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This ppt contains all the details of Stereoscopic imaging. It includes from history, introduction, its working technique, 3D viewers, 3D cameras, future scope, advantages, disadvantages. In all, its the complete stuff that can satisfy anyone.
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1
STEREOSCOPICIMAGING
2
Topic Slide No.
Definition 3
History 4-5
Introduction 6
Visual Requirement 7
How it works? 8-11
3D viewers 12-17
Stereo Cameras 18-19
Applications 20
Future Enhancement 21
Pros & Cons 22
Conclusions & References 23-24
Thank You 25
CONTENT
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WHAT IS STEREOSCOPICIMAGING?
Derived from the Greek word “Stereos”
meaing Solid and “Scopy” meaning
Look/View, so stereoscopy means solid
view of an object i.e. 3D view.
In general life, it is known as 3D Imaging.
It is the technique used to create the
illusion of depth in an offset image by
presenting two slightly different
perspectives of the same object to the eyes
of the viewer.
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HISTORY
In 280 A.D., Euclid was the first to recognize that depth perception
is obtained when each eye simultaneously receives two dissimilar
images of the same object.
In 1600, Giovanni Battista della Porta produced the first artificial 3-
D drawing based on Euclid’s notions.
In 1833, Sir Charles Wheatstone came up with a device called
reflecting mirror camera.
In 1844, Sir David Brewster introduces the Stereoscope, a device
for taking stereo photographs.
In 1939 William Gruber saw a way to make use of the newly
invented flexible 35mm film by Kodak.
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IMPORTANT DATES
1947 The first Russian 3D video, Robinson Crusoe, is produced.
1952 World's first feature-length 3D movie, Bwana Devil is
released in the USA that was a boom in 3D movie production.
2009 James Cameron's film Avatar, shot with the Fusion Camera
System come into scene, is hailed as the best 3D film to
date and helps push 3D towards the mainstream.
2010 The Consumer Electronics Show (CES) features prototype
3D televisions from most major manufacturers.
2011 The world's first dedicated 3D television channel, South
Korea's SKY 3D was launched with1920x1080 resolution.
INTRODUCTION
In conventional 2D imaging, there is only image for the left and
right eye of the viewer.
So, there is only focused image at the retina due to binocular
disparity.
The study of a 2D image do not provide a full detailed study.
This leads to the invention of Stereoscopic Imaging or 3D
imaging.
Stereoscopy creates the illusion of three-dimensional depth from
images on a two-dimensional plane.
In stereoscopic imaging, there are two different images for the left
and right eye of the viewer. 6
Anatomically, there are 3 levels of binocular vision required to
view stereo images:
1. Simultaneous perception
2. Fusion (binocular 'single' vision)
3. Stereopsis
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VISUAL REQUIREMENT
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HOW IT WORKS?
There are two techniques of producing stereoscopic images:
1. Film Photography
2. Digital Photography
TECHNIQUES
HOW IT WORKS?
FILM PHOTOGRAPHY
Aim is to take two photographs from
different horizontal positions to get a
true stereoscopic image pair.
This can be done with two separate
side-by-side cameras. Or with the help
of stereo cameras incorporating two or
more side-by-side lenses.
At least 3 lenses are required in a
stereo camera.
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HOW IT WORKS?
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
There are Stereo lenses which turn an ordinary film camera into a
stereo camera by using a special double lens to take two images
and direct them through a single lens to capture them side by side.
These are also available for digital SLR cameras.
In 2009 digital Stereo cameras such as the Fuji W1 began appearing
in the consumer market.
HOW IT WORKS?
WORKING
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STEREOSCOPIC VIEWERS
There are two categories of stereoscopic viewer technology,
1. Active 2. Passive
3. Head Mounted Display
Active viewers have electronics which interact with a display.
Passive viewers filter constant streams of binocular input to the
,,,,appropriate eye.
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3D VIEWERSACTIVE VIEWERS
Also known as Liquid crystal shutter
glasses.
Each eye's glass has the property of
becoming dark when voltage is
applied, being otherwise transparent.
The action is controlled by a timing
signal that allows the glasses to
alternately darken over one eye, and
then the other, in synchronization
with the refresh rate of the screen.
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3D VIEWERSPASSIVE VIEWERS
1. Colour Anaglyph Systems
Anaglyph method is achieved by means of encoding each eye's
image using filters of different colours, typically red and cyan.
Red filter blocks only red colour while allowing all the colours and
the cyan filter admits only red colour.
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3D VIEWERSPASSIVE VIEWERS
1. Chroma depth Systems
Based on the fact that with a prism, colours are separated by
varying degrees.
The Chroma Depth eyeglasses contain special view foils, which
consist of microscopically small prisms. This causes the image to
be translated a certain amount that depends on its colour.
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3D VIEWERSHEAD MOUNTED DISPLAYS
1. The user typically wears a helmet or glasses with two
small LCD or LED displays with magnifying lenses, one for each
eye.
2. The technology can be used to show stereo films, images or
games, but it can also be used to create a virtual display.
3. Specially used for gaming, where virtual opponents may peek
from real windows as a player moves about. This type of system is
expected to have wide application in the maintenance of complex
systems,
3D VIEWERS
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View With & Without 3D Viewers
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STEREO CAMERAS
1. A stereo camera is a type of camera with two or more lenses with
a separate image sensor or film frame for each lens.
2. Stereo cameras may be used for making stereo views and 3D
pictures for movies, or for range imaging.
3. The distance between the lenses in a typical stereo camera (the
intra-axial distance) is about the distance between one's eyes
(known as the intra-ocular distance) and is about 6.35 cm.
4. A twin-lens reflex camera uses one lens to image to a
focusing/composition screen and the other to capture the image
on film.
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TYPES OF STEREO CAMERAS
Types of Stereo Cameras:
1. Kodak Stereo Camera
2. Loreo
3. Nimslo 3D
4. Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
5. Samsung NX-300
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APPLICATIONS
It is extensively used for amusement which includes 3D films.
Space Exploration - Various spaceships are equipped with unique
cameras that allow researchers to view stereoscopic images of the
surface of planets.
Clinical Uses – Stereoscopy is frequently used by vision therapists
in the treatment of many binocular vision and disorders.
In biology and chemistry, complex molecular structures are often
viewed using stereopairs for better view and their study.
This technique is also used in holography.
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FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Future enhancement of stereoscopic imaging is Auto stereoscopy.
Autostereoscopy is any method of displaying stereoscopic (3D)
images without the use of special equipment or glasses.
Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D“.
Automultiscopic displays provide multiple views of the same scene,
rather than just two.
Each view is visible from a different range of positions in front of the
display. This allows the viewer to move left-right in front of the
display and see the correct view from any position.
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PROS & CONS OFSTEREOSCOPIC IMAGING
By producing a concise visual summary from cross-sectional
exams, 3D imaging can,
1. Create studies that are faster and easier to read.
2. Facilitate diagnoses, treatment and surgical planning.
3. Increase clinical productivity.
It gives a better view of any object so its study becomes easy and
productive.
Stereoscopic imaging technique requires very high cost.
It is not available everywhere.
This technique uses eye glasses which becomes uncomfortable for
the persons wearing spectacles.
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CONCLUSION
Topic Seminar provided me the knowledge about
technology involved and functioning of the stereoscopic
imaging.
Given me an idea regarding how the theoretical things
are put into application and the errors that are
encountered during execution.
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REFERENCES
1) Flight Simulation, J. M. Rolfe and K. J. Staples, Cambridge
University Press, 1986, page 134
2) Kaufmann, H.; Schmalstieg, D.; Wagner, M.: Construct3D: a Virtual
Reality Application for Mathematics and Geometry Education.
Education and Information Technologies, London, England, v. 5, n.
4, p. 263-276, 2000
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy