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Waco 2050 Plan A Vision for the Heart of the City
July 2009
Walkable
thoroughfares
The best way to move 35 people?
•
…
Auto Oriented Street Design
Pedestrian Unfriendly
Pedestrian Unfriendly
People even “Pay Money to Walk”
LA is always extreme
Overview
•
New ways to look at street design•
Focus of Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS)
•
What makes streets walkable?
Town Center
EmploymentDistrict Residential
Neighborhood
Main Street Commercial Street
Mixed Use Street
ResidentialStreet
Regional Center
Commercial Corridor
Industrial St
“One Size Does Not Fit All”
Context Sensitive Solutions
Institutionalizing Nationally
How does this apply ?
•
Regional Transportation Plans•
Comprehensive Plans
•
Area and Master Plans•
Performance Based MPO Selection Criteria
•
Thoroughfare Plan Updates
Conventional Thinking
Disregard context of street
Applied blindly without designer discretion
Discourage flexibility
Fear of tort liability
Conventional CSS ApproachContext:
UrbanRural
Context: SuburbanGeneral urbanUrban centerUrban core
Design criteria primarily based on:
Functional classDesign speedForecast travel demandLevel of service
Design criteria primarily based on:
Community objectivesFunctional class Thoroughfare typeAdjacent land use
CSS vs.Conventional
Thinking
Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban
Thoroughfares
for
Walkable
Focus of CSS
•
Major urban thoroughfares in walkable
areas
–
“Major”: •
arterials and collectors
–
“Urban/Downtowns”: •
Walkable
suburbs, town and city centers, neighborhoods
•
mix of interactive land uses•
Viable, attractive choices–
Walking–
Biking –
TransitPhoto: Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill LLP
Focus of CSS
•
Balance –
Safety
–
Mobility–
Community objectives
–
Environment
•
Multimodal •
Involve public, stakeholders
•
Interdisciplinary teams•
Flexibility in design
•
Incorporate aesthetics Source: Minnesota Department of Transportation
CSS: In Pactice
Simulation by Steve Price, Urban- Advantage
E. 14th Street and Davis Street, San Leandro
Simulation by Steve Price, Urban- Advantage
CSS: In Pactice
Simulation by Steve Price, Urban- Advantage
CSS: In Pactice
CSS Design Framework
•
Context zones:–
Suburbs -
downtowns
•
Street classification:–
Functional class
•
Arterial•
Collector
–
Thoroughfare type•
Boulevard
•
Avenue•
Street
•
Compatibility
Context Zones
Source: Duany Plater-Zyberk and Company
Thoroughfare Types
•
Three classifications:–
Boulevard
–
Avenue–
Street
•
Basis for:–
Physical configuration
–
Design criteria
Boulevard
•
Divided arterial (4+ lanes)•
Target speed (45 mph or less)
•
Through and local traffic•
Serve longer trips
•
Access management•
Major transit corridor
•
Primary freight route•
Emergency response route
•
Limited curb parking
Multi-way Boulevard
•
Characterized by: –
Central roadway for through traffic
–
Parallel roadways access abutting property, parking, and pedestrian and bicycle facilities
–
Parallel roadways separated from the through lanes by curbed islands
•
Require significant right-of-way•
Special treatment of intersections
Avenue
•
Arterial or collector (4 lanes max)•
Target speed (30 to 35 mph)
•
Land access•
Primary ped
and bike route
•
Local transit route•
Freight -
local deliveries
•
Optional raised landscaped median•
Curb parking
Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban
Thoroughfares
for
Walkable
Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban
Thoroughfares
for
Walkable
Street
•
Collector or local •
2 lanes
•
Target speed (25mph) •
Land access primary function
•
Designed to: –
Connect residential neighborhoods
–
Connect neighborhoods with commercial districts–
Connect local streets to arterials
•
May be commercial main street •
Emphasizes curb parking
•
Freight restricted to local deliveries
Photographs from Michael King and Reid Ewing
Roadside Design
•
Roadside zones:–
Edge Zone
–
Furnishings Zone–
Throughway Zone (ADA)
–
Frontage Zone
•
Function and dimensions vary by context zone and adjacent land use
Roadside Design
•
Roadside zones•
Public places
•
Placement of roadside facilities
•
Public art•
Sidewalk width and function
•
Pedestrian buffers•
Sidewalk/driveway/alley crossings
•
Street furniture•
Utilities
•
Landscaping/street trees
The Urban Roadside –
Uses and Activities
•
Movement of pedestrians•
Access to buildings/property
•
Utilities/appurtenances•
Transit stops
•
Landscaping•
Urban design/public art
•
Sidewalk cafes•
Business functions
•
Civic spaces (plazas, seating)
Context Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban
Thoroughfares
for
Walkable
Intersection Design
•
General principles
•
Intersection sight distance
•
Managing modal conflicts
•
General intersection layout
•
Curb return radii
•
Channelized right turns
•
Modern roundabouts
•
Crosswalks
•
Curb extensions
•
Bicycle lane treatment
•
Bus stops at intersections
What Makes People Walk?
•
Practical Destinations
What Makes People Walk?
•
Pleasant & Interesting Environment…a Human Scale
What Makes People Walk?
In most conventional suburban development, streets separate uses, discouraging walking and forcing even local trips onto arterial roads.
Walkable
neighborhoods have
streets that connect uses, with arterials reserved for through traffic.
Walkable
Networks-Why Do Networks Work?
Intersection Control
2 2
2
2
2
4
66
4
Same Total Lanes
More Capacity
• VMT
• Turns
• Clearance Time
• Signal Phase
New Traffic Engineering MOEs
Traditional
•
Level of Service (auto)•
Delay reduction (speed)
•
Highest functional classification (capacity)
•
Parking capacity (individual parcel)
Place-Based
•
Level of Service (multi- modal)
•
Delay management (speed appropriate)
•
Most context sensitive functional classification (multi-modal and internal capacity)
•
Parking capacity (park once district/multiple parcels)
Networks Made of Walkable
Streets
Street Level Urban RedesignA redesign can do many things to improve the function, appearance and safety of a roadway. It can be accomplished by:
Removing lanes from a multi-lane roadway4 lane to 3 lane conversionsCreate parking and/or bike lanes out of existing lanesWidening sidewalks to encourage pedestrian activity