Third Industrial Revolution ?

Third Industrial Revolution?Peter Troxler

Peter TroxlerIndustrial EngineerPhD 1999Factory AutomationKnowledge Management / ResearchCommunityFringe theater company and arts festivals (1990s; 2000s)Knowledge management researchers (2000s)Fab Lab2008/09 Fab Lab Amsterdam2010 Fab6Fab Lab Luzern (Switzerland), Rotterdam (NL)International Fab Lab Association

Third Industrial Revolution?Peter Troxler

Industrial RevolutionNeil Gershenfeld, 2005:Fab. The Coming Revolution on Your DesktopJeremy Rifkin, 2011:The Third Industrial Revolution. How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. Chris Anderson, 2012:Makers: The New Industrial Revolution

Quiz I have a tradition that in my lectures in the first 5 slides there has to be a quiz (audience participation)4

Gershenfeld[P]ossession of the means for industrial production has long been the dividing line between workers and owners. But if those means are easily acquired, and designs freely shared, then hardware is likely to follow the evolution of software. Like its software counterpart, opensource hardware is starting with simple fabrication functions, while nipping at the heels of complacent companies that dont believe that personal fabrication toys can do the work of their real machines. That boundary will recede until todays marketplace evolves into a continuum from creators to consumers, servicing markets ranging from one to one billion. (FAB. The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop, 2005)

Gershenfeld

http://web.media.mit.edu/%7emonster/screambody/screambodydiag.jpg, rights unclear

Gershenfeld[T]he killer app for personal fabrication in the developed world is technology for a market of one, personal expression in technology (). And the killer app for the rest of the planet is [to overcome] the instrumentation and the fabrication divide, people locally developing solutions to local problems. (TED talk, 2006)

Gershenfeld 2Examples from book

http://web.media.mit.edu/%7emonster/screambody/screambodydiag.jpg, rights unclear

AndersonIn the Next Industrial Revolution, Atoms Are the New Bits (Wired, January 25, 2010)Local Motors: Rally Fighter$50,000 off-road (but street-legal) racercrowdsourced design, BMW clean diesel engineGizmodo, January 26, 2010:Atoms Are Not Bits; Wired Is Not A Business Magazine

Rifkin[T]he conventional top-down organization of society that characterized much of the economic, social, and political life of the fossil-fuel based industrial revolutions is giving way to distributed and collaborative relationships in the emerging green industrial era. We are in the midst of a profound shift in the very way society is structured, away from hierarchical power and toward lateral power.

Rifkin[A] new digital manufacturing revolution now opens up the possibility of () the production of durable goods. In the new era, everyone can potentially be their own manufacturer (). Welcome to the world of distributed manufacturing.

Rifkin1st revolution

Printing pressSteam-powered technology

19th century3rd revolution

InternetRenewablesSmart buildingsSmart gridE-mobility

2nd revolution

Electrical com-municationOil-powered combustion engine

20th century

OSS = OSH ?Or: Is Fab Lab Easy?continuum from creators to consumerskiller app = market of one

Thats why it is called hardware. Rein Aardse at FabFuse, 9 August 2012.

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OSS = OSH ?Or: Is Fab Lab Easy?[I]t would be nave to believe that open source software practices could be simply copied and applied to the manufacturing domain without any alteration or adaptation, ignoring the constraints and opportunities that the materiality of hardware entails.[M]ore than four in five Fab Labs are set up and run by institutions rooted in the old world order that by their very nature struggle to understand polycentric structures and heterarchies, are alien to lateral power relationships, and a fail to embrace a peer-production commons.

Thats why it is called hardware. Rein Aardse at FabFuse, 9 August 2012.

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Gilbreth

Frank Bunker Gilbreth1868 - 1924 scientific management motion study

Industrial Revolution

Industrial RevolutionEfficiencyExploitation of LabourCommand and ControlTime Motion Studies

http://cdn.politicalscrapbook.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/stakhanov_coal_face.jpg?cda6c1

Tavistock Institute 1951Socio-technical system1960sEric TristKen BamforthFred Emery

How to Run a Factory

Eric Steven RaymondThe Cathedral and the Bazaar (2000)

Linux is subversive.

Linus Torvaldss style of developmentrelease early and often, delegate everything you can, be open to the point of promiscuitycame as a surprise.

cathedral carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation

a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches () out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles

RaymondI think the future of open-source software will increasingly belong to people who know how to play Linuss game, people who leave behind the cathedral and embrace the bazaar. This is not to say that individual vision and brilliance will no longer matter; rather, I think that the cutting edge of open-source software will belong to people who start from individual vision and brilliance, then amplify it through the effective construction of voluntary communities of interest. (p. 23)

Yochai Benkleron a political economy of informationeconomicconcerned with the organization of production and consumption in this economypoliticalconcerned with how we pursue autonomy, democracy, and social justice in this new condition

misconception that 1 = 222

There is nothing more practical than a good theoryKurt Lewin (1952), Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers by Kurt Lewin. London: Tavistock. p. 169

Practicein music in journalismin encyclopediapiracy is the new radio (Neil Young)e.g. Huffington Post Wikipedia has outgrown its printed predecessors in volume, depth, recency and use.

this is not 24

Yochai BenklerCOMMONS-BASED peer production is a socio-economic system of production that is emerging in the digitally networked environment. Facilitated by the technical infrastructure of the Internet, the hallmark of this socio-technical system is collaboration among large groups of individuals, sometimes in the order of tens or even hundreds of thousands, who cooperate effectively to provide information, knowledge or cultural goods without relying on either market pricing or managerial hierarchies to coordinate their common enterprise.Benkler, Y., and H. Nissenbaum. (2006) Commons-Based Peer Production and Virtue. The Journal of Political Philosophy 14, no. 4: 394419.

How do we organize the ecosystemText booksIndustrial practiceConsultants

Fab nowNeil Gershenfeldoutreach programme, started 2003FAB, the book The future is already here it's just not very evenly distributed William Gibson

Landscape

How do we organize the ecosystemHow to build effective forms of collective action and self-organisation, for Fab Labs?how to break free from traditional systems and creatively design new systems that tap into the capabilities of distributed digital manufacturing?How to evaluate developments and monitor progress?How to achieve equity and fairness?How to protect the interests and creative freedom of makers while also ensuring wide access to new knowledge, processes and products?What are appropriate and effective business models for distributed digital manufacturing?

How?Option 1traditional knowledge of governanceOption 2experience from OSSOption 3trial and error, perpetual betaOption 3+what do we know

what do we know?

Ronald H. Coase, 1937The Nature of the FirmMancur Olson, 1965The Logic of Collective ActionOliver E. Williamson, 1981The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach

Ellinor Ostrom1990. Governing the Commons, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.with Charlotte Hess, 2003. Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Information as a Common- Pool Resource. Law and Contemporary Problems 66, Winter/Spring: 111145.with Charlotte Hess, 2007. Understanding Knowledge as a Commons. From Theory to Practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Yochai Benkler2002. Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm. Yale Law Journal, 112: 3694462003. Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information. Duke Law Journal 52: 12451276.2004. Sharing nicely: on sharable goods and the emergence of sharing as a modality of economic production, Yale Law Journal, 114 , 273358.

Christian Siefkes2008. From Exchange to Contributions. Generalizing Peer Production Into the Physical World. Berlin: Siefke.

Eric von Hippelwith Jeroen P J de Jong and Stephen Flowers. 2010. Comparing Business and Household Sector Innovation in Consumer Products: Findings From a Representative Study in the UK.Hippel, von, Eric. Open Source Projects as Horizontal Innovation Networks - by and for Users. MIT Sloan School of Management Working Paper.

Tineke M. Egyedi and Donna C. Mehos 2012. Inverse Infrastructures. Disrupting Networks from Below.

Peter Troxler2010. Commons-Based Peer-Production of Physical Goods Is There Room for a Hybrid Innovation Ecology?. Free Culture Conference, Berlin.2011. Libraries of the Peer Production Era. In: Open Design Now. Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive.2012. Making the Third Industrial Revolution. The Struggle for Polycentric Structures a New Peer-Production Commons in the Fab Lab Community. In: Shape your world. Theoretical, empirical and practical insights into FabLabs.

Epistemologyin philosophy:the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validityin practice:Karin Knorr-Cetina Epistemic Culturesan "amalgam of arrangements and mechanisms bonded through affinity, necessity and historical coincidence which in a given field, make up how we know what we know"

something that technocrats dont understand because they are not able to perceive that there are multiple epistemologies while they love the sci-fi stories of parallel universes !!!give Ronen workshop example (exercise with audience)39

Lets organize that 3rd industrial revolution

Organize? Really?YESbanqueLeninNObe prepared to get surpriseddare to faildisagree, but constructively