UNIT 10 & 11: ORGANISM’S VITAL

FUNCTIONS

WHAT TO LEARN

Main types of cells; organelles and cellular regions.

Cellular nutrition. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Photosynthesis and respiration.

Cellular reproduction: main general types. Cellular interaction.

MAIN FEATURES OF ORGANISMS

All the living beings have in common: Same matter (biomolecules) They have cells

THE CELL

The cell is the smallest unit of living matter that can exist freely and can carry out all the vital functions (nutrition, reproduction, interaction).

Organisms can be: Unicellular organism, that consists of only one

cell. Multicellular organism, that consists of many

cells. Thanks to electron microscope we can

observe different types of cells, its nucleus and organelles.

TYPES OF CELLS There are two main groups of cells,

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells: They don't have a

membrane-bound nucleus. Ex. Bacteria (Monera kingdom)

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and contain many internal membrane-bound structures called organelles. (Protista, Fungi, Plantae,Animalia kingdoms)

They can be animal and plant cells. Plant cells have mitochondrions.

ACTIVITIES

1. The following sentences are false, correct them in your notebook.

a)All the living things except bacteria are made of cells.

b)All cells have plasmatic membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus.

c)Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, but they do not have any other organelles.

d)Eukaryotic plant cells have chloroplasts, but they do not have mitochondria.

2. Why was the microscope important in the discovery of cells?

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION-PLANTS

Autotrophs produce their own food. They produce organic nutrients from inorganic substances.

Plants make organic nutrients through photosynthesis. They need water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight.

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.

Respiration: To respire the plant absorbs oxygen and uses it in the mitochondria to get energy.

Where does the photosynthesis take place in plants?

HETEROTROPHIC NUTRICION-ANIMALS

It consists of obtaining organic nutrients by feeding on other living things.

Living things take oxygen from the environment to obtain energy in a cellular process called respiration.

The nutrition process in animals have some parts: Feeding: ingestion of food. Digestion: transformation of food into smaller

components. Transportation of substances: circulation. Elimination of waste substances: Excretion.

ACTIVITIES

1.Match the following terms to their definition: a)Breathing 1.Eliminating waste

substances b) Photosynthesis 2.Transforming the food into

c) Circulation nutrients d) Digestion 3.Transportation of

nutrients e) Excretion 4.Taking oxygen to obtain

energy 5.It takes place in the

chloroplasts of cells.2. Give an example of ecological pyramid.

WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?

Reproduction is the ability to create other beings similar or identical to them.

TYPES OF REPRODUCTION: Asexual: produces identical copies of itself. Ex:

bacteria, some plants… Sexual: Two living things join and provide

gametes. The union forms a zygote. Ex: animals.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

Fragmentation: Division of the parent’s body into several parts, each part creates a new organism. Ex:Planarian, Starfish

Gemmation: Formation of buds on the surfaceof the parent creating a new organism. Ex; Hydra

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

It consists of gamete formation, fertilisation, and developement of the zygote.

Testicles produce spermatozoa. Ovaries produce ova. The species can be: unisexual (male and

female) or hermaphrodite (both) The fertilisation is the union of the

spermatozoa and the ova.

ACTIVITIES

1.Match each organism with the type of reproduction

a) Gemmation 1) Starfishb) Fragmentation 2) Hydra

2. Give three examples of hermaphrodite species and unisexual species.

3.Complete.Reproduction can be_________ or _________. In sexual reproduction, the___________ join and

produce a ________. The _________is the union of the _____ and the ____.

4.Asexual or sexual reproduction?

a)A mushroom b)An oak c)An elephant d)A beetle e)A paramecium

f)A kangaroo g)Algae

5. Complete the diagram.

Ovule-petal-pistil-stamen-sepal