Basic blueprint reading

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

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SUBJECTS

DRAWING BASICS ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS MACHINE DRAWINGS

DRAWING BASICS

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Objectives Define basic industrial drawing structure Define line types Define types of drawings

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Purpose of Drawings Drawings are used to convey information about a

wide range items such as: Architectural building layouts Electrical wiring Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts Location of equipment How to assemble equipment Details of equipment

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Types of Drawings Civil Architectural Structural Mechanical Plumbing Piping Pneumatic/Hydraulic Electrical

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Engineering Drawings A general engineering drawing can be divided

into the following five major areas or parts.– 1. Title block– 2. Grid system– 3. Revision block– 4. Notes and legends– 5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)

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ng A – (letter)

8 ½ by 11inches

Drawing Sizes Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F

with D size being the most typical

B - 11 by 17inches

C - 17 by 22 inchesD - 22 by 34 inches

E - 34 by 44 inches

F - 28 by 40 inches

Metric sizesA4 (210 x 297)A3 (297 x 420)

A2 (420 x 594)A1 (594 x 841)

A0 (841 x 1189)

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Title Blocks

COMPANY

Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing information.

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Revision Blocks The revision block notes any changes made

to a drawing

Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the modified portion of the drawing such as:

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Parts Lists Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list

of the material that is used to build the item that is

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Scales Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or

distance of the item on a drawing to the real item. For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a

measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1 foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for feet) of the real world item.

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Grid System A drawing grid system allows a specific point

on a drawing to be referenced or found.

1 2 3 4 5 6

This point on the drawing is B-3

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ngBasic Lines

Object lines Hidden lines Cutting plane lines Centerlines Extension lines Dimension lines Leaders line Phantom lines

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ngObject Line

The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface of an object.of an object.

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ngHidden Line The hidden line is used to show features or edges

of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of medium thickness.

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ngCenter Line

The center line is used to locate the center of features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of alternating short and long dashes.

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ngDimension Line / Extension Line

Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of a dimension.

Extension Lines are use to extend a point from an object.

Dimension Line

Extension Line

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Phantom Phantom lines are used to represents the outline

of an adjacent part. The also are used to show an alternate position

of a given part

Phantom

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ngLeader

A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It may have a note, dimension value or a number at the end of it

Grind SurfaceGrind Surface1

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ngCutting Plane Line

Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn in detail in another part of the drawing.

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ngBreak Lines

Short Break Line

Break lines are also used to separate internal and external features with broken-out sections

Break lines are uses to terminate a view to conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.

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The break line is being used to show a part The break line is being used to show a part reduced in length on the drawing to conserve reduced in length on the drawing to conserve space.space.

250 feet250 feet

3”3”

Break Lines Example

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ngSection Lines Section lines are used where a surface is

illustrated as cut. It normally is used in a sectional view. The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

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Dimensioning Systems Different systems of dimensioning are generally

used– Fractional inch– Decimal inch– SI Metric

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Fractional Inch Dimensioning

21/32 Dia3/16

1/21 9/16 Dia

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Decimal Inch Dimensioning

2.00 Ø

.656 Ø.19

.501.56 Ø

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Metric Dimensioning

Ø 16.55

13Ø 40

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Dimensioning Example

Diameter symbol

Radius

Typical

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Abbreviations Abbreviations are used to help reduce clutter and simplify

drawings. A table is included in the drawing.

BOT BOTTOM MH MANHOLE R RADIUS

C/C CENTER TO CENTER MIN MINIMUM REF REFERENCE

CMP CORRUGATED METAL PIPE N NORTH R/W RIGHT OF WAY

CONC CONCRETE NC NOT IN CONTACT SCH SCHEDULE

DIA DIAMETER NTS NOT TO SCALE SF SQUARE FEET

E EAST, ELECTRICAL OC ON CENTER SQ SQUARE

EL ELEVATION O.D. OUSIDE DIAMETER STA STATION

FG FINISH GRADE OHW OVERHEAD WIRES T TELEPHONE

H HORIZONTAL PL PROPERTY LINE TYP TYPICAL

HP HIGH POINT POB POINT OF BEGINNING UNO UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE

IE INVERT ELEVATION POE POINT OF ENDING

INV INVERT PP POWER POLE

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Drawing Legends Legends are

boxes drawn on the drawing to illustrate some of the common or uncommon symbols used.

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Isometric Drawings Isometric drawings are designed to show a three

dimensional view of an object.

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Perspective Perspective is a method of drawing things as the

eye sees them.

Vanishing point

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Orthographic Drawings Orthographic projection shows the drawn object

from different views

Top view

Left side Right side

Bottom

Front Rear

Projection view

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Single Line Drawings The single line format represents all electrical lines,

plumbing, air lines, hydraulic lines and piping, regardless of size, as single line.

System equipment is connected to the lines are represented by simple standard symbols.

By simplifying connections and equipment as single lines allow the system's equipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.

These types of drawings are also called Schematics.

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Civil Civil drawings are used to represent construction

on the earth or ground areas. Civil drawings are sometimes called:

– site plans– plot plans – survey plans.

They will show contours of the earth, building locations, construction features, utilities, etc.

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Contour Lines Contour lines are used in drawings called

topographic maps and are used to identify physical features which uses contour lines to join points of equal elevation (height) and thus show valleys and hills, and the steepness of slopes. The elevation or height is a number drawn along the line.

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Architectural Architectural drawings or plans are used to

illustrate the design of a project. They include items such as:

– Working drawings– Structural drawings– Floor plans– Elevation drawings– Section drawings– Flow diagrams

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Gridlines Gridlines refers to the letters and numbers, such

as A-1, which identifies the columns of a building in a drawing.

Column symbol

Column A-1

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Mechanical Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects

such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc. There are many types of drawings associated

with mechanical drawings such as:– Exploded view– Detail– Assembly

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Example Mechanical Detail

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Example Assembly Drawing

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An Exploded View

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Pneumatic/Hydraulic Pneumatic or Hydraulic drawings are single line

drawings use symbols and lines to illustrate the connection and equipment to be used in the pneumatic or hydraulic equipment.

Single Line Schematic example

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Plumbing/Piping These types of drawings are similar to

pneumatic/hydraulic schematics.

Single Line Plumbing Example

TEEPIPELINE

36.0040.00

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Single Line Drawing A Single line plumbing drawing example

PIPELINE

36.0040.00

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Orthographic Piping Drawing

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P&ID Piping and Instrumentation Drawings These drawings are similar to plumbing but are

intended to illustrate the complete piping system and the controlled process flow of material.

All the equipment, pipelines, valves, pumps, instruments and the controls to operate the process are illustrated. They are not drawn to scale.

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Example P&ID

CS CONTACTOR

FRESH CIS TANK

PRODUCTION FROM SATELLITES (TYP.)

SLUG CATCHER

TEST SEPARATOR

H.P. BULK SEPARATOR

FROM FUTURE MAIN VAPOR RECOVERY UNIT

HYDROCYCLONES (TYP. 2)

FILTER SEPARATOR

COALESCING FILTER NO. 1

FILL FROM CIS TRANSPORTER

FRESH CIS CHARGE PUMPS

(TYP. 2)

FRESH CIS PUMPS (TYP. 2)

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Electrical Electrical drawings are also single line drawings

or schematics that uses symbols for various electrical equipment.

They are usually drawn in a style called a ladder diagram.

Another form of drawing is a wiring diagram which illustrates the wiring in a orthographic or pictorial style.

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Example Ladder Ladder schematics or diagrams are drawn with

the circuit between two vertical lines, usually the power that supplies the circuit, thus each line creates a “rung” to the ladder.

L1 L2Pushbutton

Pilot Light115 VAC

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Example Wiring Diagram Electrical wiring diagrams draws the single lines

from each device exactly as it would be wired.

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Electrical Schematics Electronic schematics use symbols for each

component found in an electrical circuit.

L1 C1R1

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Summary Review Objectives Question and Answer Session

RETURN TO MAIN MENU

ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS

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Objectives Define how industrial electrical drawings are

structured. Define Graphical Symbols Define Electrical wiring diagrams

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Types of Electrical Drawings Wiring Diagrams - Block Diagrams - Sequence Charts – Electronic Schematics -

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Diagrams Electrical diagrams are commonly multi-sheet

drawings of the wiring of the electrical devices associated with a main control panel, its field devices and sub-panels.

It is usually drawn as a ladder diagram.

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Electrical Diagrams The Diagram is drawn between vertical lines or

ladder. All devices are shown between the lines and may

be referenced as “Single Line” diagrams Controlled, such as relays, devices are drawn on

the right side. Contacts, switches and other controlling devices

are shown between controlled device and left vertical line

Overloads and other circuit breaking devices may be connected to the right of the controlled device.

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Example Diagram1FU

15 AMP

460V3Ø60

H1H3 H2

HYDRAULIC PUMP MOTOR3 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 213

SPINDLE MOTOR2 HP 1800 RPMFRAME 184

10 AMP4FU

10 AMP5FU 10 AMP

10 AMP6FU

2PBSTART MOTORS 1PB

MASTER STOP

1 7 1M

CRM CRM

AUTOMATIC

3PBRESET

4PB 12

5PBMANUAL

CYCLE START

6PB 15 7PB

16 2CR

17 1LS 2LS 5LS 6LS 7CR 6CR

20 21 22 23

1CR 2221 21

MASTER RELAY 3,3

AUTOMATIC5, 14, 16, 21

“AUTOMATIC”

MANUAL6, 7, 15, 18, 23

“MANUAL”

CLAMP PART CONTROL9, 33, 33, 35, 35

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Lines Wiring

Field Wiring (external to panel)

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ConnectionsWiring Not Connected Wiring Connected

TS4-15

Termination or connection

Terminal strip and terminal designation

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Graphical Symbols Graphical symbols are used on electrical diagrams to

illustrate the wiring between electrical devices and terminals. The electrical devices are either shown in block diagram form or using commonly defined symbols.

The following symbols are but a few of those that can be used.

A chart should be included on drawings to illustrate any added by the manufacturer.

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Graphical Symbols Cont’dDISCONNECT Symbol - DISC

CIRCUIT BREAKER - CB

Or for a single

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Graphical Symbols Cont’dResistor

Rheostat

orTapped Resistor

Potentiometer

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Relay and Solenoid Symbols

RELAYS, TIMERS, ETC.

Normally Open

Contact

Normally Closed Contact

SOLENOIDS, BRAKES, ETC.

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Motors Symbols

ADC MOTOR

3 PHASE MOTOR

DC MOTOR FIELD

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Transformer Symbols

H1 H3 H2 H4

X1 X2Secondary or Output

Primary or Input

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Pilot Lights

PUSH-TO-TEST

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Limit Switch Symbols

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

HELD CLOSED

HELD OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

HELD OPEN

NORMALLY OPEN

HELD CLOSED

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Proximity Switch Symbols

PROXIMITY SWITCH

Normally Closed

Normally Open

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Liquid Level Switches

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

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Thermal SwitchNORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

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Pressure Switch

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

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Foot Switches

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

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Toggle Switch

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Flow Switches

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

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Selector Switch2-POSITION3-POSITION

First Position

Off Position

Second Position

Circuit is connected when switch is in this

position.

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Pushbuttons

DOUBLE CIRCUIT

SINGLE CIRCUIT

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

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E-Stop Pushbuttons

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Time Delay Relay

ENERGIZED

DE-ENERGIZED

NORMALLY OPEN

NORMALLY CLOSED

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One-line diagram example A one-line diagram

uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit.

Fuse symbol

Pushbutton symbol

Switch symbol

Single line conductors

Controller symbol

Motor symbol

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Control Device Labeling Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are

photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc. are identified by wiring diagram line number or I/O address if a PLC is controlling it.

When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the Wiring Diagram (WD) drawing.

111PB 111CR

211Sol211LS

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Wiring and Wire Identification Wiring color code

BLACK - Line, Load and Control Circuits at Line Voltage RED – AC Control Circuits BLUE – DC Control Circuits YELLOW – Interlock Control Circuits GREEN – Equipment grounding WHITE – Grounded Circuit Conductor

Wire Identification– Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a

number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire

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Device Designations The device designations or abbreviation, such as examples

below, are used on diagrams in connection with the corresponding graphical symbols to indicate the function of the particular device. CB - Circuit Breaker LS – Limit SwitchCR - Control Relay T - TransformerFU - Fuse MTR - MotorLT - Pilot Light DISC – DisconnectOL - Overload RelayPB - PushbuttonS - Switch

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Line Numbers Each line in a electrical drawing should be

numbered starting with the top line and reading down.

L1 L2Pushbutton

115 VAC

SolenoidLimit Switch

Pressure Switch

Foot Switch

Temperature Switch

Line Numbers

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Wire-Reference Numbers

L1 L2Pushbutton

115 VAC

RelayLimit Switch

Foot SwitchRelay

( 2, 3 )

1 2 3 4

Wire Numbers

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Numerical Cross Reference

L1 L2Pushbutton

115 VAC

RelayLimit Switch

Foot SwitchRelay

( 2, 3 )

Cross Reference to Line Numbers

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Terminal Numbers

L1 L2Pushbutton

115 VAC

RelayLimit Switch

Foot SwitchRelay

( 2, 3 )

1 2 3 4

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Panel/Door Layouts Panel Layout.

Door Layout

4751525355

1T11T21T32712722T3

46 0 V

1T B9 TE RM .

3T B29

2T B36

M .11 5

1FU 2FU 3FU

9 1/2”

1 1/2” X 3”

1” X 3”

4F U 5F U

6F U 7F U

” X 3”

1 1/2” X 3”

115 V”

1FT8 8 TERM60

13F U15 1/8”

5 1/2”

26 1/2”7 1/2”

6 1/2”

7 1/8”

CRM CRA CRH

2CR 3CR 4CR 5CR

9CR7CR 8CR

CYCLE UNCLAMP

HEAD FORWARD

HEAD RETURN

EMERG. RETURN

MASTER STOP

START MOTORS

AUTOMATIC

MANUAL

EMERG. RESET

LUBE FAULT

HEAD RETRACTED

FULL DEPTH

CLAMPS ARE IN

MOTORS RUNNING

R 2LT A 3LT

MANUAL

EMERG. RETURN ACTIVEAUTOMATIC

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Drawing Identification Prefix Type of Drawing Description

AD Air Diagram (Mechanical) These are detailed air Schematic drawings. They show the assembly, material list, and air piping diagram for the air operated devices.

E Scale Layout (Mechanical)

These are drawings of a conveyor or part of a conveyor. Used for construction. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No.1.

EL Electrical Layout (Electrical)

These drawings dimensionally locate all electrical equipment on a layout drawing. They are directly referenced to the WD or control panel by the suffix to the EL number.

EM Electro Mechanical (Electrical)

These drawings are for electro mechanical devices used on a job. Example; a code card of limit switch operator, etc. They are numbered consecutively for the job.

EO General Layout (Mechanical)

These drawings are dimensionally to scale, but used for general purposes, e.g., complete plant layout to small scale, including many conveyors. Individual sheets are numbered starting from No. 1.

HO Hydraulic Diagram (Mechanical) This is a drawing of a hydraulic control circuit.

PL Pneumatic Layout (Mechanical)

These drawings show the placement of pneumatic devices in relation to the conveyor path. This type of drawing will also reference which of the air diagram drawings (AD) are associated to a pneumatic device.

WD Wiring Diagram (Electrical)

This complete engineering of an area control includes: schematics, panel layout, and pushbutton stations.

WDO General Information (Electrical) This drawing is used to convey general information relative to the system control.

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Block Diagrams Block diagrams are simple block diagrams which

provides a means to illustrate a control system in a simple graphic format.

Block diagrams are also used to provide functional information.

Block diagrams are also used to illustrate the interconnection of different machines

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Example Block Diagram

Process 1 starts if limit switch on

Start pushbutton

Process 1 stops if limit switch off

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Sequence ChartsSEQUENCE OF OPERATION

A. PRESS “START MOTORS” PUSHBUTTON “2PB” MOTORS START “MOTORS RUNNING” LAMP “1LT” ARE ENGERGIZED.

B. PRESS EITHER AUTOMATIC “4PB” OR MANUAL “5PB” PUSHBUTTON, CORRESPONDING RELAY AND LAMP ARE ENERGIZED.

NOTE: TO SWITCH FROM MANUAL TO AUTOMATIC. OPERATOR MUST PRESS “RESET” PUSHBUTTON “3PB” BEFORE PRESSING AUTOMATIC PUSHBUTTON “4PB”.

C. AUTOMATIC CYCLE WITH MOTORS RUNNING AND “CRA” ENERGIZED. MACHINE IS SET FOR AUTOMATIC CYCLE HEAD MUST BE RETRACTED AND PART UNCLAMPED TO START CYCLE.1. OPERATOR LOADS PART IN FIXTURE AND PRESSES BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS

“6PB” AND “7PB” ENERGIZING “1CR” (SOL A AND SOL C) TO CLAMP PART2. CLAMPED PART TRIPS “1LS” AND “2LS”. ENERGIZING “8CR” RELAY “3CR” (SOL E)

IS ENERGIZED MEMENTARILY STARTING HEAD FORWARD IN RAPID ADVANCE. HEAD CAMS VALVE INTO FEED.

3. WHEN HEAD IS IN FORWARD POSITION, “3LS” IS TRIPPED, ENERGIZING RELAY “5CR”.4. “5CR” CONTACT ENERGIZES RELAY “4CR” (SOL F) AND HEAD RETURNS.5. WHEN HEAD IS FULY RETRACTED, “4LS” IS TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING “4CR” AND ENERGIZING

“7CR” WHICH ENERGIZES “6CR” (SOL B AND SOL D) UNCLAMPING PART.6. WHEN PART IS UNCLAMPED, “5LS” AND “6LS” ARE TRIPPED, DE-ENERGIZING RELAY “6CR”.7. “2CR” RELAY PREVENTS MACHING RE-CYCLING IF BOTH “CYCLE START” PUSHBUTTONS ARE

NOT RELEASED.

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Electrical Layouts - EL

Electrical layouts are architectural drawings of the building that shows and identifies the electrical devices associated with a electrical diagram.

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Wiring Connection Diagrams Wiring (connection) diagram – a diagram that

shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts.

This type of wiring diagram shows, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit.

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Wiring Diagram Example

T1 T2 T3Overload Contact

Thermal Overloads

Motor Starter Coil

M (aux)

NO M M M

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Electronic Schematics Electronic schematics use symbols for each

component found in an electrical circuit.

L1 C1R1

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RETURN TO MAIN MENU

PNEUMATIC / HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS

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Objectives Define Fluid Logic Symbols Define Fluid Logic Diagrams Define

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Shapes Shapes and lines that are used to construct

symbols and circuits:

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Is it Hydraulic or Pneumatic Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawings look very

similar and the subject is usually referred to as “Fluid Power”

The basic difference is Flow symbol. If filled it is hydraulic and unfilled identifies

pneumatic.

HYDRAULIC PNEUMATIC

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Fluid Power Drawings This type of drawing, like electrical drawings are

also considered single line drawings. The line is either an air or hydraulic line

connected to a device The devices are shown as symbols whose intent

is show the fluid flow and mechanical operation of the device as well as type of device.

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Flow lines

Unconnected lines shown crossing

Connected lines are

illustrated with a connection

Single

Hose usually connectingparts with relative movement

Flexibleline

Four way junction

Flow line

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Basic Line Symbols

Line Working line, pilot supply, return, electrical

Chain Enclosure of two or more functions in one unit

Dashed Pilot control, bleed, filter

Line Electrical line

Spring

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Circle ShapesCircles

energy conversion units

measuring instrument

mechanical link

roller

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ngSquares and Rectangles

Square at 45o

conditioning apparatusconnections to corners

Squarecontrol componentconnections perpendicular to sides

Rectangle cylinders and valves

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ngSquares and Rectangles

certain control methods

Rectangles

piston

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Basic Symbolsrotary actuator, motor or pump with limited angle of rotation

Semi-circle

mechanical connectionpiston rod, lever, shaft

Double line

Capsule pressurised reservoir air receiver, auxiliary gas bottle

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Functional Elements

Long sloping indicatesadjustability

Spring

Triangle Direction and nature of fluid,open pneumatic or filled hydraulic

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Functional Elements

Straight or sloping path and flow direction, or motion through a device

Arrows

Restriction

Tee Closed path or port

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Functional Elements

Seating or connection used in check valves and connectors

Curved arrows are used to illustrate rotary motion

clockwise from right hand endShaft rotation

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Functional Elements

Indication or controlsize to suit

Temperature

Operator Opposed solenoid windings

Prime mover M MElectric motor

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Function components

Silencer

Pressure to electric switch preset

Pressure to electric switch adjustable

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Function components

Uni-directional flow regulator

Rotating joint

Pressure indicator

Pressure drop indicator

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Air receiver

Isolating valve

Air inlet filter

MCompressor and electric motor

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Combination unitsFRL with shut off valve and

pressure gauge

Lubro-control unit

Filter and lubricator

FRL Combined unit

Filter regulator with gauge

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Filters

Filter with manual drain

Filter with automatic drain

Filter with automatic drain and pressure drop indicator

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Pressure regulators A pressure regulator symbol represents a normal state with the spring holding the regulator

valve open to connect the supply to the outlet.

Adjustable Regulator with pressure gauge simplified

Adjustable Regulator simplified

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Pressure relief valves A pressure relief valve symbol represents a normal

state with the spring holding the valve closed.

Adjustable relief valve simplified

Preset relief valve simplified

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Pressure regulators

Pre-set relieving

Adjustable relieving

Adjustable relieving with pressure gauge

Pre-set relieving with pressure gauge

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Valve symbol structure The function of a valve is given by a pair of

numerals separated by a stroke, e.g. 3/2.. The first numeral indicates the number of main

ports. These are inlets, outlets and exhausts but excludes signal ports and external pilot feeds.

The second numeral indicates the number of states the valve can achieve.

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Valve symbol structure A 3/2 valve therefore has 3 ports (normally

these are inlet, outlet and exhaust) and 2 states (the normal state and the operated state)

The boxes are two pictures of the same valve

normaloperated

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Valve switching positions are illustrated with squares on a schematic.

The number of squares is used to illustrate the quantity of switching positions.

Lines within the boxes will indicate flow paths with arrows showing the flow direction.

Shut off positions are illustrated by lines drawn at right angles to the flow path.

Junctions within the valve are connected by a dot. Inlet and outlet ports to the valve are shown by lines

drawn to the outside of the box that represents the normal or initial position of the valve

Basic Valve Symbols

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Valve symbol structure A valve symbol logic block will show the symbols

for each position of the valve states joined end to end as illustrated in the next slide.

normaloperated

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Valve symbol structure Each valve logic state is illustrated with its state

block joined end to end

normaloperated

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Valve symbol structure The port connections are shown to only one of

the diagrams to indicate the prevailing state

normal

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Valve symbol structure The operator for a particular state is illustrated

against that state

Operated state produced bypushing a button

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against that state

Normal state produced bya spring

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against that state

Normal state produced bya spring

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Valve symbol structure The valve symbol can be visualised as moving to

align one state or another with the port connections

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Valve symbol structure A 5/2 valve symbol is constructed in a

similar way. A picture of the valve flow paths for each of the two states is shown by the two boxes. The 5 ports are normally an inlet, 2 outlets and 2 exhausts

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Valve symbol structure

The full symbol is then made by joining the two boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state

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Valve symbol structure The full symbol is then made by joining the two

boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state

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Valve symbol structure The full symbol is then made by joining the two

boxes and adding operators. The connections are shown against only the prevailing state

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Valve symbol structure The boxes can be joined at either end but the operator must be

drawn against the state that it produces. The boxes can also be flipped

A variety of symbol patterns are possible

normallyclosed

normallyopen

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Operators

General manual

Push button

Pull button

Push/pull button

Treadle

Operators of a valve are drawn to the side of a valve box to the side of the box it will be operating. Some operator types are:

Rotary knob

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Operators Cont’d

Plunger

Spring normally as a return

Roller

Uni-direction or one way trip

Pressure

Pilot pressure

Differential pressure

Detent in 3 positions

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Operators Cont’d

Solenoid direct

Solenoid pilot

Solenoid pilotwith manual overrideand integral pilot supply

Solenoid pilotwith manual override and external pilot supply

Electrical

When no integral or external pilot supply is shown it is assumed to be integral

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Port markings

AlphabeticalDesignations

NumericalDesignations

Working Lines A, B, C …….. O (excludes L) 2, 4, 6 . . . .Leakage Fluid L ………………………… 9

Supply Air P ………………………… 1Exhaust R, S, T ………………..W 3, 5, 7 ……Pilot Lines Z, Y, X ………………….. 12, 14, 16, 18…

The valve connections can be labelled with capital letters or numbers as follows:

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ngPort Markings Examples

212 10

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Port Markings

212 10

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ngSimplified cylinder symbols

Single acting – the load returns cylinder to original position

Single acting with spring returning cylinder to original position

Double acting – moved by fluid from either end

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Rotary actuators

Semi rotary double acting

Rotary motor single direction of rotation

Rotary motor bi-directional

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Example Pneumatic Schematic

5 1 3 #12

CLAMP PB4

UNCLAMP PB5

ROTATE ADV. PB6

ROTATE RET. PB7

CLAMP CLOSED LV1

#12 #2

COMMON PB3

DOWN PB2

UP PB1

#19#15

R1 CLAMP

PRESSURE

COMBINATION BLOCKING VALVE &

FLOW CONTROL

CLAMP SAFETY

PB8CLAMP CYL. A1

ROTATE SAFETY

ROTATE CYL. B1

CLAMP EXTEND

CLAMP RETRACT

ROTATE ADVANCE

ROTATE RETURN

RAISE DISABLE

RAISE ENABLE

BALANCER VALVE

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RETURN TO MAIN MENU

PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS

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Objectives Define Piping Drawings Identify Piping Symbols Define Process and Instrumentation Drawings

(P&ID) Identify P&ID Symbols

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Symbols and Drawings Piping drawings show the size and location of

pipes, fittings, and valves. To read and interpret Piping drawings and Piping

and Instrument drawings (P&ID’s), the student must learn the meaning of the symbols.

This presentation discusses some the common symbols that are used to depict system components.

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Piping Drawings The single line format is most commonly used in

Piping and P&ID drawings. The single line format represents all piping,

regardless of size, as single line. All system equipment is represented by simple

standard symbols.

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Pipe Crossing The crossing of pipes without

connections is normally shown without interrupting the line.

When there is a need to show that one pipe must pass behind another, the line representing the pipe farthest may be shown with a break, where the other pipe passes in front of it

Far pipe

Near pipe

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Connections Permanent connections, whether made by welding, gluing or

soldering, may be shown as a heavy dot Detachable connections are shown by a single thick line.

Detachable connection

Permanent connection

Adjoining apparatus

Detachable connection such

as a flange

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Fittings If standard symbols for fittings like tees, elbows, crossings are not

shown on a drawing, they are represented by a continuous line. A circular symbol for a tee or elbow may be used when necessary

to show piping coming toward or moving away from the viewer.

Pipe Going Away

Pipe Coming Towards

Rear view

flange

Front view

flange

Pipe Line Without Flanges

Pipe Line with flanges connected to ends

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Single Line example

COUPLING(JOINT) CHECK VALVE

REDUCER45° ELBOW

GLOBE VALVECROSS

UNION GATE VALVE Y-FITTING

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Pictorial Drawings Pictorial or double line drawings present the

same type information as a single line, but the equipment is represented as if it had been photographed.

This format is rarely used since it requires much more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any more information as to how the system functions.

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Pictorial example Orthographic Pipe Drawing

TEE COUPLING (JOINT)

GLOBE VALVE

CHECK VALVE

UNION GATE VALVE

CAPY-FITTING

45° ELBOWREDUCER

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ngCommon Piping Symbols Comparison

90° Elbows

Straight Tee

Reducing Tee

Sanitary Tee

P-Trap

Gate Valve

Pictorial Symbol

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Valves

Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids

GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE

CHECK VALVE CONTROL VALVE

PLUG VALVE BALL VALVE

BUTTERFLY VALVE

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P&ID’s The piping of a single system may contain more than a single

medium. For example, although the main process flow line may carry

water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid.

Also, a fluid system diagram may also depict instrument signals and electrical wires as well as piping.

The following slide shows some commonly used symbols for indicating the medium carried by the piping and for differentiating between piping, instrumentation signals, and electrical wires.

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ngProcess and Instrumentation Drawings P&ID’s

These process flow diagrams include:1. Pipe line numbers and directions2. Pipe specifications and line sizes3. All equipment4. All valves5. All Instrumentation with controlling devices

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LinesMAJOR PROCESS LINES - PIPE

MINOR PROCESS LINES

PROCESS TUBING

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT SIGNAL

ELECTRICAL LEADS

PNEUMATIC LINES (GAS OR AIR)

HYDRAULIC LINES

INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING

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Valve Symbols

Globe Valve Normally Closed

Needle Valve Normally Closed

Ball Valve Normally Open

Ball Valve Normally Closed

Needle Valve Normally Open

Two Valve ManifoldButterfly Valve

Gate Valve Normally Closed

Valve Normally Closed

Valve Normally Open

Globe Valve Normally Open

Gate Valve Normally Open

Blind Flanged Generic Valve

Note: the generic valve is commonly used on drawings with

the valve state noted next to it N.C.

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Control Valve Actuators Some valves are provided with actuators

to allow remote operation, to increase mechanical advantage, or both. Below are a few symbols for the common valve actuators.

Manual

Piston

Diaphragm

Electric Motor

Solenoid

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Balloon Labeling A control valve may serve any number of functions within a

fluid system. To differentiate between valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve.

The first letter used in the valve designator indicates the parameter to be controlled by the valve.

For example:– F = flow– T = temperature– L = level– P = pressure– H = hand (manually operated valve

Flow ControlValve

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One of the main purposes of a P&ID is to provide functional information about how instrumentation in a system or piece of equipment interfaces with the system or piece of equipment.

The symbols used to represent instruments and their loops can be divided into four categories.

Sensed Parameter

Type of Indicator or Controller

Type of Component

Type of Signal

F = flowT = temperatureP = pressureI = currentL = levelV = voltageZ = position

R = recorderI = indicatorC = controller

T = transmitterM = modifierE = element

I = currentV = voltageP = pneumatic

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Basic Symbol Modifiers/Transmitters

Locally Mounted Instrument

Board Mounted Instrument

Instrument Behind Board

Example: Locally mounted voltage to current pressure modifier

PM P/I E/Ior orP/I

Examples of Transmitters

Flow Transmitter

FT FTPT

PressureTransmitter

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Controllers Controllers process the signal from an instrument loop

and use it to position or manipulate some other system component.

Generally they are denoted by placing a "C" in the balloon after the controlling parameter.

FCFlow Controller

TCTemperature Controller

PCPressure Controller

TCLevel Controller

PProportional

PIProportional - Integral

PIDProportional – Integral - Differential

I/PCurrent to Pneumatic

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Components Within every system there are major components

such as pumps, compressors, tanks, heat exchangers, and fans.

Compressor

Steam Turbine S

Pumps or

Heat Exchanger

Tanks or

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Misc. Symbols In addition to the normal symbols used on P&ID’s to

represent specific pieces of equipment additional drawing symbols are used to guide or provide additional information about the drawing.

XX-001-X-Y

XX-002-X-Y

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-001 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is to that drawing

Pipe or Wire is continued from drawing XX-002 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is from that drawing

Pipe or Wire is continued on drawing XX-003 at coordinates X-Y. Flow is in both directions.

Building/Area Boundary

XX-003-X-Y

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Example P&ID Drawing

255 PSIG210°F

HEATING MEDIUM

E-101REBOILER LC

245°F

230°F

125°F

275°F

PRODUCT STORAGE

STORAGE

P-101A & 101BPRODUCT AND REFLUX PUMPS

P-101A & 101B

V-102240# @ 118°f

COOLINGWATER

E-101REBOILER

V-101DEPROPANIZER

E-102OVERHEAD

CONDENSER

V-102REFLUX

ACCUMULATOR

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RETURN TO MAIN MENU

CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

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Objectives Define Topographical Maps Define Contour Maps Define Geology and Mining Terms Define Site Plans Drawings Define Floor Plans Define Elevation Drawings Define Structural Drawings and symbols

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Topographical Maps Maps which describe in detail local features of

the earth’s surface, either natural or man-made, are called topographic maps (or drawings).

Data taken from surveys are used to build these drawings.

Surveying is the actual measurement of distances, elevations, and directions on the earth’s surface.

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Contours Most topographical maps are drawn as contours. Contours are lines drawn on a map to show

points of equal elevation; that is, all points on a single contour line have the same elevation.

A contour interval is the vertical distance between horizontal planes passing through successive contours as illustrated in the following slide..

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Example Contours Map

Control Points

Relative Elevations

Profile

Contours

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Contours Continued Contours may be plotted through the use of patterns of

distribution of points of recorded elevation. A popular pattern is the checkerboard or grid survey as

illustrated in the next slide. Line are established at right angles to each other,

dividing the survey into squares of appropriate size and elevations are determined at the corners of the squares

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Example Grid Contour Map

Elevation

Contour

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Geology and Mining Terms Strike - The bearing of a horizontal line in a plane, customarily

measured from north. Dip - Includes both an angle and a direction between planes Stratum or Seam - layer or deposit bounded by parallel bedding

planes. Vein - A deposit in a fissure or fault. Fault - A displacement of one segment with respect to another

formation. Thickness - perpendicular distance between the two bedding

planes of a stratum, seam, or vein. Outcrop - If a sloping stratum continues without faults, it

eventually outcrops (becomes exposed) at the earth’s surface. – See following slide for examples

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Geology Terms Example

Fault Plane Seam or Stratum

Outcrop Area

Strike

Bedding Plane

Dip Angle

Thickness

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Topographical Map Symbols Along with contour lines maps have many basic symbols to illustrate

land features and objects. The following are but a few examples.

Highway

Railroad

Highway Bridge

Railroad Bridge

Suspension Bridge

Telephone Line

Power Line

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Site or Layout Drawings Layout drawings are also called general plans and profile

drawings. T They provide the necessary information on the location,

alignment, and elevation of the structure and its principal parts in relation to the ground at the site.

They also provide other important details, such as the nature of the underlying soil or the location of adjacent structures and roads.

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Example Site Drawing

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Example Symbols

Gravel

Paving

Concrete

Earth-finish grade

Earth-rough grade

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Floor Plans Floor plans includes:

– thicknesses, and character of the building walls on that particular floor

– the widths and locations of door and window openings

– the lengths and character of partitions– the number and arrangement of rooms– the types and locations of utility installations

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Floor Layout Example

Door Symbol Window Symbol

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Elevation Drawings Elevation drawings are closely related to the floor

plans of a building. These drawings are of vertical views of the

building, usually of the outside walls.

Front Elevation Side Elevation

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Structural Drawings Architectural and structural drawings are

generally considered to be the drawings of steel, wood, concrete, and other materials used to construct buildings.

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Example of Structural Drawing Detail

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Beams A beam is identified by its nominal depth, in inches and weight per

foot of length. The cross section of an American Standard beam (I) forms the

letter I. These I-beams, like wide-flange beams, are identified by nominal depth and weight per foot

TopEnd

Symbols

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Channels A cross section of a channel is similar to the squared letter C.

Channels are identified by their nominal depth and weight per foot

CSymbols

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Angles The cross section of an angle resembles the

letter L. Angles are identified by the dimensions in inches of their legs, as L 7 x 4 x 1/2.

EndFront

LSymbol

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Tees A structural tee is made by slitting a

standard I- or H- beam through the center of its web, thus forming two T-shapes from each beam. In dimensioning, the structural tee symbol is preceded by the letters ST.

EndFront

EndSymbols

ST or T

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Members The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing

structural members that support and transfer the loads on the structure while remaining in equilibrium with each other.

The places where members are connected to other members are called joints.

The total load supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load plus the total live load.

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Vertical Members Columns are high-strength vertical structural members; in

buildings they may be called pillars. A pier in building construction may be called a short column. It

could rest on a footing or it may be simply set or driven in the ground. In bridge construction a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.

The vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs. They are supported on horizontal members called sills or sole plates, and are topped by horizontal members called top plates or stud caps.

Corner posts are enlarged studs located at the building corners.

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Horizontal Members A horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans

a space and is supported at both ends is called a beam. A member that is fixed at one end is called a cantilever. One type of steel member is actually a light truss and is

called an open-web steel joist or a bar-steel joist.

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Trusses A truss is a framework consisting of two

horizontal (or nearly horizontal) members joined together by a number of vertical and/or inclined members to form a series of triangles.

Trusses

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RETURN TO MAIN MENU

MACHINE DRAWINGS

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Objectives Define Tolerances Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings

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Machine Drawings In learning to read machine drawings, we must

first become familiar with the common terms, symbols, and conventions defined and discussed in the following slides.

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Tolerances Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore

variations must be allowed. This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total

amount the dimension may vary. It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,

either by a fraction or decimal. Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific

dimension. Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different

methods; the following slide shows three examples. – The unilateral method is used when variation from the design

size is permissible in one direction only. – The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or

minus variation that is acceptable. – In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum

measurements are both stated

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Tolerance Examples

.498 DIA+ .000- .002

.500 DIA+ .002- .000

.498 DIA

.500 DIA

Unilateral Method Bilateral Method

Limit Method

2.250 + .010 - .005

.875± .005

30° ± 1°

7 ± 18 64

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Tolerance Symbols

Flatness & Straightness

Angularity

Parallelism

Perpendicularity

Concentricity

True Position

Roundness

Symmetry

(MMC) Maximum Material Condition(RFS) Regardless

of Feature sizeDatum Identifying

symbol

A .001Tolerance

DatumSymbol

Feature Control Symbol

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Class Exercise Do Class Exercise Tolerances

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Fillets and Rounds Fillets are concave metal corner (inside)

surfaces. Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that

have been rounded to prevent chipping and to avoid sharp cutting edges

Fillet Rounds

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Slots and Slides Slots and slides mate two specially shaped

pieces of material and securely hold them together, yet allow them to move or slide.

Tee Slot Slide

Tee Slot

Dovetail Slide

Dovetail Slot

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Keys, Keyseats, Keyways A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of

metal inserted in a slot or groove between a shaft and a hub to prevent slippage

Flat Bottom

Round Bottom

SquareKeyseat and Keyway

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Screw Threads Draftsmen use different methods to show thread

on drawings

Without Thread Relief

With Thread Relief

Simplified Method of Thread Representation

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Gears When gears are drawn on machine drawings

usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to identify the dimensions.

Root Dia.Pitch Dia.

Outside Dia.

Whole DepthWorking Depth Dedendum

Addendum

Clearance

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Springs There are three

classifications of helical springs: compression, extension, and torsion. Drawings seldom show a true presentation of the helical shape; instead, they usually show springs with straight lines Common Types of Helical Springs

Symbol Representation of Springs

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Finish Marks Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for

various reasons. A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it

is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.

02 3½ X MIN.x

60°60°Example of Use

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Welding Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion

or heating into a single joined mass. Symbols will define the type of weld required.

Square Weld Fillet Weld

Symbol Symbol

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Weld Drawing Symbols A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements

1. Reference Line

2. Arrow – connects reference line to joint

3. Weld symbol – this indicates a fillet weld

4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches long with leg length of ½ inch

5. Supplementary symbols – this illustrates a convex weld

6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c = chipped, m = machined.

7. Tail – will have information about the

process. OAW is a type of welding here. It is left off

if no info needed.

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Example Drawing

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RETURN TO MAIN MENU

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