger, “Triangle Fire: A Half-Hour of Horror,” The New York Times,

March 21, 2011.

*Jim Yardley, “Horrific Fire Revealed a Gap in Safety for Global Brands,” The New

York Times, December 6, 2012.

*Steven Greenhouse, “Documents Indicate Walmart Blocked Safety Push in

Banglesdesh,” The New York Times, December 5, 2012.

*Charles Duhigg and David Barboza, “In China, Human Costs areBuilt into an

iPad,” The New York Times, January 25, 2012.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire

1. How did the Industrial Revolution transform the aristocracy,the middle-classes, and the laboring classes in nineteenth-century Britain?

2. How did industrialization in the U.S. compare to industrialization in Europe?

3. Based on testimony before the Sadler committee, what were the work experiences of children laboring in textile mills in nineteenth-century Britain?

4. Why was the death toll so high in the Triangle Fire? What was the background of the majority of the workers who died?

5. Why was the death toll so high in the recent fire at the Tazreen Fashions factory in Bangladesh? Who holds responsibilityfor these deaths?

6. What are some of the poor and even dangerous working conditions that have been reported at the factories of Apple’s suppliers? Has Apple dealt effectively with labor violations at these factories? Why or why not?

March 3 Formal and “Informal” Empire in Latin America and Asia

Reading: Strayer, 603-608 (chapt. 18), 593-599 (chapt. 17), 644-646 (chapt. 19)

*Comte Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, “The Respective Characteristicsof the Three

Great Races; the Superiority of the White Type, and, within this Type, of the Aryan Family,” in eds. Philip F. Riley, et al., The Global Experience: Reading in World History since 1550, vol. 2, 155-156.

* Modern History Sourcebook: Albert Beveridge: The March of the Flag

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1898beveridge.asp

*Modern History Sourcebook: American Anti-Imperialist League, 1899

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1899antiimp.asp

imperialism

“social Darwinism”/ “scientific racism”

export boom/ export-led growth

dependent development/ dependent capitalism

Opium Wars

Spanish-American War (1898) [class]

neo-colonialism [class]

1. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution shape the character of nineteenth-century European (and U.S.) imperialism?

2. How and why did European views of Asians and Africans changein the nineteenth century?

3. How does Conte Joseph Arthur de Gobineu describe the “three great races”?

4. In what ways was Latin America linked to the global economy of the nineteenth century?

5. What impact did Latin America’s export boom have on the region?

6. How did Latin America’s export boom in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century benefit some social classes while hurting others?

7. How does Albert Beveridge’s vision of America contrast with that of the American Anti-Imperialist League?

1. How were the “second-wave” European colonial empires of the nineteenth century different from the “first-wave” European colonial empires of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries?

2. Why might subject people choose to cooperate with the colonial regime? What might prompt them to rebel or resist?

3. How did colonial states use their power to create a system of forced labor and what was the impact of this system on colonial subjects in Africa and India?

4. How did cash-crop agriculture transform the lives of colonized peoples?

5. Why did colonized peoples in Africa and India become involved in wage labor? What kinds of wage labor were available?

6. Did colonial rule bring “progress” in its wake?

7. How did Japan’s relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process?

8. What specific measures did the Germans in East African take to increase cotton cultivation? What was the effect of these measures?

9. When African chiefs signed the Royal Niger Company treaty, what did they cede to the company and what benefits (if any) did their villages receive in return? How fair do you think this document was?

10. What abuses occurred in the Belgian Congo under King Leopoldas a result of efforts to force the extraction of rubber?

March 12 The Transformation of Religion and Culture in Colonial Societies

Reading: Strayer, 491-493, 497-504; 615-617, 626-633 (chapter 15 and 18)

*Tim Weiner, “Mexico City Journal; A New Saint Revives Old Battles Over the

Church,” The New York Times, December 27, 2001.

*Espinoza, Martin, “Revering a Symbol of Mexican Faith and Identity,” The New

York Times, December 13, 2008.

*Andrew Rice, “Mission from Africa,” The New York Times, April12, 2009.

religious syncretism [see questions number two and six below]

Virgin of Guadalupe

Mau Mau rebellion

Strayer

1. Where do more than 60 percent of the world’s professing Christian now live?

2. The early modern era of world history gave birth to what twointersecting cultural trends that continue to play out in the twentieth century?

3. How was European imperial expansion related to the spread ofChristianity?

4. In what ways did European Christianity in Spanish America merge with Native American religious and cultural practices (a process referred to as religious syncretism)?

5. How did Ursula de Jesús’ mystical experiences reflect class and racial tensions in colonial Spanish society?

6. What was distinctive about European colonial empires of the nineteenth century?

7. What impact did Western education have on colonial societies?

8. What were the attractions of Christianity within colonial societies in Africa?

9. Why did missionary teaching and practice also generate conflict and opposition?

10. How did European Christianity mix with traditional African religious and cultural practices (another example of religious syncretism)?

11. What influence did Christianity have in India?

Isidore articles

12. Why is Juan Diego, the Aztec whose vision of the Virgin Maryis the origin of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a controversial figure?What is the symbolism of his canonization?

13. How is the Virgin of Guadalupe an example of religious syncretism? What is her appeal to the Mexican people?

14. How is the process of Christian revival reversing itself in today’s world?

15. How is Christianity practiced differently in the global south?

16. What is the Redeemed Church’s primary appeal in Nigeria?

March 17 Nationalism, World War I, and the Rise of Fascism

Readings: Strayer, 675-684, 688-693 (chapt. 20)

*“The Excitement of War” and “The Reality of War: Trench Warfare,” in William J.

Duiker and Jackson J. Spielvogel, World History, vol. 22, 669, 672.

* Jesse McKinley, “Neo-Nazi Father Is Killed; Son, 10, Steeped in Beliefs, Is

Accused,” The New York Times, May 10, 2011.

*William Wheeler, “Europe’s New Fascists,” The New York Times,November 17,

2012.

Great War”/ First World War (1914-1918)

“national self-determination”

Treaty of Versailles

Great Depression

New Deal

fascism

Benito Mussolini

Adolf Hitler

Nazis

Golden Dawn (Greece)

1. What aspects of Europe’s nineteenth-century history contributed to the First World War?

2. How were the feelings of nationalist fervor with which Europeans greeted the start of WWI dashed by the reality of war and its aftermath? (Strayer and Isidore document)

3. What was WWI’s global impact?

4. How did fascism challenge the ideas and practices of European liberalism and democracy?

5. What was the basis of popular support for Mussolini in Italyand Hitler in Germany?

6. How was fascism in Italy and Germany similar or different?

7. What are some of the main characteristics of today’s far-right, fascist and neo-Nazi groups in Europe and the U.S.? What is the main focus of their racist discourse?

March 19 The Second World War and Genocide

Readings: Strayer, 700-706 (chapt. 20).

*Heda Margolius Kovaly and Helen Epstein, Under a Cruel Star: A Life in Prague

1941-1968, 5-29.

*Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking, in Reilly, vol. 2, 400-403.

World War II

Pearl Harbor

Holocaust

Rape of Nanking

1. In what ways were the origins of World War II in Asia and inEurope similar to each other? How were they different?

2. How did World War II differ from World War I

3. What was the global impact of World War II?

4. What was life like in the Lodz Ghetto and the Auschwitz concentration camp?

5. How did Heda manage to escape from the concentration camp? How did friends receive her once she arrived to Prague?

6. How were Japanese soldiers hardened to the task of murderingChinese combatants and non-combatants?

7. What similarities exist between the horrors of the Holocaustand the horrors of the Rape of Nanking, despite the differences in place?

8. Why do you think men and women commit brutalities such as occurred in Europe and China during WWII and that continue through today?

March 24 Socialism, Communism, and Marxism

Readings: Strayer, 667-676, 520-521 (chapt. 20); 582-584, 589-592(chapt. 17)

*Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “The Communist Manifesto,” in Strayer, 857-859.

*Eugene Pottier, The Internationale, in Strayer, 863-854.

Karl Marx

socialism

communism [class]

Russian Revolution

bourgeoisie

proletariat

1. How did the industrial laboring classes work to make their lives more bearable?

2. How did Karl Marx understand the Industrial Revolution and the process of historical change? What development that temperedworking-class radicalism had he not foreseen?

3. In what ways did Marx’s ideas have an impact in the industrializing world of the nineteenth century?

4. Why did Marxist socialism not take root in the United States?

5. What factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia by the beginning of the twentieth century?

6. In The Communist Manifesto, what is Marx and Engel’s criticism of the bourgeoisie?

7. In the view of Marx and Engels, how did industrialization change the proletariat? What role do they foresee for the proletariat?

8. How do Marx and Engels describe the socialist society that will follow the collapse of the capitalist system?

9. How does The Internationale give expression to both the oppression and the hopes of ordinary people working for a socialist future?

March 26 Communist Revolution in Russia and China

Readings: 713-723 (chapt. 21).

Begin reading Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote.

Note: pages 1-133 and 155-160 only are required reading.

Russian Revolution

Tsar Nicholas II

Bolsheviks

Lenin

Red Army

Chinese Revolution

Mao Zedong

Chiang Kai-shek

Guomindang/ Nationalist Party

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

1. When and where did communism exercise influence during the twentieth century?

2. Why were the Bolsheviks able to gain power during the Russian Revolution?

3. Why can the forced abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the Bolsheviks’ rise to power be considered a social revolution?

4. What was the appeal of Communism in China before 1949?

5. What were the major differences between the Russian and Chinese revolutions?

March 31 The Cold War

Readings: Strayer, 729-738 (chapt. 21)

*John Charles Chasteen, Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin

America, 269-270, 278-279, 284-287.

*“Personal Accounts of the Terror,” in Strayer, 1067-1069.

*“Argentine Torture Survivor Patricia Issa Returns to Police Station Where She Was

Tortured and Abused,” http://www.democracynow.org/2006/11/16/argentine_torture_survivor_patricia_isasa_returns.

Continue reading Danner, The Massacre at El Mozote.

Terror/ Great Purges (Soviet Union)

Cultural Revolution (China)

Cold War

NATO

Warsaw Pact

Iron Curtain

domino theory [lecture]

nuclear arms race

Cuban missile crisis

Joseph Stalin

School of the Americas (SOA)

the “disappeared”

Strayer

1. Why did communist regimes generate terror and violence on such a massive scale?

2. How did the Cold War become globalized, leading to prolonged“hot wars” in Asia and Latin America?

3. Why did direct military confrontation never occur between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War?

4. In what ways did the United States play a global role after World War II?

Chasteen

5. Why was Marxist ideology attractive to Latin American nationalists?

6. What did revolution mean to Latin America’s Marxists?

7. What did the Cuban Revolution become a potent symbol for young people throughout the Americas?

8. Why was the Cuban Revolution so frightening to anticommunists, especially in the United States?

9. What role, if any, did the Soviet Union play in promoting Marxism in Latin America?

10. How did the U.S. react to the Cuban Revolution and the spreading of the Cold War to Latin America?

“Personal Accounts” and “Argentine Torture”

11. How were conditions for political prisoners in the Soviet Union and in Argentina, a U.S. ally and recipient of over a billion dollars in U.S. military aid since 1946?

12. What role did the School for the Americas play in the U.S. fight against Communism in Latin America?

New York Times articles

1. What message(s) is Donna De Cesare trying to get across through her photojournalism on El Salvador?

2. What was the life trajectory of Carlos Ingles?

3. Why are drug traffickers increasingly using Central America as a stopover point?

April 16 Independence in the Global South

Readings: Strayer, 749-765 (chapt. 22).

*Nelson Mandela, “The Rivonia Trial Speech to the Court,” in Ward and Gainty,

431-436.

*Kwame Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology (1961,

excerpt) in Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F. Ziegler, Traditions and Encounters:

A Global Perspective on the Past, 5th ed. 877.

Nelson Mandela

decolonization

national self-determination

nationalist movements

Indian National Congress (INC- the Congress Party)

Mohandas Gandhi

the partition of British South Asia

Afrikaner

apartheid

African National Congress (ANC)

Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)

1. What role did nationalism and the ideal of national self-determination play in the demise of Europe’s (and later the Soviet Union’s) empires?

2. What other international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of colonial empires in the twentieth century?

3. What was the role of Gandhi in India’s struggle for independence?

4. What conflicts and differences divided India’s nationalist movement?

5. Why was African rule in South Africa delayed until 1994, when it had occurred decades earlier elsewhere in the colonial world?

6. How did South Africa’s struggle against white domination change over time?

7. What reason does Mandela give for the ANC’s decision to defythe government decree that outlawed the group?

8. How does Mandela justify the formerly nonviolent ANC’s decision to adopt violence? What form of violence is adopted?

9. How does Mandela describe the experience of blacks under apartheid?

10. Why does Mandela believe that the fundamental theories of communism hold a certain appeal to black South African politicians, while white South Africans reject it?

11. What was Kwame Nkrumah political vision for Africa?

December 4 Post-Independence Africa and Asia

Readings: Strayer, 765-768 (chapt. 22).

*Jane Perlez, “After the Cold War: Views from Africa; Stranded by Superpowers,

Africa Seeks an Identity,” The New York Times, May 17, 1992.

*Chinua Achebe, “Nigeria’s Promise, Africa’s Hope,” The New York Times, January

15, 2011.

*Kofi Annan, “Stop the Plunder of Africa, “The New York Times May 9, 2013.

*Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “‘Oh Boy! So Many Questions!’ About China in Africa, The

New York Times, March 26, 2013.

*Deborah Brautigam, “It’s Business as Usual for China,”The New York Times,

September 20, 2012.

*UHY, “The World’s Fastest-Growing Middle Class,” July 12, 2012.

http://www.uhy.com/the-worlds-fastest-growing-middle-class/

1. What immediate challenges did postcolonial Africa face that inhibited political consolidation?

2. Why was Africa’s experience with political democracy so different from that of India?

3. What led to the erosion of democracy and the establishment of military government in much of Africa after independence?

4. What impact did the Cold War have on Africa after decolonization?

5. How does Chinua Achebe explain the chaos in Africa today?

6. What actions does Kofi Annan see as necessary to “stop the plunder of Africa”?

7. What role is China playing today in Africa?

8. Despite Africa’s continuing challenges, what indicators point to steady growth of Africa’s middle class and increasing international investment in the region?

April The End of the Cold War and a New Globalization

Readings: Strayer, 739-743, 783-784, 793-795, 802-809.

*Ossama bin Laden, excerpt from February 22, 1998 edict.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/edicts.html.

*Kabir Helminski, “Islam and Human Values,” 2009.

*Murtaza Hussain, “Religious Fundamentalism in the ‘War on Terror,” Al Jazeera, June 10, 2013.

*Yasmine Mousa, “For an Iraqi Expatriate, ‘American Sniper’ Both Draws and

Repels,” The New York Times, February 23, 2015.

*Mark Danner, “‘Guatánamo Diary,” The New York Times, January 20, 2015.

Deng Xiaoping

Mikhail Gorbachev

globalization

religious fundamentalism

Osama bin Laden

“war on terror”

1. What explains the rapid end of the communist era?

2. How did China change after Mao’s death in 1976?

3. How did the end of communism in the Soviet Union differ fromcommunism’s demise in China?

4. In what respect did various religious fundamentalisms (Christian, Hindu, and Muslim) of the twentieth century express hostility to global modernity?

5. In what different ways did Islamic renewal express itself?

6. How did Osama bin Laden justify attacks on Americans?

7. What does Sheikh Kabir Helminski argue that Islam stands for?

8. How did Christian fundamentalism influence U.S. actions and policies in Iraq?

9. What memories of the impact of American sniper on ordinary Iraqis did the film “American Sniper” bring back for Yasmine Mousa?

10. Why did American interrogators claim that Mohamedou Ould Slahi was a terrorist?

11. What techniques were used to extract a confession from Slahi? Do you feel these techniques, and Slahi’s imprisonment more generally, was justified as part of the United State’s “war on terror”?