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Seawater Earth is an Ocean Planet

Seawater constituent

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Page 1: Seawater constituent

Seawater

Earth is an Ocean Planet

Page 2: Seawater constituent

Topics

• Origin of the Ocean and Atmosphere

• Hydrologic Cycle

• Biogeochemical Cycle

• Seawater Salinity

• Variations in Seawater Chemistry

• Carbonic Acid System

Page 3: Seawater constituent

Topics

• Origin of the Ocean and Atmosphere

• Hydrologic Cycle

• Biogeochemical Cycle

• Seawater Salinity

• Variations in Seawater Chemistry

• Carbonic Acid System

Page 4: Seawater constituent

Seawater Salinity

Page 5: Seawater constituent

Seawater SalinityMajor Constituents, Minor Constituents, Trace

Elements, and Gases

Page 6: Seawater constituent
Page 7: Seawater constituent

Seawater is 96.5% H2O (solvent)

Page 8: Seawater constituent

Seawater is 96.5% H2O (solvent)

3.5% dissolved constituents (solutes)

Page 9: Seawater constituent

Seawater Constituents

Page 10: Seawater constituent

Seawater Constituents

• Four categories of solutes:

Page 11: Seawater constituent

Seawater Constituents

• Four categories of solutes:1. Major constituents

Page 12: Seawater constituent

Seawater Constituents

• Four categories of solutes:1. Major constituents2. Minor constituents

Page 13: Seawater constituent

Seawater Constituents

• Four categories of solutes:1. Major constituents2. Minor constituents3. Trace elements

Page 14: Seawater constituent

Seawater Constituents

• Four categories of solutes:1. Major constituents2. Minor constituents3. Trace elements4. Gases

Page 15: Seawater constituent

Salinity

Page 16: Seawater constituent

Salinity

• Salinity of seawater is relatively uniform

Page 17: Seawater constituent

Salinity

• Salinity of seawater is relatively uniform• Small changes are significant

Page 18: Seawater constituent

Salinity

• Salinity of seawater is relatively uniform• Small changes are significant• Examples:

3.40%3.49%

Page 19: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

Page 20: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

Page 21: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

• 3.5 per cent

Page 22: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

• 3.5 per cent

• 3.5 parts per hundred

Page 23: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

• 3.5 per cent

• 3.5 parts per hundred

• 35‰

Page 24: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

• 3.5 per cent

• 3.5 parts per hundred

• 35‰

• 35 per mil

Page 25: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

• 3.5 per cent

• 3.5 parts per hundred

• 35‰

• 35 per mil

• 35 parts per thousand

Page 26: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

• 3.5 per cent

• 3.5 parts per hundred

• 35‰

• 35 per mil

• 35 parts per thousand

35 ppt

Page 27: Seawater constituent

Average Salinity

• 3.5%

• 3.5 per cent

• 3.5 parts per hundred

• 35‰

• 35 per mil

• 35 parts per thousand

35 ppt34.7 ppt

Page 28: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

Page 29: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

• Most seawater constituents are ions

Page 30: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

• Most seawater constituents are ions• e.g. Cl- and Na+

Page 31: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

• Most seawater constituents are ions• e.g. Cl- and Na+

• Six major constituents

Page 32: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

• Most seawater constituents are ions• e.g. Cl- and Na+

• Six major constituents• Constitute >99% of seawater salinity

Page 33: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

• Most seawater constituents are ions• e.g. Cl- and Na+

• Six major constituents• Constitute >99% of seawater salinity• Concentrations of the major constituents

determine the salinity of seawater

Page 34: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

Page 35: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

1. Cl-

Page 36: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

1. Cl-

2. Na+

Page 37: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

1. Cl-

2. Na+

3. SO42-

Page 38: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

1. Cl-

2. Na+

3. SO42-

4. Mg2+

Page 39: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

1. Cl-

2. Na+

3. SO42-

4. Mg2+

5. Ca2+

Page 40: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

1. Cl-

2. Na+

3. SO42-

4. Mg2+

5. Ca2+

6. K+

Page 41: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

1. Cl-

2. Na+

3. SO42-

4. Mg2+

5. Ca2+

6. K+

Page 42: Seawater constituent

Salinity of Seawater

Page 43: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

Page 44: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

Page 45: Seawater constituent

NaCl86%

Page 46: Seawater constituent

Range of Salinity

Page 47: Seawater constituent

Range of Salinity

• Salinity is relatively uniform - 35 ppt

Page 48: Seawater constituent

Range of Salinity

• Salinity is relatively uniform - 35 ppt• Salinity varies (over a small range)

Page 49: Seawater constituent

Range of Salinity

• Salinity is relatively uniform - 35 ppt• Salinity varies (over a small range)• General range of variation in the open

ocean is 33-37 ppt

Page 50: Seawater constituent

Range of Salinity

• Salinity is relatively uniform - 35 ppt• Salinity varies (over a small range)• General range of variation in the open

ocean is 33-37 ppt

33 ppt - 37 ppt

Page 51: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

Page 52: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Despite small variations in seawater salinity, the relative proportions of the major constituents are constant

Page 53: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Despite small variations in seawater salinity, the relative proportions of the major constituents are constant

• Also called the principle of constant proportions

Page 54: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

Example of Marcet’s Principle:

Page 55: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1

Example of Marcet’s Principle:

Page 56: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt

Example of Marcet’s Principle:

Page 57: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = x

Example of Marcet’s Principle:

Page 58: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = x• Mg/K = y

Example of Marcet’s Principle:

Page 59: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = x• Mg/K = y• Ca/SO4 = z

Example of Marcet’s Principle:

Page 60: Seawater constituent

Cl/Na

Page 61: Seawater constituent

Cl/Na

Page 62: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = y• Ca/SO4 = z

Page 63: Seawater constituent

Mg/K

Page 64: Seawater constituent

Mg/K

Page 65: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = z

Page 66: Seawater constituent

Ca/SO4

Page 67: Seawater constituent

Ca/SO4

Page 68: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

Page 69: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

Page 70: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

• Station 2

Page 71: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

• Station 2• Salinity - 36.3 ppt

Page 72: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

• Station 2• Salinity - 36.3 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8

Page 73: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

• Station 2• Salinity - 36.3 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4

Page 74: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Station 1• Salinity - 33.9 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

• Station 2• Salinity - 36.3 ppt• Cl/Na = 1.8• Mg/K = 3.4• Ca/SO4 = 0.15

Page 75: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

Page 76: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Despite small variations in seawater salinity, the relative proportions of the major constituents are constant

Page 77: Seawater constituent

Marcet’s Principle

• Despite small variations in seawater salinity, the relative proportions of the major constituents are constant

• The principle of constant proportions

Page 78: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

Page 79: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Station 3: salinity = x

Page 80: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Station 3: salinity = x• To determine the salinity at a location,

oceanographers need to know the concentrations of the major constituents

Page 81: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Station 3: salinity = x• To determine the salinity at a location,

oceanographers need to know the concentrations of the major constituents

• Constitute >99% of seawater salinity

Page 82: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Station 3: salinity = x• To determine the salinity at a location,

oceanographers need to know the concentrations of the major constituents

• Constitute >99% of seawater salinity• Concentrations of the major constituents

determine the salinity of seawater

Page 83: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

Page 84: Seawater constituent

Question

Page 85: Seawater constituent

Question

• Considering Marcet’s principle -

Page 86: Seawater constituent

Question

• Considering Marcet’s principle -how many of the major constituents must be measured to determine the salinity of seawater?

Page 87: Seawater constituent

Major Constituents

Page 88: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

Page 89: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Only need to measure the concentration of one major constituent

Page 90: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Only need to measure the concentration of one major constituent

• Use Marcet’s principle to calculate the concentrations of the other constituents

Page 91: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Only need to measure the concentration of one major constituent

• Use Marcet’s principle to calculate the concentrations of the other constituents

• Which major constituent generally is measured?

Page 92: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Only need to measure the concentration of one major constituent

• Use Marcet’s principle to calculate the concentrations of the other constituents

• Which major constituent generally is measured?

• Cl-

Page 93: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

Page 94: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure the concentration of Cl-

Page 95: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure the concentration of Cl-

• Cl- = 19.35 ppt

Page 96: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure the concentration of Cl-

• Cl- = 19.35 ppt• Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Page 97: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure the concentration of Cl-

• Cl- = 19.35 ppt• Cl-/Na+ = 1.8• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

Page 98: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure the concentration of Cl-

• Cl- = 19.35 ppt• Cl-/Na+ = 1.8• Na+/Cl- = 0.56• 19.35 x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

Page 99: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure the concentration of Cl-

• Cl- = 19.35 ppt• Cl-/Na+ = 1.8• Na+/Cl- = 0.56• 19.35 x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

measure Cl-

calculate Na+

Page 100: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

Page 101: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

Page 102: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

Page 103: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

Page 104: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

Page 105: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

Page 106: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

Page 107: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

• 19.35 ppt

Page 108: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

• 19.35 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

Page 109: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

• 19.35 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.14 = 2.7 ppt

Page 110: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

• 19.35 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.14 = 2.7 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.07 = 1.3 ppt

Page 111: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

• 19.35 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.14 = 2.7 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.07 = 1.3 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.02 = 0.4 ppt

Page 112: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

• 19.35 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.14 = 2.7 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.07 = 1.3 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.02 = 0.4 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.02 = 0.4 ppt

Page 113: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• Measure Cl-

• Na+/Cl- = 0.56

• SO42-/Cl- = 0.14

• Mg2+/Cl- = 0.07

• Ca2+/Cl- = 0.02

• K+/Cl- = 0.02

• 19.35 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.56 = 10.8 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.14 = 2.7 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.07 = 1.3 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.02 = 0.4 ppt

• 19.35 ppt x 0.02 = 0.4 ppt

35.0 ppt

Page 114: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

Page 115: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• To determine salinity within 1%, need to know the concentrations of only the major constituents

Page 116: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• To determine salinity within 1%, need to know the concentrations of only the major constituents

• Major constituents are >99% of salinity

Page 117: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• To determine salinity within 1%, need to know the concentrations of only the major constituents

• Major constituents are >99% of salinity• Only have to measure one major

constituents to determine salinity

Page 118: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• To determine salinity within 1%, need to know the concentrations of only the major constituents

• Major constituents are >99% of salinity• Only have to measure one major

constituents to determine salinity• Measure one constituent and calculate

the others using Marcet’s principle

Page 119: Seawater constituent

Determine Salinity

• To determine salinity within 1%, need to know the concentrations of only the major constituents

• Major constituents are >99% of salinity• Only have to measure one major

constituents to determine salinity• Measure one constituent and calculate

the others using Marcet’s principle• Generally measure Cl-

Page 120: Seawater constituent

Conservative Property

Page 121: Seawater constituent

Conservative Property

• Concentrations of the major constituents are conservative properties of seawater

Page 122: Seawater constituent

Conservative Property

• Concentrations of the major constituents are conservative properties of seawater

• Conservative properties are

Page 123: Seawater constituent

Conservative Property

• Concentrations of the major constituents are conservative properties of seawater

• Conservative properties are1. altered primarily at the ocean’s surface

Page 124: Seawater constituent

Conservative Property

• Concentrations of the major constituents are conservative properties of seawater

• Conservative properties are1. altered primarily at the ocean’s surface2. not significantly affected by biological activity

Page 125: Seawater constituent

Change Salinity

Page 126: Seawater constituent

• Salinity is altered primarily at the ocean’s surface by

Change Salinity

Page 127: Seawater constituent

• Salinity is altered primarily at the ocean’s surface by

1. addition of water (precipitation)

Change Salinity

Page 128: Seawater constituent

• Salinity is altered primarily at the ocean’s surface by

1. addition of water (precipitation)2. removal of water (evaporation)

Change Salinity

Page 129: Seawater constituent

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Despite small variations in seawater salinity, the relative

proportions of the major constituents are constant

Page 130: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 131: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 132: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

37 ppt

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 133: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

37 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 134: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

37 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 135: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

Na+

Cl- Cl-

37 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 136: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

Na+

Cl- Cl-

37 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

33 ppt

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 137: Seawater constituent

Na+

Cl- Cl-

35 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Na+

Cl- Cl-

Na+

Cl- Cl-

37 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

33 ppt

Cl-/Na+ = 1.8

Explains Marcet’s Principle

Page 138: Seawater constituent

Uniformity of Salinity

Page 139: Seawater constituent

• Why is salinity relatively uniform?

Uniformity of Salinity

Page 140: Seawater constituent

• Why is salinity relatively uniform?a small open ocean range of 33-37 ppt

Uniformity of Salinity

Page 141: Seawater constituent

• Why is salinity relatively uniform?a small open ocean range of 33-37 ppt

• Uniform because the ocean is well mixed

Uniformity of Salinity

Page 142: Seawater constituent

• Why is salinity relatively uniform?a small open ocean range of 33-37 ppt

• Uniform because the ocean is well mixed• To explain how the ocean became well mixed,

oceanographers use the

Uniformity of Salinity

Page 143: Seawater constituent

• Why is salinity relatively uniform?a small open ocean range of 33-37 ppt

• Uniform because the ocean is well mixed• To explain how the ocean became well mixed,

oceanographers use thelong residence times of the major constituents

Uniformity of Salinity

Page 144: Seawater constituent

• Why is salinity relatively uniform?a small open ocean range of 33-37 ppt

• Uniform because the ocean is well mixed• To explain how the ocean became well mixed,

oceanographers use thelong residence times of the major constituentsshort mixing time of the ocean

Uniformity of Salinity

Page 145: Seawater constituent
Page 146: Seawater constituent
Page 147: Seawater constituent

All of the major constituentshave residence times > 106 yr

Page 148: Seawater constituent

Ocean Mixing pattern

Atlantic Indian Pacific

Page 149: Seawater constituent

Ocean Mixing pattern

Atlantic Indian Pacific

Page 150: Seawater constituent

Ocean Mixing pattern

Atlantic Indian Pacific

Page 151: Seawater constituent

Ocean Mixing pattern

Atlantic Indian Pacific

Page 152: Seawater constituent

Ocean Mixing pattern

Atlantic Indian Pacific

Page 153: Seawater constituent

Ocean Mixing pattern

Atlantic Indian Pacific

Mixing time ≈ 1000 yr

Page 154: Seawater constituent

Ocean Mixing pattern

Mixing time ≈ 1000 yr

Page 155: Seawater constituent

Ocean Is Well Mixed

Page 156: Seawater constituent

Ocean Is Well Mixed

• Residence times of the major constituents are much, much longer than the mixing time

Page 157: Seawater constituent

Ocean Is Well Mixed

• Residence times of the major constituents are much, much longer than the mixing time

1,000,000 yr >>> 1,000 yr

Page 158: Seawater constituent

Ocean Is Well Mixed

• Residence times of the major constituents are much, much longer than the mixing time

1,000,000 yr >>> 1,000 yr106 yr >>> 103 yr

Page 159: Seawater constituent

Ocean Is Well Mixed

• Residence times of the major constituents are much, much longer than the mixing time

1,000,000 yr >>> 1,000 yr106 yr >>> 103 yr

• Residence time/mixing time = X

Page 160: Seawater constituent

Ocean Is Well Mixed

• Residence times of the major constituents are much, much longer than the mixing time

1,000,000 yr >>> 1,000 yr106 yr >>> 103 yr

• Residence time/mixing time = X106 yr/103 yr = 103

Page 161: Seawater constituent

Ocean Is Well Mixed

• Residence times of the major constituents are much, much longer than the mixing time

1,000,000 yr >>> 1,000 yr106 yr >>> 103 yr

• Residence time/mixing time = X106 yr/103 yr = 103

• In 1,000,000 yr, the ocean mixes itself 1000x

Page 162: Seawater constituent

Minor Constituentsand Trace Elements

Page 163: Seawater constituent

Minor Constituentsand Trace Elements

• Minor constituents measured in ppm

Page 164: Seawater constituent

Minor Constituentsand Trace Elements

• Minor constituents measured in ppm• Trace elements measured in ppb or pptr

Page 165: Seawater constituent

Minor Constituentsand Trace Elements

• Minor constituents measured in ppm• Trace elements measured in ppb or pptr• In general,

Page 166: Seawater constituent

Minor Constituentsand Trace Elements

• Minor constituents measured in ppm• Trace elements measured in ppb or pptr• In general,

Marcet’s principle does not apply

Page 167: Seawater constituent

Minor Constituentsand Trace Elements

• Minor constituents measured in ppm• Trace elements measured in ppb or pptr• In general,

Marcet’s principle does not applytend to be nonconservative

Page 168: Seawater constituent

Minor Constituentsand Trace Elements

• Minor constituents measured in ppm• Trace elements measured in ppb or pptr• In general,

Marcet’s principle does not applytend to be nonconservativetend to have shorter residence times

Page 169: Seawater constituent
Page 170: Seawater constituent

Biolimiting Nutrients

Page 171: Seawater constituent

Biolimiting Nutrients

• Primary biolimiting nutrients are in trace concentrations:

N, P, Si, Fe

Page 172: Seawater constituent
Page 173: Seawater constituent

Nutrient concentrations are low in the open ocean

Page 174: Seawater constituent

Nutrient concentrations are low in the open ocean

Water is clear

Page 175: Seawater constituent
Page 176: Seawater constituent

Atmospheric Gases

Page 177: Seawater constituent

Gases

Page 178: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

Page 179: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

N2 - 78%

Page 180: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

N2 - 78%

O2 - 21%

Page 181: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

N2 - 78%

O2 - 21%

CO2 - 0.035%

Page 182: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

N2 - 78%

O2 - 21%

CO2 - 0.035%

• Oceanic Gases

Page 183: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

N2 - 78%

O2 - 21%

CO2 - 0.035%

• Oceanic Gases

N2 - 48%

Page 184: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

N2 - 78%

O2 - 21%

CO2 - 0.035%

• Oceanic Gases

N2 - 48%

O2 - 36%

Page 185: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Atmospheric Gases

N2 - 78%

O2 - 21%

CO2 - 0.035%

• Oceanic Gases

N2 - 48%

O2 - 36%

CO2 - 15%

Page 186: Seawater constituent

Gases

Page 187: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Are N2, O2, and CO2 conservative or nonconservative?

Page 188: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Are N2, O2, and CO2 conservative or nonconservative?

• N2 is conservative

Page 189: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Are N2, O2, and CO2 conservative or nonconservative?

• N2 is conservative• O2 is nonconservative

Page 190: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Are N2, O2, and CO2 conservative or nonconservative?

• N2 is conservative• O2 is nonconservative• CO2 is nonconservative

Page 191: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Are N2, O2, and CO2 conservative or nonconservative?

• N2 is conservative• O2 is nonconservative• CO2 is nonconservative

Both O2 and CO2 are strongly affected by biological activity

Page 192: Seawater constituent

Gases

• Are N2, O2, and CO2 conservative or nonconservative?

• N2 is conservative• O2 is nonconservative• CO2 is nonconservative

Both O2 and CO2 are strongly affected by biological activityThe concentrations of O2 and CO2 are altered below the ocean’s surface

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Page 194: Seawater constituent
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Banded Ironstone