REPORT Vu Khanh Linh

Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum

• located in the centre of Ba Dinh Square• wish to be cremated and to have his ashes scattered in the hills of north,

central, and southern Vietnam. => "more hygienic than burial and would also save land for agricultural purposes.“ mausoleum: for citizens to show respect

• Construction work : September 2, 1973 • Opening: August 29, 1975Every person: at least one Hanoian volunteer working day to build the

mausoleum • 1 week before it started: rainy- stopped raining- sky supported

• 1st time : built a mausoleum ourselves with cement ( support from Soviet but not enough time)

Inspired by Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow , distinct Vietnamese architectural elements (sloping roof)

Structure: strong, prevent earthquake21.6 metres high 41.2 metres wide

• Best materials from all the country: marble, granite in Thanh Hoa, Sand in Hoa Binh

• Lines of visitors: pay respect at the mausoleum every day.• Rules regarding dress and behaviour: strictly enforced by staff and guards

• Grass: mats for citizens to gather (168 squares) • 79 Cycas Revoluta PlantsBanner: Long live the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam• President HCM live forever in our career• Most well known Lodestar: Nothing is more important than independence• Bamboo ranges: defense for the mausoleum, national trees- represent the

spirit: fertility, power; past: weapon to protect our country from French

Presidential Palace

• Built by French• Completed in 1906• (1954) Uncle Ho: refused to live in the grand structure

for symbolic reasons• Now: hosts government meetings (not open to the

public)• Welcome delegates from all over the world, • Public: Not allowed to visit• Now president: x live here, just work (learn from

HCM)

• Yellow: color of royalty in feudalism- as high as king- show the power, outstanding in the garden in the whole complex

• HCM wanted to build a school for children ( welcome children from all countries)

• The complex : 400 rooms- now destroyed

•

• Houses for officials in past• 3 cars used when he was alive

• Cars: gifts• 1st car: Soviet Union• 2nd car: long distance, bumpy road, gift from

Vietnamese people in France• 3rd car: Birthday gift from Soviet Union- around city

House No. 54

• (1954- 1958,) HCM lived in No. 54 – with electrical workers (after he came back from Viet Bac)

• Structure: Simple• Kitchen, Bedroom• Dining room: + invite guests to use meals with him• + radio: when he felt lonely=> human’s voice; news from soldiers,

Vietnamese students from abroad• + clock: It seems to be still working – keep the moment• He cleaned up himself – no need others’ help=> X consider President-

ordinary person

• meal: simple- fish, vegetables, dua muoi ca • Working room: pictures: Karl Marx, Lenin- his best teachers- communism- path to follow• doll: Japan• wine container: Portugal

• Fish pond: garden- pond-cage• Hard work- feed the fish• How to call fish: clap hands (fish habit) • Harvest fish around his birthday – deliver staff

• Peacock: gift from Hanoi zoo• When Uncle Ho went abroad, he tried to bring animals to send to

Hanoi zoo- for children to play• Mango Road/ path built by Viet NamMango Road: exercise discuss problems with followersLots of trees here planted by HCM , his followersAll mangoes sent from the South-Fruits sent to soldiers in the pastNow :to staff• Working place: mind: flexible- freshHold a conference with soldiers

House on Stilts

• Buddha root trees: 40 years• 1958- 1969 • 2 levels+1st floor: meeting with soldiers- iron helmet+ 2nd floor: 2 rooms: curtain- summer, winter • too weak to climb upstairs, downstairs• Last days: Small house: convenient (this house has no bathroom and

kitchen => he would come back to House No.54 => saving, simple, flexible

One-pillar pagoda

• Dien Huu= long-lasting happiness• 1049: Ly Thai Tong• Legend: Lý Thái Tông was childless and dreamt that he met the Female

Buddha, who handed him a baby son while seated on a lotus flower => had a son=> erecting a pillar in the middle of a lotus pond, similar to the one he saw in the dream.

• Pond: square-earth• Yin and yang• 1945: bomb • Rebult: 2000 - restoration• 2012: most unique architecture• Symbolize longetivity, happiness, show respect, gratitude• Today: couples pray to have children

Ho Chi Minh Museum

• from above: a white lotus flower• Designed by a Russian architect• Trong Dong: mark different stages ( a gift from Thanh Hoa)• 3 floors• a collection of artifacts, miniatures and various gifts gathered nationally

and internationally(description written in English and Franc)

Temple of Literature

• Temple of Confucius• hosts the Imperial Academy – first national University (the final courtyard

– 1076 – the first national university)• built in 1070 (Ly Thanh Tong)• Khue Van Cac featured on the back of the 100,000 VND

• Pillars: ha ma – mark the scared land• 1st gate: 3 doors: tam quan• 5 court yards: +5 elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water + 5 relationships of confucianism: Husband and wife Parent and child Elder sibling and younger sibling Elder friend and younger friend Ruler and subject

+ scared number in spiritual life

The first court yard

• 2 ponds: dragon’s eyes – mirror to look after the place=> compulsory part of temples, pagodas

• Main gate: King only• 2 gates: mandarins, students, ordinary people, soldiers• "Attained Talent" gate ("Dai Tai") • "Accomplished Virtue" gate• Top: round shape like a mirror to protect temple• Jar: holy knowledge• 2 carps: overcome challenges to achieve success• 12 zodiacs

The second court yard

• Khue Van Cac (originally x belong to the temple) symbol of Ha Noi -2010• 1805• Brightest star of 28 stars: Star of Education and Literature=> light for

students • Most important part of the temple• Past: For crown prince to study

• Material: wood• Ponds: tiger eyes- strong: watch, protect+ Circle, round shape: Sky- mirror on the lake+ Square shape: Earth=>Harmony, yin and yangRoof tiles: 3 levels: + Middle: present +Top: past +Bottom: future

The third court yard

• Well of Heavenly Clarity – gieng thien quang• +clear your mind: fix appearance before seeing the Confucianist, mirror to

reflect -deserve to come in• + Sun shines through the mirror to the well• + center of the whole complex 1484 ( Le Thanh Tong ); 116 steles of carved blue stone turtles with elaborate

motifs => honour talent and encourage study • + Turtle: *live long- resilient *wisdom * among 4, only tutles: real ones- others: imaginary=>When it comes to studing, do real things * Back of the turtle: - sky Abdomen: earth 4 legs: 4 directions

• 82 stone stelae remained ( 1307 graduates of 82 triennial royal exams)• 1442 -1779: eighty-one exams (the Le Dynasty) , one ( the Mac Dynasty)• destroy places belonging to previous dynasties)• Built in different dynasties: different view s of art• Each stelae: + The King +examinations: how many examiners, difficulty of exam +how many students+ Successful doctors: name, their families*Now: students touch the head of turtlesPhotographs for graduation2 flag poles: Lef: Festival flagRight: national flag

The fourth court yard

Dragon on sculptures: one in four Holy Beasts• linked with history: Thang Long - ascending dragon• centre of the fourth courtyard : the "House of Ceremonies" ("Bai Duong"):

Front altar Van the su bieu a model teacher for all generations• Crain -turtleDry land, wet area

• Dai Thanh sanctuary“: Confucius and his four closest disciples are worshipped.

• A small museum: ink wells, pens, books and personal artefacts belonging to some of the students that studied at the temple.

The fifth court yard

( 1076) King Ly Nhan Tong• Thai hoc- the first national university• 2 levels: + ground floor: a statue of Chu Van An (a rector of the academy) ,

exhibits of the temple and the academy with a display on Confucian education in Vietnam.

+ upper floor: three monarchs who contributed most to the foundation of the temple and the academy

Lý Thánh Tông: founded the temple in 1070 Lý Nhân Tông : founded the Imperial Academy Lê Thánh Tông : ordered the erection of the turtle stone stelae of

doctor laureates in 1484either side : square buildings- a drum and a bronze bell

Some questions to ponder over… • Why Vietnamese people idolize Ho Chi Minh so much?• 1 party – election ( politics)• Vietnamese language

Hoan Kiem Lake

• Hoan Kiem Lake (meaning "Lake of the Returned Sword" or "Lake of the Restored Sword", also known as Hồ Gươm - Sword Lake)

• The lake has had several names including Luc Thuy, Ta Vong, Huu Vong and Thuy Quan

• in the historical center of Hanoi• one of the major scenic spots in the city• A popular site for the public• The Sword Lake : a great example of combination of 3 religions Buddhism-

Taoism-Confucianism

• Legend: King Le Thai To was boating on the lake when the Golden Turtle God surfaced and asked for the magic sword: Heaven’s Will. He concluded that the sacred turtle came to reclaim the sword that its master, the Dragon King had given to help him defeat the Chinese Ming dynasty invaders. He renamed the lake to commemorate this event

• The Turtle Tower standing on a small island near the centre of lake is linked to the legend.

• The first gate: (Confucianism) + two large red Chinese characters : Happiness on the right, Prosperity on

the left+ Pen Tower : a ten-meter high stone structure tip: a writing brush, standing on a “mountain” in the shape of a peach,

known as the Writing Pad (Dai Nghien). on the tower : “Writing on the clear blue sky” => respect to education and literature+ a small altar on the mountain where one can pray to receive permission to

enter the temple.

• The second gate: surrounded by Taoist symbols. +left: the tiger. +right is the Vietnamese dragon=> symbols of stability for a large construction, following the feng shui theory.

• The third gate: (Taoism) a pool: an ink stone or inkpot. Nguyen Van Sieu placed this stone so that on

the 5th of May (lunar calendar) the shadow of the Pen Tower falls on the ink stone.

Ink carried by 3 frogs/ toads – represent teachers ( con coc kien ong troi)

• The temple: reached by the red-painted wooden bridge - The Huc).

• The Huc Bridge : Morning Sunlight Bridge – where the sun light is absorbed

• Built in 1865 by Nguyen Van Sieu• Red : represent energy, happiness, luck

• The fourth gate: Dac Nguyet Lau (or “Moon Light tower”) + two walls : Bang Rong and Bang Ho (dragon and tiger slate), where the

names of those who passed the national test were inscribed.+ 2 sentences: Buddhism - Taoism

• Temple of the Jade Moutain (Ngoc Son Temple) • The temple was erected in the 19th century. It honors : + the military leader Tran Hung Dao – defeated three major

Mongolian invasions in the 13th century + Van Xuong: a great scholar + Nguyen Van Sieu: a Confucian master and famous writer in

charge of repairs made to the temple in 1864.

The Old Quarter

• Located between the Lake of the Restored Sword, the Long Bien Bridge, a former city rampart, and a citadel wall

• appeared when King Ly Thai To selected Thang Long as the country’s capital in 1010=> the streets have a over 1,000-year old history.

• Names: “Old Quarter” or “36 Old Streets” (as consisting of 36 member streets

• In the past, as artisans moved to the capital city to do business, they gathered together in this area to share the resources. => many of the streets were named after the crafts sold at that individual street

• the front room: stores• the inside room: manufacturing, dining and living of each family.

• Hang Gai Street:silk • Hang Quat: colored funeral and festival flags and religious objects and

clothing.• Hang Ma: shiny paper products, such as gift wrappings, wedding

decorations, miniature paper objects to burn for the dead. • Lan Ong Street : herbal medicinal products: leaves, roots, barks, and

powders• To Tich: Mixed fruits • Hang Luoc: Comb • Hang Duong : candies and dry apricot• Tam Thuong lane on Hang Bong Street: fried/roasted sour pork hash,

Hoa Lo Prison

• Historically, one of the biggest, highest- security prisons in Indochina• Western Style, adaptation to Vietnam’s climate

History- Constructed by French colonists (1986) on the land of Phu Khanh village - 19th century: Phu Khanh village: the only destination in the Thang long

citadel: earthen home appliances – kettles, teapots, portable stoves=> Phu Khanh village known as Hoa Lo village- the village of portable stoves

- French colonist moved all villagers, old pagodas, communal houses in Phu Khanh village to other places

Built a prison (1896) 1896: lost forever an ancient village- confined, persecuted both the body and the mind of thousands of

revolutionary patriotic soldiers- Severe punishment, led maltreated lives - sense of purpose- turned the prison into a school => propagate the

revolutionary argument- - many soldiers: escaped, returned to the organization, contributed to the

liberation of the motherland- 10/1954 – the North: liberated- Hoa Lo prison – temporarily managed, used

by Vietnamese Government to keep law breakers- 5/08/1964 – 29/03/1973: - 1993: changed the main aim of the prison – the south-east side of the

prison => a revolutionary relic of Hanoi

• Walls: 4 meters high, 0.5 meter thick• Walls made of permanent stones• Buildings not made of cement but brick• Windows material from FranceTop of the wall put lots of broken glass, put electricity around - no one

could escape from• 15 minutes go out of the cells every day• Have a shower once a week , around the well • Naked to have a shower whether it is in summer/ winter

• 11/1933: survivors of 2010 deportees to Son la were taken back to Hanoi before being exiled to Con Dao

8 months: persecuted, locked up in the wild forest, areas with toxic waters• Cay Dao To Hieu in Son La prison planted by a prisoner – still exists today

• Main room: keep prisoners – hard to open • Original 500 prisonersReal 2000• This room : 25-30 prisoners• Bound by ironwood• Extreme conditions• Share the toilet

• Make poems• Scatter books from the front, from communists cultural learning, learn politics,

culture, languages- reinforce faith• Special ink from jailors made from traditional medicine - red/ blue• Appear when soaked with rice liquid

Cachot cells• highest punishment lack of light- hygiene =. exhausted • Place for people who broke the rules or fighted for hunger: Hell of earth - dirty rooms get light from tiny holesCouldn’t sleep- the bed : sloping – blood: flew up to headShackled with an outer lock

Almond trees

• Young leaves, ripen fruits: healthy food for prisoners• Bark to cure cholera• Small branches : pen holders/ chopsticks• Hide materials in the root of trees – skillful • Discuss measures on fighting against the enemy

Underground sewer• Underground sewer in death cells yard• 24/12/1951 (night): 16 Hoa Lo death-sentence political prisoners: escaped• 5/ 15 succeeded, rejoined the resistance base

Underground sewer• Underground sewer (in camp J yard)• 11-16/03/1945: >100 Hoa Lo political prisoners escaped => reached

different locations , took part in general insurrection (08/1945), became the Party, Government leaders

• Different types of tortureTorture: beat prisoners until they faint – pour water => awake• International friends support VietnamFrom Soviet Union: Material, treasureFrance: voice, political support

Women prisoners

• Even pregnant women – gave birth here• Suffered hard conditions• Hair fall- use hair to make brooms – clean floorsString to hang clothes

Kinds of torture• Guillotine:• Used by the French colonialist to behead revolutionary patriotic soldiers

imprisoned in Hoa Lo prisonin market, public place =>threaten • Ha Thanh’s poinsoning casePoison 200 French soldiers3 of the leaders beheaded

• Put prisoners in tank => beat• Gasoline• Boxing gloves• Jute bag => torture political prisoners• Jailors : cruelest

• Portraits of political female prisoners confined in Hoa Lo Prison by the French colonist

• Electric wire – electrical engine in head- heart• Break bottles – beat women’s sex organs=> stop next generations• Walking stick pull the neck * Hope for the future, optimistic• Embroidered pillow, make poems…

Death Row Cells

• Completely isolated from other cells of Hoa Lo Prison – prevent death row inmates from communicating with the outside

• Gloomy + cold• Prisoners: shackled all day long, not even freed to use toilet• Cell door: opened just twice each day: meals, water• Truong Chinh, Tran Dang Ninh

Memorial Garden

• Kien trung bat khuat• Glory forever• Goodbye my fellows/ comrades

• Pictures + objects in two exhibition halls : details of US pilots’ lives when they were temporarily imprisoned at Hoa Lo Prison

• 05/08/1964 – 15/01/1973: The US carried out sabotage warfare: air + naval forces against the North of Vietnam

• Thousands of planes: shot down

• Hundreds of US pilots : arrested by the North army + people, some : imprisoned at Hoa Lo Prison

• The Vietnamese government created the best living conditions they could for the US pilots(despite difficulties in the national economy during the war)

• 26/10/1967 : Ha Noi army took John MacCain out of Truc Bach lake => humanity

• 03/1973: all the arrested US pilots: released

The second floor

• Memorial to Patriots and Revolutionary Fighters

• Empty – unknown patriots

Vietnam Museum of Ethnology

• 1987-1995: construction • 12/11/1997: open to public• Exhibition building designed by the architect Ha Duc Linh – a

member of Tay ethnic group in the shape of Dong Son drum• Interior architecture designed by the French architect• Tribal art, artifacts, everyday objects gathered from across the

nation: > 15,000 artifacts, 42,000 photos• Rank 4th of the 25 most attractive museums in Asia - 2014• Indoor & outdoor section • Aim: document, present, exhibit cultural heritage of 54 ethnic groups• Preserve cultural heritage, promote socio-cultural diversity, present

cultures, civilization of culture, countries from across South East Asia

Events for the public on holiday, special occasions• Traditional games• Water puppet show• Calligraphy• …

Bronze-Drum building

• Lower Level• Upper Level

Lower Level

• Multi-ethnic country• 54 different ethnic groups• Kinh - the largest ethnic group in Vietnam : 86%• Tay - the largest minority in Vietnam 1.9%• Undistributed : Kinh – deltas, near riversMinority people: Mountainous areas central highland• All: water rice agriculture

Ethnicities: 54 • Thai people – Hoa people• Hoa speak Vietnamese – adapt originally from Chinese The Hoa ( or

Chinese) 823,000 people, more than half living in Ho Chi Minh City, others living in

other citites, in rural areasThe Urban Hoa practice industrial trade + servicesInside the house: hang parallel inscriptions in lacquered wood, scrolls, red

paper banners inscribed with characters for Happiness, Longevity, Talent, Wealth

• Viet group – King pepleDifferences: +language+costumes, haircut , design lifestyles+Clothing- the way they dress+Typical features of their faces In mountainous areas, faces are rounder than in thedelta, central highland• Location of different languages:

Kho me (Cambodia)Hmong – Dao (China)Tang – Mien (Myanmar)Han (China)

• Main language – Viet language among Vietnam

Ritual pole of the Co• The ritual pole: centre of the thanksgiving festival.• A pole for the ritual buffalo to be tied to• A universal tree - connects the sprit world with human beings • Originally about 13 meter high• Divide into 3 parts:• + Top: birds – friends of Co people – protect trees from ghosts Ancestors of Co people

The Viet

• The Viet / King people: 86%• Live throughout the country• concentrated primarily in the deltas, midlands, coastal regions• Village: basic residential unit, the place of economic, cultural life Every village : communal house (dinh) honoring the village’s tutelary

spirit (thanh hoang); a Buddhist pagodaother temples worshipping legendary heroes in history, culture

Conical hat making in Chuong

• Well-known for conical hat• Chuong market opens : 4th, 10th every lunar month under a large

banyan tree at the entrance of the village• Raw materials for making conical hats: brought in mountainous

regions• made from leaves • Useful in rainy, hot weather, hold water to drink• A special gift for tourists – traditional symbol, especially for

traditional women

Religion of the Four Worlds

• The four worlds: Sky, Earth, Water, Forests• Popular in northern Vietnam• The spiritual possession ceremony : The spirit possesses the body

the male/ female performers - practitioner• The living can connect with the dead people• Past- mostly men (make-up) women- dirtyNowadays – both men and women• Superstitious actionsRitual ceremony aim=> connect with the dead – middle oneAsk for help, prosperity

Traditional games in the countryside

• Animal masks• Lion’s head• Tops• Performance in middle autumn – fruits, toys• Paper Doctor=> respect educationPut on the tray – achieve success

• Instruments:Wood from treesSnake skinDrum made from cow’s skin, frog’s skin 1 – string instrument monocorde

• Serving dish – big flat chopsticks• Knife made of animals• Ritual specialists’ belongings

• The MuongFunerals of the Muong : each member wears different coloursThe hearth Tools in the kitchenGong set• Weaving: women weave beautiful clothes=> enough standard• Hunting=> men• Before getting married, the woman make her own dress (3 months)

Betel• the custom of chewing betel dated back to the reign of the Hung Kings. • “Legend of Betel and Areca” about a wife’s faithfulness to her husband

and the love between two siblings => a symbol of love, brotherhood, family, and happiness.

Betel and areca : Vietnamese folklore, folk verses, folk songs, and folk festivals

an indispensable part of Vietnamese people’s daily life used to start a conversation and help people become closer and more

open with each other offerings in important traditional ceremonies, such as offering rituals,

engagements, weddings, funerals, and burials.

Works

• Dong Ho woodblock picturesPrinting blocks for coloursPaint bowls + brushesThe Children and the carpMaterial from nature• Lacquer work:Most ancient lacquer objects: 4th century BCThe craft flourished : 17th - 19th

Lacquer: the resin obtained by cutting into the lacquer treeLacquer resin sets in many layers with different qualities, usagesIt is then prepared for coloration and applied to objects => Protect objects from insects, for decoration

• Wood carving and engravingA traditional handicraft particularly elaborated among the VietUse a variety of metal chisels and scrapers

• Ceramics Potters use clay extracted from the delta regionsPottery wares are especially for daily livesThere is also an assortment of religious , fine art objectsPut in stove, burn forPut in sunlight – faint then paintGlaze: men2 ways: raw , polish• Bronze work: practiced for thousands of years before our are1st millennium: Dong Son culture was the cradler of the bronze art –

spread throughout Southeast Asia – the best-known bronze drumsFlourished in the Ly dynasty with the expansion of Buddhism

Altars to ancestors• Each family: an altar for the ancestors located in the most beautiful, solemn place in the

central room of the house• Top level” ancestral tabletsLineage recordsPortraitsPhotos, statues of deceased grandparents, parents• Middle level: offeringsThe lowest level: lamps, incense bowls• Death destroys only the physical bodyThe souls can connect with the the lives of the livingEach individual invokes his ancestors at the altar => demonstrate his veneration, express his

wisheincense (odd number) fruit tray, paper burned for them in another world

=> Strengthen family ties

• Water puppet: thread, sticksDuring show- music Story of Ha Noi city, countryside Traditional storyMake puppets: wood=> unique performance, symbolize daily activities• measurement unit

Fish traps

• Bamboo• Fish – put in muddy stream, leave it overnight, tomorrow – fish inside –

bring home=>Hardships of workersArtistic – a bunch of handicrafts of flowers Way of living

The Central Highlands of Vietnam in the 1950s

Upper Level

Upper Level• 2 Thai groups: white Thai and black Thai• Difference:+ the black Thai: a black blouse with a high collar and a black skirtthe white Thai: a white blouse with a heart-shaped collar and a black skirt”.+ accents: The black Thai have a stronger accentthe white Thai speak faster and more melodiously. +perceptions of numbers: The white Thai prefer even numbers which they believe represent fullness

and prosperity. The black Thai prefer odd numbers, which they believe symbolize growth and

reproductionthe worshipping rituals: The black Thai :nomadic people - frequently change

their farmland =>unstable life=> they worship and pray more. The white Thai are engaged in wet rice cultivation with higher productivity =>

worship less, with less yin and yang displayed in their homes”.

Southeast Asia building

Open-Air Exhibition

1. Cham House2. Khmer Boat3. Water puppet Pavilion4. Viet House5. Boats6. Bahnar Communal House7. Ede House8. Giarai Tomb9. Cotu Tomb10. Nung Forage11. Tay House12.Yao House13.Hmong House14.Hani House15.Pottery Workshop

• 10 Houses modeling after the traditional architecture of ethnic minorities• Built by artisans from the villages where the houses are traditionally

designed, built

Hmong House

Hmong House• Built in 1984• In Mu cang chai district, Yen Bai Province• By a family – all members of the Flower Hmong People• After his father’s death in 1997, the eldest son inherited the house• Museum bought• Invited 7 of the local Flower Hmong villagers to reconstruct • Took 6 days• Made entirely of puma wood, a characteristic tree of the region’s forest• Roof: 600 large shingles• Some shingles can be moved to make light for women to weave inside the

house• A forge + a stable built within the house compound

House Interior:• Follow a patriarchal tradition• Worship 3 generations of ancestors• Most important rituals of their ancestor worship take place during Hmong New

Year – DecemberPlace of worship marked with a paper – stuck on the back wall facing the doorAt the base of the wall: a bamboo tube for incense sticks• Column : separate room from the central hearthColumn – house spirit resides=> avoid hanging/ nailing clothes on the column• New Year Festival: stick pieces of red, white paper on column, purify it with water/

alcohol• In upstairs loft: corn, rice, household commodities: storedSome families (Thao, Lu, Giang), daughter-in-laws can’t go upstairs (punished by house

spirit)Central hearth=> daily meals ( kitchen spirit resides here – a taboo to spit in the

cooking fire/ hit the tripod)Stove: cook mash for pigs, nice meals for big events

Bahnar communal house

Bahnar communal house• 19 meters• Built in 2003 by 42 villagers in Kontum town• Symbol of skill, strength of the villagers (the power of men)• Height:• + Avoid dangerous animals+wealth+power of men – no communal house in the village – cannot get married+ find directions at such a high position+close to the ancestors

Giarai tomb

Giarai tomb

• The large wooden figures encircling the tomb are intended to accompany the dead into the afterlife

• Sexually explicit carvingsCarvings of pregnant womenÞ Symbols of fertility

Ede longhouse

Ede longhouse

• Structure: modeled on a longhouse in Buon Ma Thuot city

• Over 42 meters long• The families of daughters and granddaughters

of an extended matrilineal family• 2 ladders in front for men, guests ( touch

breasts => show respect)• 1 ladder at the back: for family members

Viet House

Viet House• The house is from a family in Thanh Hoa Province• Main hall: ancestor worship – linked to a space for teaching + learning• The central hall, annex, the kitchen formed a U-shape surrounding a front

yard• The carved wooden beams of the central hall: nearly one hundred years

old.

Strengths

• Willingness to learn • Clear pronunciation• All right for both solo and buddy tours