World History

Fall Semester Final Review

Unit 1: The Emergence of CivilizationUnit 1: The Emergence of Civilization

1Paleolithic Age Neolithic AgricultureNeolithic AgricultureRevolutionRevolution

Sumerian writing system

cuneiform

PrehistoricPrehistoric“Old Stone Age”

Egyptian PyramidsKing Tut

hieroglyphics

Hunter

Farmer

3000 B.C.

1. prehistoric – period of time before writing systems were created (before 3000 B.C.)

2. artifact – object made by humans i.e. tools, weapons, pottery, clothing

3. archeologist –person who digs to find artifacts to learn about early people

4. Paleolithic Age - Old Stone Age (2,500,000 B.C. – 10,000 B.C.)

• Humans where nomadic• Hunters & Gathers• Temporary houses• Lived in small groups• Life was short and harsh

5. Neolithic Agriculture Revolution – change from hunting & gathering to farming New Stone Age (10,000 B.C. – 3,000 B.C.)

permanent homes

surplus food

Hunting

Stability tends to promote progress.Stability tends to promote progress.

The change from nomadic to farming led to the emergence of civilization.

6. civilization – complex highly organized social order made possible because of agriculture surplus

Cities were key features of early civilizations.

Cities

Art &Architecture

CentralGovernments

Roads, Bridges,Temples

Writing System

SocialClasses

Featuresof

Early Civilizations

7. culture – the way of life of a society handed down through generations

8. cultural diffusion – the spread of culture (ideas, customs, and technologies)

from one group of people to another

Culture is spread by people migrating (moving)caused by interaction among people through

migration (moving).

warfare

Culture is spread by trade.

The growth of cities near fertile river valleys was a central feature The growth of cities near fertile river valleys was a central feature in the development and spread of civilizations.in the development and spread of civilizations.

9. physical geography - most directly influences were people live.

10. Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates River Valleys) (3200 B.C.)

1st civilizations developed here in the Fertile Crescent.periodic flooding left rich soil – ideal for farming

developed -cuneiform – first writing system 3200 B.C

Judaism, the first monotheistic religion was established in Mesopotamia. (belief in one god) (Kingdom of Israel 1000 B.C.)

11. Egypt (Nile River Valley) (2700 B.C.)

“Gift of the Nile”

Fertile soil, stable food supply helped it to grow.

pyramids – burial tombs built for their pharaohs

Ancient Egyptians were

polytheistic - believed in many gods

12. Indus River Valley Civilization (2500 B.C.)

first to grow cotton and weave it into cloth

13. Huang He River Valley Civilization (1650 B.C.)

Desert and mountain barriers caused Chinese civilization to grow independently.

Early Chinese people developed a complex civilization and made many advances in learning and the arts.

made first books

learned to make silk threads

Unit 2: Ancient Greece and Rome: Unit 2: Ancient Greece and Rome:

The Birth of Democracy The Birth of Democracy

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Greek Alphabet

AthenaAthena

Drama

Roman ForumRoman Forum

AcropolisAcropolis

Roman ArchRoman Arch

Roman SenateRoman Senate

ColosseumColosseum

Trojan WarTrojan War1250 B.C.1250 B.C.

14. Greece is a mountainous peninsula.

Physical geography lead to isolated societies in ancient Greece.

Greece

The mountainous terrain (land) of Greece resulted in the development of many small independent city-states in ancient Greece – each had their own ruler.

The physical geography also led to many different political systems.

Monarchy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy

Two powerful city-state, Athens and Sparta, arose in Greece.Each developed very different societies and systems of government.

Athens was named after Zeus’s daughter – Athena –goddess of wisdom and war

The Greeks believed in beauty, balance, and order in the universe.

Golden Age of Athens (after the Persian Wars 460 B.C. – 429 B.C.)

15. Athens was a democracy – ruled by Pericles

Golden Age of Athens(after the Persian Wars 460 B.C. – 429 B.C.)

Athens prospered - cultural center of Greece (Thinkers, writers, and artists came to Athens to take part in the growth of culture.)

HomerGreek epic poet

School at Athens

Ancient Greek Philosophersexplored the nature of the universe and the place of people in it

Socrates

Plato Aristotle

Raphael’s School of Athens

Sparta

16. Sparta was an Oligarchy. From childhood, Spartan boys were trained to be soldiers.

17. The Roman Empire Rome’s central location helped the Romans to unite Italy and all of the Mediterranean would under their control.

By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula.

• well-trained army• Treated defeated enemies fairly• Gave rights to conquered people

Why was Rome’s expansion in Italy successful?

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Unit 3: The Fall of Rome to the Emergence of Unit 3: The Fall of Rome to the Emergence of Feudalism – Chaos to OrderFeudalism – Chaos to Order

A.D. 476

Legacy of Rome

Christianity Feudal System

18. What factors lead to the fall of Rome?

The fall of Rome was not a single event. It was a long, slow process.

Germanic invasions weakened the empire.

A.D. 476

Roman army lacked training and discipline

Divided empire becomes weak

By 133 B.C., Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.

imperialism – added many conquered lands to the Empire

Political corruption

Heavy taxes

Disease and war

19. How did the fall of Rome affect western Europe?

Western Europe entered a period of chaos and disorder.• disruption of trade• downfall of cities• decline of learning• rise of Germanic Tribes

20. Early Middle Ages - 500 to 1000 Europe was a frontier land -cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India.

Invasions of Europe, 700–1000

Vikings – barbaric warriors from the North - Scandinavia – raided and terrorized Europe during the Middle Ages

raided monasteries – for gold and treasures

Feudalism – System of rule in which powerful local lords divided their land among vassals. In exchange, the vassals pledged service and loyalty to lords.

Vassals

provided social stability

Castles were built to protect the medieval lords against invading armies.

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Unit 4: The Rise of EuropeRevival of learning

new middle class

iron plow

Martin Luther

Joan of Arc

Mona Lisa

21. Christian Church -

The most prominent building in a medieval town was usually the church. The Church was an important part of everyday life.

The Crusades – holy wars to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims - spurred a revival of trade that led to economic growth throughout Western Europe.

Why did people go on Crusades?

1. defense of Holy Land

2. desire to be released of feudal obligations

3. forgiveness of sins

4. desire for wealth from the Middle East

22. Agricultural RevolutionNew farming technologies (innovations)

iron plow harness windmill three-field system

led to increase in food production

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Population explosion (growth)

Between 1000 and 1300, the population of Europe doubled.

23. medieval towns/trade -

A new middle class of merchants, traders, and artisans emerged.

Middle Class

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

(craftspeople)

Merchants and artisans formed trade associations called guilds to keep the quality of work high.

(Becoming a guild member involved many years of hard work.)

The Late Middle Ages was a period of decline in Europe,marked by disease, corruption and war.

24. Black Death -

By 1347, the bubonic plague had spread from Asia to Europe. One in three Europeans died.

Society and economy fall apart.

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25. Hundred Years’ War - 1337–1453 England vs. France

led the French to victories against the English

Joan of Arc

The turmoil of the late Middle Ages began a decline in the power of the Church and a rebirth of classical studies and fine arts.

The Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453).

Church power declines

1347-1353

26. Renaissance – revival of Greek and Roman culture, period of artistic and intellectual creativity - 1300s-1500s

Renaissance philosophers encouraged a questioning attitude.

Raphael’s School of Athens

Ancient Greek Philosophersexplored the nature of the universe and the place of people in it

Socrates

Plato Aristotle

The Renaissance begin in Italy because Italian city-states had grown wealthy

from trade between Europe and Asia.

At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism.

Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly

subjects rather than on religious issues.

Geniuses of Renaissance Art

Made sketches of nature and of models

Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked

Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering

Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats

Leonardo da Vinci

Mona Lisa

The Last Supper

Italian painter and inventor

Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet

Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David

Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome

MICHELANGELO

the Pieta

David

Sistine Chapel

St. Peter’s Cathedral

Italian painter and sculptor

The Printing Revolution1456 - Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first printing press.

IMPACT:• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.• With books more readily available, more people learned to read –

literacy rate increased (more people could read and write)

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English Renaissance writer.

Wrote “Romeo and Juliet” and 36 other plays that are still performed around the

world

SHAKESPEARE

The late Middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, scandal, and division to the Roman Catholic Church.

Tetzel selling indulgences

27. Protestant Reformation – (1500s) movement to reform (change)

the Roman Catholic Church

People who joined the movement for reform called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.

Martin LutherGerman monk

Martin Luther - German monk, protested church abuses by writing 95 theses and posted the list on the church door

Wittenberg Castle ChurchGermany

October 31, 1517

Luther’s ideas and the Protestant Reformation led to a decline in power of the Roman Catholic Church.

The Reformation in EnglandIn 1528, English King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, his marriage.

The pope refused, and Henry broke from the Catholic Church and set up his own church – The Anglican Church.

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28. Age of Exploration and Conquest 1487-1609

New technology, the search for wealth, and a desire to spread Christianity led to an age of discovery.

The astolabe - used to determine latitude at sea,

and improvements in cartography (mapmaking) helped Europeans to

explore the Western Hemisphere.

Columbus’s LandingOctober 12, 1492

Millions of native peoples in the Americas died as a result of new diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza in which they had no natural

immunity, after contact with Europeans in the 1500s.

Mercantilism

•a nation’s real wealth is measured in its gold and silver treasure.

•To build its supply of gold and silver, a nation must export more goods than it imports.

•nations establish colonies for trade benefits – (to increase their wealth)