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Smart Textiles Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option Dr Tilak Dias School of Materials The University of Manchester, UK

Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

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Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)By Tilak Dias School of MaterialsThe University of Manchester, UK

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Page 1: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan TextilesThe Electronic Textiles Option

Dr Tilak DiasSchool of MaterialsThe University of Manchester, UK

Page 2: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Tilak Dias

• All current commodity textiles are passive;

i.e. not capable of adapting to environmental

changes

• Current technical textiles are engineered to

perform within a defined set of parameters; may

have the ability to adapt to changes within very

narrow bandwidth of environmental changes

Introduction

Page 3: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Question

What are they ?

Tilak Dias

Next generation of textiles will be active and

intelligent;

i.e. they would be able to adapt to changes in

the environment

Introduction

Page 4: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

SMART & Intelligent Knitted Structures

Core Elements

Tilak Dias

Knitted transducers

Intelligent signal processing

Knitted actuators

Page 5: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Tilak Dias

Background

Page 6: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Tilak Dias

Background

Research team:

• Anura Fernando

• Edward Lay

• Kim Mitcham

• Ravindra Monaragala

• Ravindra Wijesiriwardana

• William Hurley

Page 7: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Research in Electro-textiles

• Heat generating knitted structures

• Knitted transducers and sensors

• Light emitting fabrics

• Electronically active yarns

Tilak Dias

Page 8: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Electrically Active Knitted Structures

Electro Conductive Area (ECA)

Concept of creating textiles with significant electrical properties:Incorporate conductive elements into the structure

knitted structure

Tilak Dias

Page 9: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Advantage of using knitted structures

Tilak Dias

Science and Technology Base

Page 10: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Use of electro-conductive fibres/yarns

Metal yarns (mono-filament and multi-filament)

Metal deposition yarns

Carbon fibres and yarns

Conducting polymeric yarns

Stainless steel yarn

Tilak Dias

Creation of ECA

Page 11: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Use of electro-conductive fibres/yarns

Metal yarns (mono-filament and multi-filament)

Metal deposition yarns

Carbon fibres and yarns

Conducting polymeric yarns

PA yarn vacuum coated with Ag nano layer

Tilak Dias

Creation of ECA

Page 12: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Use of electro-conductive fibres/yarns

Metal yarns (mono-filament and multi-filament)

Metal deposition yarns

Carbon fibres and yarns

Conducting polymeric yarns

Silicone monofilament yarn loaded with Carbon (0.5mm diameter); FabRoc®

Tilak Dias

Creation of ECA

Page 13: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Computerised flat-bed knitting technology to create

three dimensionally shaped seamless stockings

Stoll CMS 330.6, E18

Tilak Dias

Scan2Knit Technology

Page 14: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

• Precision positioning of fibers in 3D space

• Ability to create seamless 3D structures

• Multilayer structures

• True seamless garment knitting techniques

• “Scan2Knit” technology

Advantages of using modern computerised flat-

bed knitting technology to create medical textiles

Tilak Dias

Page 15: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Base structure

ECA

Tilak Dias

Conductive pathway 2

Example of a knitted sensorConductive pathway 1

Page 16: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Unit Cell - Stitch Electrical Equivalent Circuit

RH

RH

RLRL

Modelling

Tilak Dias

Page 17: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Calculation of RH and RL

A

LR

leg

L

RL Resistance of the stitch leg

Lleg Yarn length in the stitch leg

A Yarn cross sectional area

ρ Resistivity of yarn

A

LR head

H

RH Resistance of the stitch head

Lhead Yarn length in the stitch head

A Yarn cross sectional area

ρ Resistivity of yarn

Modelling

Tilak Dias

Page 18: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Equivalent resistive mesh circuit of the ECA

Dimensions of the ECA: m courses x n wales

Modelling

Relationship between equivalent resistance and stitch density of the ECA

Assumption: Lleg = 2 Lhead

Tilak Dias

05

1015

20

0

10

2010

12

14

16

18

20

22

Equ

ival

en

t R

esi

stan

ce (

Req

)

Page 19: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Current Distribution in Stitch Heads

Current Distribution in Stitch Legs

Temperature Distribution in Stitch Heads

Temperature Distribution in Stitch Legs

Tilak Dias

Theoretical Prediction of Current Distribution

Page 20: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

ThermoKnit® heater elements (ECA)

Power Vs Temperature (Room temp: 25°C ) Voltage Vs Average Steady State Temperature (Room temp: 25°C)

Heating Glove

Tilak Dias

Conductive pathways

Page 21: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Motivation:Development of Next Generation of Textiles for the Automotive Industry

Knitted Switch Technology “K-Switch”

• Heating textiles

Industry Requirement:

• Textile based switches and sensors with electro conductive pathways

• Light emitting textiles (headliners)

Tilak Dias

Page 22: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Knitted structure with 4 dual ECAs (K-Switches)

Knitted structure 20mm

ECA2

ECA1

Constructional information: The minimum gap between the ECAs:• Yarn filament diameter;• Stitch length

Tilak Dias

Principle of operation:

Measurement of DC resistance between

the two ECAs

Page 23: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

K-Switch Technology

DC Resistance variation

Determined with a precision digital multimeter under two wire resistance measurement configuration at 0.1s sample rate

Tilak Dias

Operation of the K-Switch

Principle of operation:Measurement of the DC resistance between the two ECAs

Page 24: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

K-Switch Technology

DC Resistance variation with time

Tilak Dias

Observation: less than 300µs settling time

Page 25: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

K-Switch Technology Applications

Tilak Dias

Page 26: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Analysis

Advantages:

• Easy and reliable manufacture

• Higher degree of design capability (3 yarn jacquard knitting)

• Cost effective manufacture

• Higher durability and life time

• Straightforward integration of K-Switches for different applications

K-Switch Technology

Limitations:

• Simple electronics

• Switch characteristics depends on skin resistance

• Ineffective to other materials

Tilak Dias

Page 27: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Modelling of Impedance between the ECAs

K-Switch Technology

Tilak Dias

Cole-Cole model equivalent circuit of the ECA - Skin - ECA Impedance

Page 28: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

K-S

wit

ch T

ech

no

logy

Tilak Dias

Imp

ed

ance

in M

Ω

Frequency in MHz

Open circuit impedance is 0.1954 MΩ at frequencies greater than 2 MHz

Influence of the measurement frequency on the impedance - open circuit of the ECAs

Page 29: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

K-S

wit

ch T

ech

no

logy

Tilak Dias

Impedance characteristics of K-Switch Closed circuit of the ECAs

Page 30: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

K-S

wit

ch T

ech

no

logy

Tilak Dias

Impedance characteristics of K-Switch Closed circuit of the ECAs

Page 31: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Electro-Luminescent Fibre Structures

Theoretical background:Exposure of an electroluminescent substance to a high frequency electrical field radiate light

The state-of-the-art

EL polymer sheetsScreen printing micro-encapsulated phosphors (Osram) on to plastic sheets

Plastic sheet (base)

Silver layer (µm)

2 dielectric layers (µm)

EL layer (µm) Conductive transparent layer (µm)

Tilak Dias

Page 32: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

EL Yarn Technology

Motivation:

Develop EL Yarns which could be integrated into textile structures

1. Electro-conductive yarn2. Dielectric layer3. EL layer4. Transparent protective

layer5. Conductive wire

Concept

Tilak Dias

Page 33: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Experimental Rig

Tilak Dias

Page 34: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Knitted EL Samples

Activated – low frequency

Activated – high frequency

Tilak Dias

Not activated

Page 35: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Application of EL Fibres

Tilak Dias

• Light Emitting Textiles

• Transport sector, passenger cabin design of vehicles; e.g. headliners, carpets, upholstery

• Advertising industry; e.g. flexible and drapable billboards and notice boards

• Buildings; e.g. ceilings, walls, carpets

• Household products; e.g. curtains, furniture fabrics, wall hangings, lamp shades, decorative products

• Safety and security products

• Light Emitting Braids and Ropes• Safety and security products• Decorative and fashion products

Page 36: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Suggestion from School of Medicine, University of Manchester

Background

Initiation of partnership between Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering (ISBE), Medical School; Digital Signal Processing Group (DSPG), School of Electrical & Electronics, and Department of Textiles (UMIST) in 2002

Setting-up research team for Science & Technology development

Initial funding from The Department of Trade and Industry, UK

Garment System for vital sign monitoring

Tilak Dias

Page 37: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Research Achievements

• Creation of Science base for knitted transducers• Knitted dry electrodes• Knitted strain gauges• Knitted inductive sensors • Knitted conductive pathways

• Development of technology for producing a garment with integrally knitted sensors and conductive pathways

• Development of vest with 2 lead ECG (proof of concept)

Tilak Dias

Page 38: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Commercialisation of Technology

• Raised funds by SmartLife® for development of core technology in the University (SoM, ISBE, DSPG)

• Development of “Health Vest” with 3 leads ECG, Respiratory and Skin Temperature monitoring

• Development of hardware and signal processing software

• IPR protected by UMIP1 core patent

• IPR assigned to a group of entrepreneurs

• Formation of a joint venture company by UMIPSmartLife® Technology Ltd

Tilak Dias

Page 39: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Tilak Dias

2004 2007

20

04

SmartLife® Health Vest

Page 40: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Signal comparison

Signal from standard Ag/AgCl Gel electrodes Signal from SmartLife® electrodes

Signal Section

Amplitude (mV) Duration (ms)

Ag/AgCl Vest Ag/AgCl Vest

P wave 0.2 0.3 120 120

QRS complex 2.0 2.5 80 80

T wave 0.5 0.5 240 240

Tilak Dias

Page 41: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Target Markets

1. Health, Wellbeing & Homecare Market size e.g. cardiovascular: ECG US$8bn1

Predictive monitoring

Clinical monitoring of patients in their own homes

2. Sports Estimated market size US$2bn – Professional Personal monitoring Training, lifestyle, personal

3. Hazardous Environment – first responders, military Estimated market size US$2bn

[1] Global Market For Patient Monitoring devices US$11.4bn (Frost & Sullivan 2005)

Tilak Dias

Page 42: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Current Research

Sensor sock for drop foot detection

High frequency textile antenna

Tilak Dias

Page 43: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Electronically functional yarns

Tilak Dias

Future ……

Fibres and yarns with

sensors, transducers

and activators

Page 44: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Fibres/Yarn Manufacture

Fabric Manufacture

Garment Manufacture

GA

RM

ENT

Key process steps Integration of electronic devices with apparels

1st

Ge

ne

rati

on

1st

Ge

ne

rati

on

2n

dG

en

era

tio

n

3rd

Ge

ne

rati

on

Apparel Manufacturing Process Interface

Active and sensory micro-devices

Tilak Dias

Page 45: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Technology is based on the encapsulated area not exceeding 110% of the thread thickness

Electronically active and sensor fibres

Tilak Dias

Page 46: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Vision

The development of novel technology for

fabricating electronically active and sensor

fibres which will be the basic building blocks of

the next generation ‘SMART’ fibrous materials

Tilak Dias

Page 47: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Micro-device Encapsulation Technology

Involves encapsulating devices with a flexible hermetic seal for mechanical, thermal and electrical protection

Tilak Dias

Page 48: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

μ-devices:

• electronic chips

• magnetic devices

• optical devices

• thermal devices

Schematic diagram of a yarn device

• Development of the concept of encapsulating

• Mathematical modelling

• Design and development of an experimental rig

• Demonstrator E-Yarn with a working diode (LED) and RFID tag

MET Platform

Tilak Dias

Page 49: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

MET Platform

Tilak Dias

Page 50: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Tilak Dias

INVENTION

Micro-device Encapsulation Technology Platform

Prototype Demonstrator ?

Page 51: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Yarn with a working Diode (0.4 x 1.0 x 0.3 mm LED)

Light Emitting Fibres

Energised

Tilak Dias

Demonstrator 1

Page 52: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Light Emitting Garments

Tilak Dias

Events Garments

Page 53: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

RFID Fibres

Aim: Development of MET for embedding Hitachi MU Tag

Demonstrator 2

Tilak Dias

© C

op

yri

gh

t E

nte

llF

ibre

s L

td 2

00

8

Page 54: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Development of sensory yarn capable of:

• Monitoring strain/stress

• Sensing temperature

• Pressure measurement

• Sensing fluids/liquids

Current Research

Development of light emitting fabrics

• Active fashion garments

• Displays

Tilak Dias

Page 55: Smart Textiles – Adding Value to Sri Lankan Textiles The Electronic Textiles Option (Handout)

Thank You