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huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 733
PADAHRET LANOISASINAGRO NALIDAEK HURAGNEP SISILANA
GNAGNEP ISAPISITRAP NAGNED LAIREJANAM AJRENIK NARAG
GNINEVRETNI LEBAIRAV IAGABES
inayirtiF iweD
ibmaJ satisrevinU
A KARTSB
ini naitileneP nalidaek huragnep siripme araces nakitkubmem kutnu naujutreb ajrenik padahret fitubirtsid nalidaek nad larudesorp nalidaek utiay lanoisasinagro asilana talA .gninevretni lebairav iagabes naraggnagnep isapisitrap nagned lairejanam
alada nakanugid gnay atad ( rulaj sisilana h sisylana htap nagned haloid gnay ) erawtfos 1 SSPS kitsitats 7 nagnukgnil id ada gnay saniD 41 adap nakukalid naka naitileneP .
nagned ievrus iulalem naklupmukid ataD .nugnaloraS netapubaK hareaD hatniremePopser adapek renoiseuk nakrabeynem malad tabilret gnay lairejanam takgnit nedn
saniD id )naraggnagnep( naraggna nanusuynep - .tubesret sanid naitilenep lisaH ajrenik padahret fitubirtsid nalidaek gnusgnal huragnep tapadret awhab naklupmiynem
huragnep kadit rudesorp nalidaek numan ,lairejanam ajrenik padahret gnusgnal kadit huragnep ikilimem larudesorp nalidaek nupuam fitubirtsid nalidaeK .lairejanam nagneD .naraggnagnep isapisitrap iulalem lairejanam ajrenik padahret gnusgnal
a gninevretni lebairav nakapurem naraggnagnep isapisitrap naikimed nalidaek aratn.lairejanam ajrenik padahret larudesorp nalidaek nupuam fitubirtsid
,fitubirtsiD nalidaeK ,larudesorP nalidaeK ,lanoisasinagrO nalidaeK :icnuK ataKlairejanaM ajreniK ,naraggnagneP isapisitraP
NAULUHADNEP
gnakaleB rataL
nagro paiteS malad isasi
gnay naujut iapacnem nad nakanaskalem
nakpatetid halet utaus nakulremem
naanacnerep tapad tubesret naanacnereP .
.naraggna utaus malad nakgnautid
gnay naanacnerep nakapurem naraggnA
nakanaskalem kutnu lairejanam taubid
.gnau nagned rukuid gnay nakadnit
naraggnA aguj gnay anacner nakapurem
ednep akgnaj tafisreb nususid gnay k
ataigek margorp nakrasadreb halet gnay n
nakpatetid metsis igab rasad idajnem nad
nemejanam nailadnegnep naigab iagabeS .
,nemejanam nailadnegnep metsis irad
nusuynem malad nemejanam kahip
nad ialin nariskat nakukalem naraggna
d rebmus isakola nakulrepid gnay aya
.margorp aynanaskalret iapacnem kutnu
aynada ,naraggnagnep malaD
rudesorp malad lida gnay sesorp
833 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
naknikayem tapad naraggna nanusuynep
.ajrenik naktakgninem kutnu nahawab
tegrat aynada nakataynem )1002( ybbiL
ggnagnep sesorp nad naraggna nara gnay
nahawab ajrenik naktabikagnem lida kadit
malad nad isautis malad hadner idajnem
ajrenik ,iggnit gnay nalidaek isidnok
tapad naraggnagnep sesorp amales
.ikiabrepid igab nalidaek ispesreP
naraggnagnep sesorp malad nahawab
ajnem kutnu gnitnep tagnas nim
naiapacnep nad naraggna naanaskalep
helo nakpatetid halet gnay naujut
.isasinagro
anugreb lanoisasinagro pesnoK
gnaroeses anamiagab imahamem kutnu
irad nalidaek uata narajawek ialinem
( naagrahgnep tnemeveihca gnay )
,aynrasad adaP .aynamiretid grebneerG
nalidaek awhab nakpakgnugnem )0991(
nenopmok aud ikilimem lanoisasinagro
nad fitubirtsid nalidaek utiay ,amatu
aguj ini laH .lanoisasinagro nalidaek
yksvonoK nad regloF helo naknaketid
lanoisasinagro nalidaek awhab )9891(
itnep kepsa aud ikilimem utiay ,gn
nalidaek nad larudesorp nalidaek
.fitubirtsid
nakkujnunem )4002( irasayluM
rudesorp nalidaek nagnubuh ayntapadret
.ajrenik padahret nagnubuh numaN
nad larudesorp nalidaek aratna gnusgnal
.netsisnok kadit ilakgnires ajrenik
kaditek ayntapadreT - nok iagabreb nanetsis
nakbabesid tubesret naitilenep lisah
nad skelpmok gnay nagnubuh aynada
larudesorp nalidaek aratna gnusgnal kadit
nad dniL ;6791 ,ekcoL( ajrenik nagned
.)8891 ,relyT nakataynem )9991( ybbiL
kadit gnay lisah ayntapadret awhab
sret netsisnok aynsalej kadit anerak tube
isalerokreb larudesorp nalidaek hakapa
gnusgnal araces ajrenik nagned fitisop
lebairav aparebeb iulalem hakuata
.gninevretni rakifluZ )6002( itnawuM nad
nalidaek nagnubuh awhab nakumenem
lairejanam ajrenik padahret larudesorp
mid helo isaide laog yrategdub
citsiretcarahc kadit ini naitilenep malaD .
nakanuggnem laog yrategdub
citsiretcarahc gninevretni lebairav iagabes
.naraggnagnep isapisitrap numan
)5002( inupmuM turuneM
nahawab iagabes rejanam isapisitrap
nakulrepid naraggnagnep sesorp malad
naigab paites naujut naksaraleynem kutnu
tasup iagabes isasinagro malad
naujut nagned nabawajgnuggnatrep
ini laH .nahurulesek araces isasinagro
enworB naktaukid gnay )2891( ll
iagabes ialinid isapisitrap nakataynem
tapad gnay lairejanam natakednep utaus
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 933
.lenosrep ajrenik naktakgninem grebneerG
awhab nakataynem )3891( regloF nad
ajrenik naktakgninem tapad isapisitrap
naknikgnumem isapisitrap nakanerakid
nem nahawab gnay nakisakinumokg
nad aynnasata adapek nakhutub akerem
kutnu iawagep naknikgnumem aguj
nad nemtimok nugnabmem kutnu hilimem
sata bawaj gnuggnat iagabes paggnaid
.aynnahilip
aguj )6002( itnawruM nad rakifluZ
nalidaek nagnubuh awhab nakataynem
d larudesorp lairejanam ajrenik na
.gninevretni lebairav helo isaidemid uaL
nagnubuh nakumenem )2002( miL nad
ianegnem ispesrep aratna gnusgnal kadit
ek nagned ajrenik nad larudesorp nalida
utaus iulalem lebairav utiay ,gninevretni
.fitapisitrap naraggnagnep nuputigeB
)4002( nihilohS nad otsisaW
gnusgnal nagnubuh tapadret nakkujnunem
nalidaek aratna gnusgnal kadit nad
iulalem lairejanam ajrenik nad larudesorp
.naraggnagnep isapisitrap ayntujnaleS
aynada nakumenem aguj )7002( fitaL
gnusgnal kadit nad gnusgnal nagnubuh
a ajrenik nagned larudesorp nalidaek aratn
.naraggnagnep isapisitrap iulalem
)8002( egduJ nad snibboR
nakkujnunem naitilenep nakataynem
huragnep awhab - nalidaek irad huragnep
akitek gnitnep hibel idajnem larudesorp
.fitubirtsid nalidaek tapadret gnaruk
leneP fitubirtsid nalidaek ianegnem naiti
laudividni ispesrep awhab nakkujnunem
isubirtsid padahret nalidaek ianegnem
pakis ihuragnepmem aynhelorepid gnay
eknimhcS( akerem ukalirep nad la te ,.
nakataynem )4002( irasayluM .)7991
nalidaek ianegnem ispesrep awhab
d natapmesek naktakgninem fitubirtsi
isakola natakgninep tapadnem kutnu
.nakgnutnugnem gnay naraggna malaD
fitubirtsid nalidaek ianegnem naitilenep
gnay lisah nakumetid ajrenik nad
nakumenem )2002( leztneW .nagnatnetreb
nalidaek aratna nagnubuh aynada
irtsid aratnemes ,ajrenik nad fitub
)4002( irasayluM kadit nakkujnunem
nalidaek aratna nagnubuh aynada awhab
.ajrenik nad fitubirtsid
naka ,ini naitilenep uti anerak helO
ijugnem ilabmek nalidaek huragnep
lanoisasinagro utiay nalidaek larudesorp
nalidaek nad fitubirtsid ajrenik padahret
isapisitrap iulalem lairejanam
naraggnagnep )naraggna nanusuynep(
v iagabes .gninevretni lebaira
043 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
AKATSUP IDUTS
lanoisasinagrO nalidaeK
anugreb lanoisasinagro pesnoK
gnaroeses anamiagab imahamem kutnu
uata narajawek ialinem irad nalidaek
( naagrahgnep tnemeveihca gnay )
grebneerG ,aynrasad adaP .aynamiretid
nalidaek awhab nakpakgnugnem )0991(
nenopmok aud ikilimem lanoisasinagro
nad fitubirtsid nalidaek utiay ,amatu
aguj ini laH .lanoisasinagro nalidaek
regloF helo naknaketid yksvonoK nad
lanoisasinagro nalidaek awhab )9891(
utiay ,gnitnep kepsa aud ikilimem
nalidaek nad larudesorp nalidaek
.fitubirtsid
sukofreb nalidaek iroet ,harajes turuneM
nad snibboR( fitubirtsid nalidaek adap
,amal nikames ipateT .)8002 ,egduJ
id nalidaek nalidaek tudus irad nakrikip
iagabes nakisinifedid gnay lanoisasinagro
id lida gnay apa irad nahurulesek ispesrep
egduJ nad snibboR turuneM .ajrek tapmet
lida paggnagnem nawayrak )8002(
nikay akerem akitek akerem isasinagro
lisah awhab - et akerem gnay lisah ,amir
lisah aynamiretid gnay arac - tubesret lisah
lanoisasinagro nalidaeK .lida halada
fitubirtsid nalidaek awhab nakitkubmem
,fitubirtsid nalidaek raul iD .gnitnep uti
naksalejnem )8002( egduJ nad snibboR
nalidaek malad gnitnep gnay nahabmat
lanoisasinagro .larudesorp nalidaek halada
nakataynem )8002( egduJ nad snibboR
gnay sesorp irad asarid gnay nalidaek
isubirtsid nakutnenem kutnu nakanugid
.naagrahgnep )8991( relyT nad dniL
namahamep awhab nakakumegnem
gnitnep tagnas larudesorp nalidaek gnatnet
d anerak magareb ihuragnepmem tapa
inaliM .adebreb gnay ukalirep nad pakis
)9791( sineK nad )5791( nakumenem
)tanidrobus( nahawab ispesrep awhab
iskidermep nakapurem nalidaek ianegnem
.ukalirep nad pakis sata gnitnep gnay
)8002( egduJ nad snibboR malaD
nakakumekid iroet nakrasadreb awhab
nakasarem nawayrak akitek ,nalidaek
nakarikrepid asib akerem ,nalidakaditek
nahilip mane irad utas hilimem naka
:tukireb
.1 nakusam habugneM - akerem nakusam
ahasu nakharegnem nagnaj ,aynlasim(
)uti kaynabes
.2 lisah habugneM - akerem lisah
udividni aynlasim( - gnay udividni
naigab rep firat nakrasadreb rayabid
ajrek nalabmi naktakgninem asib
nagned akerem nagned akerem
hibel gnay satitnauk iskudorpmem
hibel gnay satilauk tinu irad iggnit
)hadner
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 143
.3 ispesrep habugneM - irid ispesrep
b ayas aynlasim( ayas rikipreb aynasai
gnades natapecek nagned ajrekeb
ayas awhab radas ayas gnarakes ipatet
adapirad asarek hibel huaj ajrekeb
)nup apais
.4 ispesrep habugneM - udividni ispesrep
hadus ekiM naajrekep aynlasim( nial
gnay itrepes naknigniid utigeb kadit
arik ayas )aynmulebes
.5 adebreb gnay nakujur hilimeM
kadit ayas nikgnum aynlasim(
kaynabes nalisahgnep naktapadnem
ikal rapi kakak - ayas ipatet ,ayas ikal
haya adapirad kiab hibel huaj ajrekeb
)ayas narumues ai akitek ayas
.6 tubesret gnadib naklaggnineM
gninem aynlasim( naajrekep naklag
.)tubesret
naraggnagneP isapisitraP
naraggna nanusuyneP
)1002( idayluM turunem ,)naraggnagnep(
sesorp nakapurem ayntakikah adap
kednep akgnaj abal anacner nanusuynep
.nuhat utas utkaw akgnaj kutnu aynasaib(
salejnem idayluM ,tujnal hibeL awhab nak
nakrabajid naraggna nanusuynep malad
anacner malad ek utnetret margorp
malad nakanaskalid naka gnay nataigek
nad rejanam kujnutid ,naraggna nuhat
nad bawajgnuggnatreb gnay nawayrak
kutnu ayad rebmus nakisakolaid
eK .tubesret nataigek nakanaskalem sin
malad )9891( inocraM nad legeiS ;)9791(
isapisitrap nakisinifednem )3002( itneY
natabilretek iagabes naraggna nanusuynep
naraggna nusuynem malad rejanam
nabawajgnuggnatrep tasup adap tubesret
.natukgnasreb gnay rejanam malaD
b ,naraggnagnep isapisitrap tapad nahawa
irad isamrofni iracnem nad rakutreb
aguj naraggnagnep isapisitraP .nasata
kutnu nahawab naknikgnumem
iracnem kutnu ,aynkitirk nakakumegnem
sagut naiaseleynep igab isamrofni
nimajnem nad )6891 ,tsriH nad llenworB(
nad iruoN( naraggna napukucek ,rekraP
tupni nakatrestukignem nagned )8991
rebmus halmuj adap ikilim akerem gnay
kutnu nakulrepid gnay ayad
nahibelek aumeS .sagut nakiaseleynem
naka nikgnum tagnas ini isapisitrap
nagned naujutesrep takgnit saulrepmem
gnihes ,nakanugid gnay isaulave ayag ag
ajrenik naktakgninem naka aynrihka adap
.)9791 ,yeltO(
)3891( regloF nad grebneerG
tapad isapisitrap awhab nakataynem
nakanerakid ajrenik naktakgninem
nahawab naknikgnumem isapisitrap
akerem gnay nakisakinumokgnem
243 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
aguj nad aynnasata adapek nakhutub
mem hilimem kutnu iawagep naknikgnu
nad nemtimok nugnabmem kutnu
sata bawaj gnuggnat iagabes paggnaid
.aynnahilip
LAIREJANAM AJRENIK
utauses adap ucagnem ajreniK
nakukalem nataigek nagned tiakret gnay
lisah itupilem ini lah malad ,naajrekep
9991 ,yeltO( tubeset ajrek iapacid gnay
)1002( idayluM .)0102 ,idumhaM malad
halada larejanam ajrenik naksalejnem
nagned naitakreb enil mottob - kutnu
iagabes isasinagro nakidajnem htlaew
noitutitsni gnitaerc - upmam gnay agabmel
naklisahgnem snruter laicnanif iadamem
asaj nad kudorp naaideynep iulalem
araces evitceffe tsoc igab remotsuc .
yenohaM turuneM .la te ajrenik )3691(
arap ajrenik nakapurem lairejanam
nataigek malad udividni - nataigek
,naanacnerep itrepes ,lairejanam
,isaulave ,isanidrook ,isagitsevni
isaisogen ,fats narutagnep ,nasawagnep
yenohaM .fitatneserper nad .la te )3691(
airejanam ajrenik rukugnem nagned l
:tukireb iagabes rotakidni nakanuggnem
.1 itra malad ,naanacnereP
nakutnenem kutnu naupmamek
nad nakajibek ,naujut
,naanaskalep/nakadnit
,naraggnagnep ,ajrek nalawdajnep
nad ,rudesorp gnacnarem
.namargormep
.2 naupmamek utiay ,isagitsevnI
d naklupmugnem na
kutnu isamrofni nakiapmaynem
,gnineker nad ,naropal ,natatac
nakutnenem ,lisah rukugnem
.naajrekep sisilana nad ,naaidesrep
.3 utiay ,naisanidrookgneP
rakut nakukalem naupmamek
gnaro nagned isamrofni rakunem
nial gnay isasinagro naigab id nial
akgnem kutnu nad nakti
,margorp nakiauseynem
nad ,nial naigab uhatirebmem
.nial rejanam nagned nagnubuh
.4 kutnu naupmamek utiay ,isaulavE
,lasoporp rukugnem nad ialinem
uata itamaid gnay ajrenik
,iawagep naialinep ,nakropalid
naialinep ,lisah natatac naialinep
ek naropal naaskiremep ,nagnau
.kudorp
.5 utiay ,)isivrepus( nasawagneP
,nakharagnem kutnu naupmamek
nakgnabmegnem nad nipmimem
hitalem ,gnibmibmem ,nahawab
ajrek narutarep naksalejnem nad
sagut nakirebmem ,nahawab adap
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 343
inagnanem nad naajrekep
.nahawab
.6 ( fats narutagneP gniffats utiay ,)
kutnu naupmamek
id ajrek natakgna naknahatrepmem
,turkerem ,adna naigab
hilimem nad iaracnawawem
,naktapmenem ,urab iawagep
isatum nad nakisomorpmem
.iawagep
.7 naupmamek utiay ,isaisogeN
,nailebmep nakukalem malad
ok nakukalem uata nalaujnep kartn
,asaj nad gnarab kutnu
rawat ,kosamep ignubuhgnem
,laujnep likaw nagned rawanem
.kopmolek araces rawanem rawat
.8 naupmamek utiay ,fitatneserpeR
naumetrep iridahgnem malad -
,nial naahasurep nagned naumetrep
,sinsib nalupmukrep naumetrep
raca kutnu otadip a- araca
natakednep ,natakaraysamek
nakisomorpmem ,natakaraysamek
.naahasurep mumu naujut
nahatniremep isnatsni adaP
7002/95 .oN irgadnemreP ayntibret
nagnaueK naalolegneP namodeP gnatnet
sesorp aynada naktaraysignem hareaD
naahasuatanep nad naraggnagnep
k emsinakem irad haread nagnaue
isasilartnesed emsinakem ek kitsilartnes
nabawajgnuggnatrep naktabikagnem gnay
adap naknaketid naka haread nagnauek
uata ajrenik sisabreb naraggnagnep
sesorP .ajrek isatserp nakrasadreb
)naraggnagnep( naraggna nanusuynep
abreb adap naknakenem ajrenik sis
nad )naraulek( tuptuo isatneiro emoctuo
adap isneukesnok ikilimem gnay )lisah(
gnay naraggna nanusuynep emsinakem
helo nakanaskalid nad fitapisitrap hibel
gnilap gnay natakgnit id uata rejanam
eP .aynsata id takgnites uata hawab tabaj
malad hawab gnilap natakgnit adap
nahatniremep id nemejanam nanatat
uata VI nolese tabajep halada haread
,naigab bus alapek takgnites tabajep
,iskes alapek nad ,gnadib bus alapek
aynsata id takgnites tabajep nakgnades
p uata III nolese tabajep halada tabaje
nad naigab alapek ,siraterkes takgnites
.gnadib alapek sukofreb ini naitileneP
malad III nolese tabajep natabilretek adap
.naraggna nanusuynep
uluhadreT naitileneP ueiveR
)9791( sineK nad )5791( inaliM
nahawab ispesrep awhab nakumenem
nalidaek ianegnem )tanidrobus(
sata gnitnep gnay iskidermep nakapurem
443 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
.ukalirep nad pakis )9002( onowaB malaD
isidnok malad awhab nakumetid
naraggnagnep nakparenem isasinagro
aek ,fitapisitrap ikilimem larudesorp nalid
ajrenik natakgninep padahret huragnep
,relyT nad dniL ;6791 ,ekcoL( .lairejanam
awhab nakataynem )9991( ybbiL .)8891
netsisnok kadit gnay lisah ayntapadret
hakapa aynsalej kadit anerak tubesret
isop isalerokreb larudesorp nalidaek fit
hakuata gnusgnal araces ajrenik nagned
.gninevretni lebairav aparebeb iulalem
awhab nakataynem )8891( relyT nad dnyL
lebairav nagned ajrenik aratna nagnubuh
.gnusgnal tafisreb kadit pakis nuputigeB
aguj )6002( itnawruM nad rakifluZ
buh awhab nakataynem nalidaek nagnu
lairejanam ajrenik nad larudesorp
.gninevretni lebairav helo isaidemid
nakumenem )2002( miL nad uaL
ispesrep aratna gnusgnal kadit nagnubuh
ajrenik nad larudesorp nalidaek ianegnem
,gninevretni lebairav utaus iulalem nagned
araggnagnep utiay otsisaW .fitapisitrap n
awhab nakumenem ,)4002( nihilohS nad
kadit nad gnusgnal nagnubuh tapadret
nad larudesorp nalidaek aratna gnusgnal
isapisitrap iulalem lairejanam ajrenik
nuputigeB .naraggnagnep )7002( fitaL
gnusgnal nagnubuh aynada nakkujnunem
t nad nalidaek aratna gnusgnal kadi
iulalem lairejanam ajrenik nad larudesorp
.naraggnagnep isapisitrap
gnay iduts kaynab kadiT
nagnubuh itilenem gnay nakumetid
ajrenik nagned fitubirtsid nalidaek
.lairejanam nalidaek ianegnem naitileneP
nakkujnunem fitubirtsid ispesrep awhab
padahret nalidaek ianegnem laudividni
aynhelorepid gnay isubirtsid
akerem ukalirep nad pakis ihuragnepmem
eknimhcS( la te .)7991 ,. leztneW idutS
002( 2 nagnubuh aynada nakkujnunem )
naraggna nanusuynep malad isapisitrap
)naraggnagnep( k nagned nalidae
.fitubirtsid nalidaek nupuam larudesorp
eW leztn aguj aynada nakumenem
nad fitubirtsid nalidaek aratna nagnubuh
ajrenik . ini naitilenep naikimed nagneD
:naksisetopihgnem
ikilimem larudesorp nalidaeK :a1H
huragnep gnusgnal padahret
ajrenik lairejanam
:b1H ikilimem fitubirtsid nalidaeK
huragnep gnusgnal padahret
lairejanam ajrenik
:a2H ikilimem larudesorp nalidaeK
ajrenik padahret huragnep
isapisitrap nagned lairejanam
lebairav iagabes naraggnagnep
gninevretni
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 543
kilimem fitubirtsid nalidaeK :b2H i
ajrenik padahret huragnep
isapisitrap nagned lairejanam
lebairav iagabes naraggnagnep
gninevretni
NAITILENEP EDOTEM
ataD rebmuS naD sineJ
nep malad atad sineJ atad ini naitile
.remirp iulalem helorepid remirp ataD
evrus i renoiseuk nakrabeynem nagned
k .nednopser adape
ISALUPOP , LEPMAS EDOTEM NAD
LEPMAS NALIBMAGNEP
irad lepmas nad isalupoP
tabilret gnay kahip halada ini naitilenep
nanusuynep malad naraggna
id saniD rotnaK adap )naraggnagnep(
nagnukgnil netapubaK hareaD hatniremeP
nugnaloraS ibmaJ isnivorP . edoteM
nakanugid gnay lepmas nalibmagnep
nahilimep halada ini naitilenep malad
( naujutreb lepmas gnilpmas evisoprup
dohtem lepmas airetirk aynada nagned )
.libmaid gnay gnay lepmas airetirK
VI nad III nolese tabajep halada libmaid
ajep uata siraterkes takgnites tab , alapek
rotnaK adap naigab bus alapek nad gnadib
hareaD hatniremeP nagnukgnil id saniD
.ibmaJ isnivorP nugnaloraS netapubaK
utiay lepmas nahilimep nasala nupadA
atar - tabajep halada tiakret tabajep atar
b gnay hawab nad hagnet level gnuggnatre
adap naraggna nanusuynep adap bawaj
paggnaid aggnihes aynajrek tinu paites
halasam imahamem upmam hibel
saniD tabajep gnidnabid naraggnagnep
.aynnial
643 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
1 lebaT saniD - sanid d netapubaK admeP nagnukgniL i nugnaloraS
oN saniD rotnaK erkeS -
sirat dibaK gabusaK
halmuJ
.1 nakididneP saniD 1 4 3 8
.2 nataheseK saniD 1 4 3 8
.3 nad ajreK aganeT ,laisoS saniD
isargimsnarT 1 6 3 01
.4 nad nakududnepeK saniD
lipiS natataC 1 4 3 8
.5 nad mumU naajrekeP saniD
taykaR nahamureP 1 4 3 8
.6 ,nagnubuhreP saniD
akitamrofnI nad isakinumoK 1 4 2 7
.7 ,nairtsudnireP saniD
isarepoK nad nagnagadreP 1 4 3 8
.8 nainatreP saniD 1 4 3 8
.9 nad nanakireP saniD
nakanreteP 1 4 3 8
.01 nad nanubekreP saniD
nanatuheK 1 4 3 8
.11 ayaD rebmuS nad igrenE saniD
lareniM 1 4 3 8
.21 naalolegneP ,natapadneP saniD
hareaD tesA nad nagnaueK 1 5 3 9
.31 ,nahisrebeK ,atoK ataT saniD
nanamatreP nad 1 4 3 8
.41 ,atasiwiraP ,naayadubeK saniD
agarhalO nad adumeP 1 6 3 01
lepmaS halmuJ 41 16 14 611
ebmuS tiakreT isnatsnI : r
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 743
isinifeD naD naitileneP lebairaV
lanoisarepO
nednepednI lebairaV
lebairav aud ikilimem naitileneP
nad larudesorp nalidaek utiay ,nednepedni
.fitubirtsid nalidaek
.a daeK nali nakrabmaggnem larudesorP
nalidaek padahret udividni ispesrep
.naraggna nanusuynep rudesorp malad
nakanuggnem narukugneP nemurtsni
id gnay nakanug helo miL nad uaL
( 2002 nakanugid nad )2002( nihilohS ,)
nihilohS nad otsisaW helo ilabmek
ini nemurtsnI .)4002( irad iridret
rudesorp naksalejnem gnay meti napaled
,isaruka ,isnetsisnok( naisakolagnep
nalidaek nad )saib nad ,akite ,iskerok
.isamrofni adap larudesorp
.b nakrabmaggnem ,fitubirtsiD nalidaeK
ispesrep udividni nalidaek ianegnem
.naraggna isubirtsid malad rukuiD
rotakidni tapme nakanuggnem
nosnhoJ nad rengaM irad isatpadaid
utas nad )4002( irasayluM malad )5991(
malad )3791( grebneerG irad rotakidni
.)4002( irasayluM
gninevretnI lebairaV
ini naitilenep malad gninevretni lebairaV
p halada isapisitra p gnagne narag .
naraggnagnep isapisitraP utaus nakapurem
arap huragnep nad natabilretek takgnit
nanusuynep sesorp malad udividni
,itneY malad 2891 ,llenworB( naraggna
tnemurtsni nakanuggnem rukuiD .)3002
)5791( inaliM nakgnabmekid gnay , nad
elo ilabmek nakanugrepid h miL mad uaL
)2002( nihilohS nad otsisaW nad .)4002(
V nednepeD lebaira
ini naitilenep malad nedneped lebairaV
k halada ajreni m lairejana . ajreniK
lairejanam irad alaks nagned rukuid
yenohaM .la te )3691( , nakanugid gnay
miL nad uaL ilabmek )2002( , leztneW
)2002( , nihilohS nad otsisaW )4002( nad
)4002( irasayluM nakirogetakgnem gnay
utiay ,isnemid napaled malad ajrenik
,isanidrook ,isagitsevni ,naanacnerep
sivrepus ,isaulave i nad isaisogen ,gniffats ,
.naknalajid gnay narep
SATIDILAV NAD SATILIBAILER IJU
satilibaileR ijU
id satilibailer ijU nakanug kutnu
rukugnem naladnaek irad rotakidni
utaus malad kurtsnok uata lebairav
.renoiseuk nakatakid naka renoiseuk utauS
padahret gnaroeses nabawaj akij ladnah
netsisnok halada naataynrep libats uata
ad iju naijugneP .utkaw ek utkaw ir
s’hcabnorc nakanuggnem naka satilibailer
843 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
halas nakapurem ahpla s’hcabnorC .ahpla
gnilap gnay satilibilaer neisifeok utas
.nakanugid gnires gnay narukugnep alakS
ialin ikilimem aynkiabes lebailer
7.0 laminim ahpla s’hcabnorc ,ylannuN( 0
malad 4991 ,nietsnreB dna ylannuN ;8791
.)9002 ,otnayU
satidilaV ijU
kutnu nakukalid satidilav ijU
utaus aynkadit dilav uata has rukugnem
.renoiseuk renoiseuk utauS naka nakatakid
renoiseuk adap naaynatrep akij dilav
utauses nakpakgnugnem upmam gnay
ijU .tubesret renoiseuk helo rukuid naka
rukugnem nagned nakukalid atad satidilav
isalerok etairavib gnisam roks - gnisam
latot roks nagned meti uata lebairav
.kurtsnok
ATAD SISILANA TALA
nakukalid sisetopih naijugneP
( rulaj sisilana nagned htap sisylana )
1 SSPS erawtfos nakanuggnem 7. A sisilan
nad agit sisetopih sisilanagnem kutnu rulaj
.tapme neisifeoK sisilana gnutihid rulaj
iserger naamasrep aud taubmem nagned
gnay nagnubuh nakkujnunem gnay
.)7002 ,ilazohG( naksisetopihid tapadreT
naamasrep aud iserger :utiay ,
Y1 X = 1 X + 2 + Ɛ1 )1( ............
Y2 X = 1 X + 2 + Ɛ2 )2( ............
:nagnareteK
Y1 naraggnagneP isapisitraP =
Y2 lairejanaM ajreniK =
X1 = K fitubirtsiD nalidae
X2 larudesorP nalidaeK =
NAITILENEP LEDOM
siteroet naiaru nakrasadreB ueiver nad
ini naitilenep ,uluhadret naitilenep
.tukireb iagabes ledom ikilimem
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 943
rabmaG 1
naitileneP ledoM
LANOISASINAGRO NALIDAEK
5P
1P
2P p 3P 3P
4P
NAD NAITILENEP LISAH
NASAHABMEP
NEDNOPSER ISPIRKSED
nakrabeynem ini naitileneP 611
aynah numan nednopser adapek renoiseuk
18 )%38,96( gnay renoiseuk iraD .ilabmek
18 uk 47 aynah tubesret renoise )%53,19(
gnay renoiseuk ini laH .haloid tapad
tapadret nakanerakid 7 kadit renoiseuk
pakgnel araces isiid nad tapad
.atad sisilana lisah uggnaggnem
helorepid renoiseuk atad nakrasadreB
d naitilenep nednopser ispirkse isanimodid
14 aisu ikilimem gnay nednopser helo - 05
gnaro 46 ,)%4,15( gnaro 83 ratikes nuhat
ikal nednopser - ikal ,)%5,68( nad
)1S( anajraS rihkaret nakididnepreb
)%8,38( . s uti nialeS raseb naigabe
nednopser peK natabaj ikilimem ala
,%1,45 uata gnaro 04 utiay gnadiB/naigaB
11 ratikes ajrekeb amal nagned – nuhat 51
)% 9,14( ispirksed tukireB . pakgnel
lebat adap naklipmatid nednopser tukireb
.ini
NALIDAEKLARUDESORP
AJRENIKLAIREJANAM
ISAPISITRAPNARAGGNAGNEP NALIDAEK
FITUBIRTSID
053 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
lebaT 2
nednopseR ispirkseD
nagnareteK halmuJ %
rumU nuhat 03 < 13 - nuhat 04 14 – nuhat 05
nuhat 05 >
0 71 83 91
0 32 4,15 7,52
nimaleK sineJ airP atinaW
46 01
5,68 5,31
nakididnePrihkareT
tajaredeS uata AMS amolpiD
)1S( anajraS )2S( retsigaM
rotkoD
0 2
8,38 5,31
0
0 7,2 8,38 5,31
0 natabaJ siraterkeS
gnadiB/naigaB alapeK naigabbuS alapeK
4 04 03
4,5 1,45 5,04
ajrekeB amaL nuhat 5 < 6 - nuhat 01 11 – nuhat 51
nuhat 51 >
1 02 13 22
4,1 72 9,14 7,92
NAD SATIDILAV IJU LISAH
SATILIBAILER
satilibaileR ijU lisaH
kutnu nakukalid satilibailer ijU
irad rotakidni utaus naladnahek rukugnem
satilibailer ijU .kurtsnok uata lebairav
alakS .ahpla s’hcabnorc nagned rukuid
aynkiabes lebailer gnay narukugnep
laminim ahpla s’hcabnorc ialin ikilimem
ylannuN ;8791 ,ylannuN( 07.0 dna
.)9002 ,otnayU malad 4991 ,nietsnreB
satilibailer iju lisaH awhab nakkujnunem
gnisam - naitilenep lebairav gnisam
ikilimem ahpla s’hcabnorc ialin ialin
laminim naklupmisid tapad aggnihes 07.0
lebairav awhab naitilenep ikilimem
naklipmatid tukireB .kiab gnay satilibailer
iju lisah satilibailer lebat adap .ini
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 153
3 lebaT
satidilaV ijU lisaH
lebairaV ahplA s’hcabnorC
fitubirtsiD nalidaeK .0 657
larudesorP nalidaeK .0 007
lairejanaM ajreniK .0 977
naraggnagneP isapisitraP .0 307
satidilaV ijU lisaH
nagned nakukalid satidilav ijU
isalerok nakukalem etairavib aratna
gnisam - latot nagned rotakidni roks gnisam
satidilav iju lisah iraD .kurtsnok roks
gnisam aratna isalerok helorepid - gnisam
rotakidni meti naitilenep lebairav malad
nakkujnunem kurtsnok roks latot padahret
adap nakifingis lisah p- eulav 000.0
aggnihes gnisam awhab naklupmisid -
naataynrep rotakidni gnisam malad
renoiseuk dilav halada )ripmalret atad( .
H ( RULAJ SISILANA IJU LISA HTAP
SISYLANA )
naamasrep aud tapadreT iserger
kutnu ,ini naitilenep malad rulaj sisilana
:utiay
Y1 X = 1 X + 2 + Ɛ1 )1( ............
Y2 X = 1 X + 2 + + 1Y Ɛ2 )2( ............
:nagnareteK
Y1 naraggnagneP isapisitraP =
Y2 lairejanaM ajreniK =
X1 fitubirtsiD nalidaeK =
X2 larudesorP nalidaeK =
iju irad SSPS tuptuo nalipmaT
)1( naamasrep kutnu rulaj sisilana
lisah helorepid .tukireb iagabes
253 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
rabmaG 2
rulaJ sisilanA )1( naamasreP ijU lisaH
yrammuS ledoM
ledoM R erauqS R R detsujdA
erauqS fo rorrE .dtS
etamitsE eht
1 154. a 302. 181. 565.3 ,larudesorP nalidaeK ,)tnatsnoC( :srotciderP .a nalidaeK
fitubirtsiD
AVONA b
ledoM fo muS
serauqS fd erauqS naeM F .giS
1 noissergeR 790.032 2 840.511 250.9 000. a
laudiseR 943.209 17 907.21
latoT 644.2311 37
fitubirtsiD nalidaeK ,larudesorP nalidaeK ,)tnatsnoC( :srotciderP .a tnednepeD .b naraggnagneP isapisitraP :elbairaV
stneiciffeoC a
ledoM
dezidradnatsnUstneiciffeoC
dezidradnatSstneiciffeoC
t .giS B rorrE .dtS ateB
1 )tnatsnoC( 771.51 199.3 208.3 000.
fitubirtsiD nalidaeK 053. 201. 073. 044.3 100.
nalidaeKlarudesorP
403. 361. 102. 768.1 660.
naraggnagneP isapisitraP :elbairaV tnednepeD .a
SSPS tuptuo nalipmat nakrasadreB
sataid ateb dezidradnats ialin nakirebmem
lebairav 073.0 rasebes fitubirtsid nalidaek
.0 nakifingis ialin adap .100 ini lisaH
huragnep tapadret awhab nakkujnunem
isapisitrap nad fitubirtsid nalidaek aratna
.naraggnagnep N eok iali f neisi
073.0 ateb dezidradnats ialin nakapurem
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 353
5p rulaj uata htap ateb dezidradnats ialiN .
102.0 rasebes larudesorp nalidaek lebairav
fingis ialin nagned .660.0 naki ialiN
= α irad raseb hibel ini 660.0 nakifingis
nalidaek nakkujnunem gnay 660.0
isapisitrap ihuragnepmem kadit larudesorp
.naraggnagnep dezidradnats neisifeoK
rulaj uata htap ialin nakapurem 102.0 ateb
.4p ialin aynraseB Ɛ1 halada
��1 � 0. 302 � � 0 398.
ini SSPS tuptuo irad naidumeK
tapad id )1( naamasrep sumur helorep
abes :tukireb iag
+ PK102.0 + DK073.0 = PP .0 398 Ɛ1
)1( ............
:nagnareteK
naraggnagneP isapisitraP = PP
fitubirtsiD nalidaeK = DK
larudesorP nalidaeK = PK
ini hawab id tukireB lisah halada
:)2( naamasrep irad SSPS tuptuo nalipmat
rabmaG 3
rulaJ sisilanA )2( naamasreP ijU lisaH
yrammuS ledoM
ledoM R erauqS R R detsujdA
erauqS fo rorrE .dtS
etamitsE eht
1 126. a 683. 063. 946.4 :srotciderP .a ,naraggnagneP isapisitraP ,)tnatsnoC(
fitubirtsiD nalidaeK ,larudesorP nalidaeK
AVONA b
ledoM fo muS
serauqS fD erauqS naeM F .giS
1 noissergeR 454.059 3 818.613 166.41 000. a
laudiseR 186.2151 07 016.12
latoT 531.3642 37
:srotciderP .a ,larudesorP nalidaeK ,naraggnagneP isapisitraP ,)tnatsnoC(fitubirtsiD nalidaeK
lairejanaM ajreniK :elbairaV tnednepeD .b
453 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
stneiciffeoC a
ledoM
dezidradnatsnUstneiciffeoC
dezidradnatSstneiciffeoC
T .giS B rorrE .dtS ateB
1 )tnatsnoC( 860.2 017.5 263. 817.
fitubirtsiD nalidaeK 053. 341. 152. 934.2 710.
larudesorP nalidaeK 606. 712. 272. 297.2 700.
isapisitraPnaraggnagneP
984. 551. 233. 261.3 200.
lairejanaM ajreniK :elbairaV tnednepeD .a
naamasrep SSPS tuptuo adaP
)2( iserger kutnu ateb dezidradnats ialin
nalidaek ,152.0 halada fitubirtsid nalidaek
isapisitrap nad ,272.0 = larudesorp
.233.0 = naraggnagnep N dezidradnats iali
htap rulaj ialin halada 152.0 ateb ,1p
ateb dezidradnats nakgnades kutnu 272.0
dezidradnats nad ,2p htap rulaj ialin ateb
.3p htap rulaj ialin nakapurem 233.0
ikilimem ateb dezidradnats ialin aumeS
= α irad licek hibel isnakifingis takgnit
ialin aynraseb nakgnades ,50.0 Ɛ 2 halada
��1 � 0. 683 � � .487.0 tapad aggnihes
iagabes )2( iserger naamasrep helorepid
.tukireb
MK .0 = 152 .0 + DK 272 + PK
+ MK 233.0 .0 487 Ɛ2 )2( ............
:nagnareteK
naraggnagneP isapisitraP = PP
fitubirtsiD nalidaeK = DK
larudesorP nalidaeK = PK
lairejanaM ajreniK = MK
lisaH nakkujnunem rulaj sisilana
tapad fitubirtsid nalidaek awhab
kadit nupuam gnusgnal huragnepreb
nalidaeK .lairejanam ajrenik ek gnusgnal
ek gnusgnal kadit huragnepreb fitubirtsid
lebairav iulalem lairejanam ajrenik
.naraggnagnep isapisitrap gninevretni
raseB gnusgnal huragnep ayn nalidaek
lairejanam ajrenik padahret fitubirtsid
073.0 halada )5p ateb dezidradnats ialin( ,
kadit huragnep aynraseb nakgnades
gnusgnal padahret fitubirtsid nalidaek
ialin halada lairejanam ajrenik
x 152.0 utiay ,3p x 1p ateb dezidradnats
latot aggniheS .233380.0 = 233.0
padahret fitubirtsid nalidaek huragnep
+ 073.0 rasebes halada lairejanam ajrenik
.233354.0 = )233.0 x 152.0(
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 553
isilanA nakkujnunem aguj rulaj s
nalidaek gnusgnal huragnep aynada kadit
.lairejanam ajrenik padahret larudesorp
tapad larudesorp nalidaek numaN
huragnepreb araces gnusgnal kadit
iulalem lairejanam ajrenik padahret
trap gninevretni lebairav isapisi
ed ,naraggnagnep aynraseb ialin nagn
233.0 x 277.0 = 3p x 2p halada huragnep
403652.0 = . D nagne naikimed latot
larudesorp nalidaek huragnep aynraseb
+ 4p halada lairejanam ajrenik padahret
= )3p x 2p( = )233.0 x 277.0( + 102.0
.403754.0 rulaj sisilana lisah nakrasadreB
ret tubes nakkujnutid isapisitrap awhab
lebairav idajnem tapad naraggnagnep
nad fitubirtsid nalidaek igab gninevretni
ajrenik padahret larudesorp nalidaek
huragnep raseb ialin nagned lairejanam
.233.0 halada 3p htap rulaj uata tukireB
p ledom rabmag halada ini irad naitilene
.rulaj sisilana lisah irad
rabmaG 4
ulaJ sisilanA ledoM r
LANOISASINAGRO NALIDAEK
5P 073.0 =
1P 152.0 =
272.0 = 2P 3P 233.0 =
4P 102.0 =
NASAHABMEP
Pe en ini naitil sisetopih malad
aynamatrep nalidaek kiab iskiderpmem
fitubirtsid nalidaek nupuam larudesorp
padahret gnusgnal huragnep ikilimem
.lairejanam ajrenik kitsitats iju lisaH
nakumenem larudesorp nalidaek awhab
gnusgnal huragnep ikilimem kadit
takgnit nagned lairejanam ajrenik padahret
adap 660.0 isnakifingis .50.0 = α ini lisaH
onowaB gnukudnem kadit )9002( ,
fitaL nad ,)4002( nihilohS nad otsisaW
)7002( huragnep aynada nakataynem gnay
larudesorp nalidaek aratna gnusgnal
aguj ini lisaH .lairejanam ajrenik padahret
nalidaek takgnit awhab nakkujnunem
NALIDAEKLARUDESORP
AJRENIKLAIREJANAM
ISAPISITRAPNARAGGNAGNEP
NALIDAEKFITUBIRTSID
Ɛ 2 487.0 =
Ɛ 1 .0 = 398
653 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
tapad kadit iggnit gnay larudesorp
rejanam ihuragnepmem kutnu
.aynajrenik naktakgninem H ini lisa
tapadret nakkujnunem ini naitilenep
fitubirtsid nalidaek gnusgnal huragnep
lairejanam ajrenik padahret takgnit nagned
α takgnit irad licek hibel( 10.0 isnakifingis
.)50.0 = leztneW gnukudnem ini lisaH
m gnay )2002( huragnep aynada nakumene
ajrenik padahret fitubirtsid nalidaek
.lairejanam eknimhcS la te . ( 7991 )
ianegnem laudividni ispesrep nakataynem
gnay isubirtsid padahret nalidaek
pakis ihuragnepmem naka aynhelorepid
nad ini naitilenep malaD .akerem ukalirep
nalidaek ispesrep awhab nakisakidnignem
naktakgninem tapad iggnit gnay fitubirtsid
.rejanam gnaroes ajrenik
ini naitilenep audek sisetopiH
larudesorp nalidaek awhab nakataynem
tapad fitubirtsid nalidaek nad
ragnepmem nagned lairejanam ajrenik ihu
lebairav iagabes naraggnagnep isapisitrap
.gninevretni helorepid rulaj sisilana lisaH
araces huragnepreb larudesorp nalidaek
lairejanam ajrenik padahret gnusgnal kadit
hibel( 700.0 isnakifingis takgnit nagned
.0 = α irad licek .)50 iauses ini lisaH
)2002( miL nad uaL nagned nad otsisaW ,
)4002( fitaL nad )4002( nihilohS gnay
larudesorp nalidaek awhab nakkujnunem
huragnep ikilimem kadit gnusgnal
lairejanam ajrenik padahret iulalem
naraggnagnep isapisitrap . nalidaeK
huragnep ikilimem aguj fitubirtsid kadit
gnay lairejanam ajrenik padahret gnusgnal
isnakifingis takgnit nagned nakujnutid
.50.0 = α adap 700.0 ini naumeT
gnay )2002( leztneW gnukudnem
ianegnem laudividni ispesrep nakataynem
ad isubirtsid nalidaek isapisitrap mal
ihuragnepmem naka naraggnagnep
.aynajrenik turuneM )4002( irasayluM ,
fitubirtsid nalidaek ianegnem ispesrep
tapad kutnu natapmesek naktakgninem
naraggna isakola natakgninep tapadnem
.nakgnutnugnem gnay natakgnineP
tubesret naraggna isakola aynrihka adap
.rejanam ajrenik naktakgninem tapad
PUTUNEP
NALUPMIS
naklupmiynem ini naitileneP
tukireb iagabes :
.1 ikilimem kadit larudesorp nalidaeK
s huragnep padahret gnusgnal arace
ajrenik lairejanam s , nakgnade
k fitubirtsid nalidae huragnepreb
gnusgnal lairejanam ajrenik padahret .
.2 nalidaek nupuam larudesorp nalidaeK
araces huragnepreb tapad fitubirtsid
ajrenik padahret gnusgnal kadit
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 753
isapisitrap iulalem lairejanam
nakkujnunem ini laH .naraggnagnep
naraggnagnep isapisitrap awhab
gninevretni lebairav nakapurem
nad larudesorp nalidaek aratna
ajrenik padahret fitubirtsid naidaek
.lairejanam
NARAS NAD NASATABRETEK
limem ini naitileneP aparebeb iki
aynaratnaid nasatabretek etar nopser
aynah hadner pukuc gnay nednopser
k helO .,%38,96 naknarasid uti anera adap
tapad kutnu ayntujnales naitilenep
naktakgninem etar nopser takgnit
uti nialeS .renoiseuk nailabmegnep
hayaliw utas adap sukofreb ini naitilenep
tapad kadit aynlisah aggnihes ,ajas
.nial hayaliw nagned nakisasilarenegid
naitileneP rukugnem aynah aguj ini
ayntukireb naitilenep ,lairejanam ajrenik
nial lebairav nagned aynitnaggnem tapad
nalidaek huragnep tahilem kutnu
.lanoisasinagro
AKATSUP RATFAD
nareP ,9002 ,uyaB iwD ydnA ,onowaB scitsiretcarahC laoG yrategduB malad gninevretnI lebairaV iagabes larudesorP nalidaeK aratna nagnubuH adap idutS( lairejanaM ajreniK nad VI nolesE nad III nolesE tabajeP
es hareaD hatniremeP adap - skEatrakaruS nanediseraK ,) siseT ,
,orogenopiD satisrevinU anajrasacsaP.gnarameS
.P ,llenworB , 2891 , fo eloR ehT
ecnamrofreP ni ataD gnitnuoccA noitapicitraP yrategduB ,noitaulavE .ssenevitceffE lanoitazinagrO dna
tnuoccA fo lanruoJ hcraeseR gni ,31 ,)1( 02.loV - 72 .
P ,lllenworB ecnaileR ,6891 ,M ,tsriH dna
noitamrofnI gnitnuoccA no ksaT dna ,noitapicitraP yrategduB yaW eerhT a fo tseT :ytniatrecnU
,noitcaretnI gnitnuoccA fo lanruoJ142 ,)2( 42 ,hcraeseR - 942 .
ytiuqE ,8791 ,H ,hcirttiD dna RM ,lerraC ,erutaretiL tneceR ehT :yroehT dna noitaredisnoC lacigolodohteM
,noitceriD weN fo ymedacAweiveR tnemeganaM .
J ,grebneerG . ,3891 ,.R ,regloF dna
dna noitapicitraP ,ecitsuJ larudecorPuorG ni tceffE ssecorP riaF eht sp
suluaP .P malad ,snoitasinagrO dna).de( regnirpS ,ssecorP puorG cisaB , -
.kroY weN ,galreV
.J ,grebneerG a sa tfehT eeyolpmE .0991aeR :ytiuqenI tnemyaprednU ot noitc
.stucyaP fo tsoC neddiH ehT lanruoJ ,5.oN 57 .loV ,ygolohcysP deilppA fo
165 - .865
.9891 .yksvonoK .A yraM dna ,.R ,regloF evitubirtsiD dna larudecorP fo stceffE esiaR yaP ot noitcaeR no ecitsuJ tnemeganaM fo ymedacA .snoisiceD
511 ,1 .oN ,23 .loV .lanruoJ - .031
yrategduB fo stceffE ,9791 ,nitezzI ,sineK laireganaM no scitsiretcarahC laoG
,ecnamrofreP dna sedutittA ehT
853 .loV ,ueknaM 2 .oN 3 102 , 3: 352 - 373
,4.oN ,VIL.loV ,weiveR gnitnuoccA707 ,rebotcO - 127 .
nagnubuH ,7002 ,niduradaB damcA ,fitaL nad larudesorP nalidaeK ratna
nagned lairejanaM ajreniK isapisitraP lebairaV iagabes naraggnA padahret naitileneP( gninevretnI id rutkafunaM naahasureP rejanaM
,)hagneT awaJ siseT margorP , ,orogenopiD satisrevinU anajrasacsaP
.gnarameS
ehT ,2002 ,WE ,miL dna MC ,uaL noitapicitraP fo stceffE gninevretnI
eht no neewteb pihsnoitaleR laireganaM dna ecitsuJ larudecorP gnitnuoccA hsitirB ,ecnamrofreP
.43 ,weiveR
eb dluohS tahW ,0891 ,.S.G ,lahtneveL weN ?yroehT ytiuqE htiw enoD ni ssenriaF fo ydutS eht ot shcaorppA ,negreG .J .K nI .pihsnoitaleR laicoS
bneerG .S.M silliW .H.R dna gre ni secnavdA :egnahcxE laicoS ,)sdE( :kroY weN ,hcraeseR dna yroehT
.munelP
ecioV fo ecneulfnI ehT ,9991 ,Y ,ybbiL a ni ecnamrofreP no noitanalpxE dna ,gnitteS gnittegduB evitapicitraP dna noitazinagrO ,gnitnuoccA
521 ,)2( 42 ,yteicoS - 731 .
,8891 ,RT ,relyT dna AE ,dniL laicoS ehTecitsuJ larudecorP fo ygolohcysP ,
.sserP munelP :kroY weN
sesuaC dna erutaN ehT ,6791 ,AE ,ekcoL DM malad ,noitcafsitaS boJ fo fo koobdnaH ,).de( ettennuD lanoitazinagrO dna lairtsudnI
yeliW nhoJ ,ygolohcysP ,snoS &.kroY weN
ajreniK nemejanaM ,0102 ,idumhaM PPU :atrakaygoY ,kilbuP rotkeS
.NPKY MITS
,llorraC dna ,HT ,eedreJ ,AT ,yenohaM ,3691 ,JS laireganaM fo tnempoleveD
hcaorppA hcraeseR A :ecnamrofreP , nretseW htuoS :itannicniC
.gnihsilbuP
,WK ,inaliM fo pihsnoitaleR ehT ,5791tegduB ni noitapicitraP - ot gnittes
ecnamrofreP rosivrepuS lairtsudnI ,ydutS dleiF A :sedutittA dna ehT
472 ,)2(05 ,weiveR gnitnuoccA - 482 .
huragneP ,4002 ,udniW ,irasayluM adap nemtimoK ,naispesreP nalidaeK noitamrofnI tnaveleR boJ nad ,naujuT aratna nagnubuH padahret ajreniK nad fitapisitraP naraggnagneP
,lairejanaM siseT margorP , hajdaG satisrevinU anajrasacsaP
.atrakaygoY ,adaM
,inupmuM rutkurtS huragneP .5002 .aliM lortnoC fo sucoL nad lanoisasinagrO aratna nagnubuH padahret nagned fitapisitraP naraggnagneP isasinagrO adap lairejanaM ajreniK adap susaK idutS( kilbuP rotkeS
.)hareaD mumU tikaS hamuR siseT . isnatnukA retsigaM margorP
evinU .gnarameS .orogenopiD satisr
ehT ,8991 ,JR ,rekraP dna ,H ,iruoN noitapicitraP neewteb pihsnoitaleR fo seloR eht :ecnamrofreP boJ dna lanoitazinagrO dna ycauqedA tegduB
,tnemtimmoC ,gnitnuoccA5( 32 ,yteicoS dna ,snoitasinagrO - ,)6
764 - 384 .
791 ,TD ,yeltO dna esU tegduB ,8 ,ecnamrofreP laireganaM fo lanruoJ
huragneP sisilanA ..... ( tiF iweD inayir ) 953
221 ,)1( 61 ,hcraeseR gnitnuoccA -.841
,leoN dna .L.M ,esorbmA ,.M ,eknimhcS lacihte fo tceffe ehT .)7991( .W.T fo snoitpecrep no skrowemarf
.ecitsuj lanoitazinagro fo ymedacAlanruoJ tnemeganaM , 0911:)5(04 -
.7021
huragneP sisilanA ,5002 ,nifirA ,rageriS ajreniK padahret larudesorP nalidaeK hatniremeP nagnukgniL id lairejanaM
,iajniB atoK hareaD siseT halokeS , aretamuS satisrevinU anajrasacsaP
.nadeM ,aratU
isadilaV ,7002 ,otnainruK ureH ,onojhajT metI - nad fitubirtsiD nalidaeK meti
isakilpA :larudesorP nalidaeK gnilledoM noitaauqE larutcurtS sisylanA rotcaF yrotamrifnoC nagned id STP adap idutS( )AFC(
,)atrakaygoY & isnatnukA lanruJ2.oN 81.loV nemejanaM EITS ,
.atrakaygoY ,NPKY
nad feirA ,otsisaW ,nihilohS dufhaM naraggnagneP isapisitraP nareP ,4002 nalidaeK aratna nagnubuH malad
lairejanaM ajreniK nagned larudesorP ,ajreK nasaupeK nad gnidisorP
7 isnatnukA lanoisaN muisopmiS ,.rasapneD
fo ecneulfnI ehT ,2002 ,nitsirK ,leztneW
snoitpecreP ssenriaF laoG dna sreganaM no tnemtimmoC ,gnitteS tegduB a ni ecnamrofreP ,gnitnuoccA ni hcraeseR laroivaheB
742 ,41 - 172 .
huragneP ,3002 ,ineY aziR ,itneY nalidaeK ,fitubirtsiD nalidaeK padahret nemtimoK ,rudesorP padahret isavitoM nad ,naujuT
lairejanaM ajreniK malad ,naraggnA nanusuyneP gnidisorP
S IV isnatnukA lanoisaN muisopmi ,.ayabaruS
nareP .6002 .itnawruM irS nad rakifluZ
scitsiretcarahC laoG yrategduB nalidaeK aratna nagnubuH malad .lairejanaM ajreniK nad larudesorP .loV ,nagnaueK nad isnatnukA lanruJ
N 5 .1 .o
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