Small wind power for rural locations - part 2

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Wind energy harvesting basics, resource assessment and

application for off grid systems.part 2

Hanan Einav-Levy M.Sc.

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

• Economics (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

• Economics (10)

• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

• Economics (10)

• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)

• Case studies

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

• Economics (10)

• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)

• Case studies

• Practical action - Peru (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

• Economics (10)

• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)

• Case studies

• Practical action - Peru (10)

• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

• Economics (10)

• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)

• Case studies

• Practical action - Peru (10)

• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)

• WindAid - Peru (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Outline• part II (2 hours)

• Example project

• Estimating the wind resource (5)

• Estimating the needs (10)

• Sizing the turbine (5)

• AC or DC (5)

• Sizing the battery bank (10)

• Sizing the inverter (5)

• Economics (10)

• Small wind turbine product comparison (10)

• Case studies

• Practical action - Peru (10)

• AWP - Zimbabwe (10)

• WindAid - Peru (10)

• CometME - Israel / Palestinian authority (10)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Example project

Resource: ITDG_2001_bookletwind.pdf

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

• We will use this to study the design of the system

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

• We will use this to study the design of the system

• Estimating the wind resource

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

• We will use this to study the design of the system

• Estimating the wind resource

• Estimating the needs

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

• We will use this to study the design of the system

• Estimating the wind resource

• Estimating the needs

• Sizing the turbine

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

• We will use this to study the design of the system

• Estimating the wind resource

• Estimating the needs

• Sizing the turbine

• AC or DC

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

• We will use this to study the design of the system

• Estimating the wind resource

• Estimating the needs

• Sizing the turbine

• AC or DC

• Sizing the battery bank

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind development by technology transfer

• ITDG (now called Practical Action)

• One method to develop wind turbines for rural communities - there are others.

• We will use this to study the design of the system

• Estimating the wind resource

• Estimating the needs

• Sizing the turbine

• AC or DC

• Sizing the battery bank

• Sizing the inverter

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Current situation

• 12V Car batteries are used for radios and TVs

• 60Ah or 90Ah battery typically used

• A large market for existing battery users (300,000 households)

• Monthly battery cost 6.5$ (5$ battery replacement, 1$ travel, 0.5$ charging)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Estimating the wind

• Anecdotal evidence

• The local vegetation

• The Beaufort scale

• Wind map

• Installing an anemometer+data logging equipment - 200-1000$

• Installing a wind turbine with data logging equipment with the same funds

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Beaufort scale

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Siting the wind turbine• The highest

point

• Open to prevailing winds

• Not too far from load

• On a tall tower!

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Siting the wind turbine• The highest

point

• Open to prevailing winds

• Not too far from load

• On a tall tower!

Highest point

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Siting the wind turbine• The highest

point

• Open to prevailing winds

• Not too far from load

• On a tall tower!

Highest pointToo far from loads

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Choosing AC vs. DC

• For a wind turbine installed far from the load normally the battery voltage will be as high as possible (48V)

• If not enough - using an DC-AC inverter at the tower makes sense

• Allows to work at 230 volts, and therefor less current

• Losses are proportional to the current squared

• Benefit: Allows to work with regular 230V AC loads

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Choosing AC vs. DC

• But cost of DC-AC inverter can be substantial

• Alternative - site wind turbine close to load

• Shorter cables - less loss

• Downside: only DC loads

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Conservative estimate of monthly electricity production

• Assuming efficiency is 15% (see previous lecture for more refined estimate by Paul Gipe)

• E = D2 ×V 3

10kWhmonth

⎡⎣⎢

⎤⎦⎥

V = average wind speed [m/s]D = diameter [m]

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Estimating the loads

• What the wind shouldn’t power:

• Electric heaters

• Electric cookers

• For whom will the system be designed?

• Single household

• Several households

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Single household

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Single household

Rule of thumb - battery charging losses

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Breaking down the load for a typical day

Thursday, November 10, 2011

3 households sharing a turbine

Thursday, November 10, 2011

3 households sharing a turbine

Thursday, November 10, 2011

3 households sharing a turbine

Thursday, November 10, 2011

3 households sharing a turbine

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the turbine

1. Identify wind resource

2. Identify electricity needs

3. Size turbine accordingly

4. Size battery bank according to measured wind pattern

In an ideal world -

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the turbine for our two examples

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the turbine for our two examples

Enough spare energy

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the turbine for our two examples

Not enough energy

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the battery

• The battery is charged and discharged over a period of hours or days.

• This is a cycle

• Two parameters important in a battery life:

• Number of cycles

• The depth of discharge

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the battery

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the battery

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the battery

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the Battery

• Calculate Ep, the daily consumption in Wh(for example Ep = 400 Wh/day)

• Choose N, number of days of autonomy, typically 3-5 days(for example N = 3 days)

• Choose maximum allowable depth of discharge, D (for example D = 0.5, which means 50%)

• Choose U, battery voltage (typically 12,24 or 48 volts)(for example U = 12V)

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Sizing the Battery

• Calculate Ep, the daily consumption in Wh(for example Ep = 400 Wh/day)

• Choose N, number of days of autonomy, typically 3-5 days(for example N = 3 days)

• Choose maximum allowable depth of discharge, D (for example D = 0.5, which means 50%)

• Choose U, battery voltage (typically 12,24 or 48 volts)(for example U = 12V)

C = Ep × ND ×U

[Ah]

= 400 × 30.5 ×12

= 200[Ah]

Calculate C, battery capacity:

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Cost of wind turbine - 2 meter diameter, 100 watt rated

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Economics• Financing ownership by battery charging services

• Current batteries are 60 Ah car batteries (DOD 50%)

• To charge battery (with efficiency of charging loss of 25%) 0.5X60X12X1.25 = 450 Wh

• 2 meter diameter at 3.5 m/s site produces 17 kWh/month or 600 Wh/day on average

• Therefor one battery charged per day

• charging 1 day a week for the owner, and the rest for customers

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Economics

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Final system components

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Final system components

Sizing according to local need and wind resource

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Final system components

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Final system componentsSizing according to wind variability and “spares”

requirement

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Final system components

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Final system componentsFor an AC system - according to maximum

load

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Final system components

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind turbine market

Thursday, November 10, 2011

z : \ a l l \wi nd tu rb \ sa l es l i t \m an ua l \wt60 00 \s s spec sh ee t s \60 00 s s 00 1 rev2 .d oc

Proven WT6000 6kW Wind Turbine Proven TM900 9m (or TM1500 15m) Self-Supporting Mast Performance Cut-In Wind Speed 2.5 metres/second (5.6 mph) Cut-Out Wind Speed none Rated Wind Speed 12 metres/second (25 mph) Rotor Type Down-wind, Self-Regulating Number of Blades 3, Flexible Rotor Diameter 5.6 metres Blade Material Wood/Epoxy/PU Generator Type Brushless, Direct Drive,

Permanent Magnet (No Gear-Box, Zero Maintenance)

Output 48V/120V/240V/300V 3-phase AC (25Hz nom)

Rated RPM 200 nominal Rated Power 6000 Watts Annual Output 7000-18 000 kWh depending on site TM900 Mast Type Self supporting/Tilt Down. Hub Height 9m Foundations 35 Newton Concrete Pad 2.5 x 2.5 x 1 m Tube ! 175 mm top A/F 350 mm bottom A/F 530 mm square mast base TM1500 Mast Type Self supporting/Tilt Down. Hub Height 15m Foundations 35 Newton Concrete Pad 3 x 3 x 1.2 m Tube ! 200 mm top A/F 440 mm bottom A/F 750 mm x 739mm mast base Noise (approximate) <45dB At 5m/s <60dB At 20m/s 70-80dB Car 15m away at approx 40 mph. Weight WT6000 500 kg TM900/6000 360 kg (+ 70kg gin pole) TM1500/6000 656 kg (+ 240kg gin pole)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 5 10 15 20Wind speed in metres/second

(multiply by 2.2 for m.p.h.)

Pow

er O

utpu

t (W

atts

)

Rotor Speed Control Above 12m/s (25mph) the blade pitch is automatically adjusted to maintain 200 rpm and full output

High Build Quality

All components are hot-dipped galvanised steel, stainless steel or plastic.

Low Speed Equals Durability Low rotor speed (half the speed of comparable machines) ensures extended durability of blades and bearings. It also means that Proven WTs are the quietest in the world!

WT brochure

• Includes many details

• Most important parameter - diameter, or swept area

• Make sure is intended for battery charging

• Must have aerodynamic control option

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind turbine market

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind turbine market

Source - American magazine.

2 mph = 1 m/s

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind turbine market

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind turbine market

Most important parameter

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Small wind turbine market

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Case studies

Thursday, November 10, 2011

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small wind: 0.2$-1.15$ / kWh

solar PV:1.21$ / kWh

Thursday, November 10, 2011

African Wind PowerThursday, November 10, 2011

African Wind Power

• Example of technology transfer

Thursday, November 10, 2011

African Wind Power

• Example of technology transfer

• Turbines now installed from Africa to Antarctica!

Thursday, November 10, 2011

AWP - Zimbabwe - Masampa Village Lake Kariba

• AWP3.6 - 48V 13.5M tilt up tower, 275Ahr 48V Battery bank, 3KW sine wave inverter, 12V battery charging station.

Thursday, November 10, 2011

AWP - Zimbabwe - Masampa Village Lake Kariba

• AWP3.6 - 48V 13.5M tilt up tower, 275Ahr 48V Battery bank, 3KW sine wave inverter, 12V battery charging station.

• This fishing co-operative village is on the shores of Lake Kariba, 45Km by boat from the nearest town. Crocodiles inhabit the shore line and Hippos amble through the village at night while foraging ( startling a hippo is not good for your health). With funds provided by the Dutch government via the NGO ZERO, AWP implemented the entire project in all its stages:

• (1) Initial location of the people in need

• (2) discussions with the village committee

• (3) resulting in motivation of the villagers to contribute labour to the installation, transportation of all materials to site, construction and commissioning

• (4) and finally training of operators.

• The system provides lighting for the main thoroughfares and also a popular 12v car battery charging center which draws customers from a 20 Km radius. Income from this activity is used for village development.

Thursday, November 10, 2011

WindAid - Peru

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Comet-ME

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Comet-ME

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Comet-ME

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Comet-ME

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Comet-ME

Thursday, November 10, 2011

Comet-ME• The systems are designed for producing 2-3 kWh/

day for a large beduin family.

• Systems are DIY wind turbines and solar PV panels

• Systems used for powering:

• Lights

• Refrigirator

• Butter churn

• TV

• Cellphone charging

• Costs are between 5000$-8000$

Thursday, November 10, 2011

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