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APragma(cWebWorkshop
I‐SEMANTICS'09GRAZ
Pragma(csinaSemio(cFrameworkbuiltonaSeman(cTheorybasedonaPresen(stOntologyofActualismleadingtotheconceptofOntologicalDependencyandaSeman(cNormalFormwithSeman(cTemporalDB¿abletosupportanOpenCommon“Ontology”?withpragma(ctoolsforwebdiscourse
finallya SMALLCASESTUDY
©RonaldKStamper2009
Semio(cFramework
SEMIOTICFRAMEWORK seman:csof“informa:on”
HumanInforma:onFunc:ons(neglected)
SOCIALWORLD:norms,law,culture, aWtudes,values,beliefscommitments, norms
EFFECTIVENESS PRAGMATICS:inten(ons,communica(ons, conversa(ons,nego(a(ons sign‐tokens SEMANTICS:meaning,significa(on,denota(on, connota(on,validity,truth‐falsehood sign‐types
TechnicalPlaLorm(dominant)
SYNTACTICS:formalstructure,logic, sign‐typesEFFICIENCY languagesyntax,so[ware,data,files
EMPIRICS:pa\ern,variety,noise,entropy, populaDonsof channelcapacity,redundancy,efficiencycodes sign‐tokens PHYSICALWORLD:signals,traces,hardware,speed, energyandmaterialconsump(on,infoeconomics sign‐tokens
©RonaldKStamper2009
ANEMPIRICALAPPROACHTOISASAHUMANSYSTEM–LAWTO‘PROGRAM’PEOPLE
A 1m shelf of legal norms gives rise to the huge DSS bureaucracy
Via 400, 5cm books of clerical codes (info flow) for 20% of the norms
+ of which 10% can be automated – requiring programs and piles of documentation
Why not formalise 2% of those legal norms and generate the systems directly?
©RonaldKStamper2009
INFORMATIONFIELDMODEL
norms
signs
environment
action
observation
expressioninterpretation
attitudes
Overlappinggroupsofpeoplesharingnormsdefineinforma(onfields
Normsdeterminethesigns/informa(onrequirements
Newmethodsdefineasystemofnorms
Currentfocusonsignmovementsandtransforma(on
COMPANYABCLtd
COMPANYXYZLtd
CityCouncil
Accountany profession
NorwichCity
:Informa(onfieldsdefinedbysharednorms
©RonaldKStamper2009
KEYPROBLEMSINTHEHUMANINFORMATIONSYSTEM
roleofsignsinrela:onwithnorms
meaningof“meaning”andhence
natureofreality
responsibilityforlinkingdataandreality
historyandDmewhenthingsexist
Thelawpointstheway
itrequiresevidence,bothmaterialandverbalfromwitnesses
especiallyevidenceofinten:ons
THESECONCEPTSARENOTOPTIONALEXTRAS
BUTOBLIGATORYFORSEMANTICANDPRAGMATICANALYSES
Between ©RonaldKStamper2009
Percep(onandmeaning ©RonaldKStamper2009
ANENGINEER’SONTOLOGY
if<SIGN>denotes<THING>thenTAKEMEBYTHEHANDandSHOWME
ifsuccessfulI’llacceptthatthe<THING>EXISTS
Thisontologyappearsrestric(vebut
itisnot©RonaldKStamper2009
AFFORDANCES‐PerceptualNorms
Whatdoestheworldconsistof(ourontologicalassump:on)?
Gibson’stheoryofinvariantaffordances
organismsperceivetherepertoiresofbehaviourthatenablethemtosurvivephysically
wecreateoursocialrealitywithnormsdefiningaddi(onalinvariantrepertoiresofbehaviour
EXAMPLES:towards,cup,copyright
Actualism–anontologyforengineers1) Norealitywithoutaknowingagent
2) Noknowledgeoftheworldwithoutac:on
©RonaldKStamper2009
Endofpassivelook‐and‐perceive
Findusefulinvariantsinthefluxofac:onandeventstoconstructtheknowableworld
Towards©RonaldKStamper2009
OntologicalDependency ofeachaffordanceuponitsantecedents
Gibson’stheorysuggestsaformalSyntax
fornormsandaffordances
AGENTaffordance Johnball
WhenanAgentrealizesanaffordanceitbecomesamodifiedAgent:
(AGENTaffordance1)affordance2 Johnballthrow
withonedirectantecedent
Twocoexis(ngrealiza(onsmayaffordotherones:
AGENTaffordance1whileAGENTaffordance2 JohnballwhileJohnbat
affordsanotherone:
AGENT(affordance1whileaffordance2)affordance3
John(ballwhilebat)hit
withtwodirectantecedents
SyntaxofNorma
©RonaldKStamper2009
©RonaldKStamper2009
Epistemicproblem
ORGANISMSOCIETY
©RonaldKStamper2009
Seman:cNormalForm (vs.OO,ER,Rela:onal...Models)
affordance=invariantrepertoireofbehaviour(NOTdataitem)
affordanceonlyexistsduringco‐existenceofallthoseinitsstem
maximumoftwodirectantecedentsperaffordance
representsthehere‐and‐now,theonly(mewecanknowdirectly
pastandfuture(mesconstructedusingsigns(informa(on)
PRESENTISM
Rootagent affordanceSTEM BRANCH
COLLATERALBRANCHES
COLLATERALBRANCHES
SURROGATESTRUCTURE
$SurrogatenumbersUniversalaffordance
1Antecedent‐12[Antecedent‐2]+Start ‐Finish @Authorityforstart&Authorityforfinish
GEOMETRY
THERULES
©RonaldKStamper2009
Berkeley's ontology: God perceives all
Satirised in the limerick: There was a young man who said "God Must think it exceedingly odd If he finds that this tree Continues to be When there's no one about in the Quad."
Ronald Knox replied:
"Dear Sir, your astonishment's odd; I am always about in the Quad And that's why this tree Will continue to be Since observed by Yours faithfully, God."
PRESENTISM’sCHALLENCEEVADED
©RonaldKStamper2009
©RonaldKStamper2009
Gibson:DirectPercep:onofMaterialWorld
IsolatedAgentsBuildSeparateReali:es
HumanSocietyenablesustoshareexperiencesandbuildasharedreality
Thislargelyindirectlyperceivedworldexiststhroughsharedperceptualnorms,
thesocialinvariantsequivalenttoGibson’saffordancesforthematerialworld,
forwhichSocietyatlargeistheperceivingAgent
©RonaldKStamper2009
INTRINSICSURROGATEATTRIBUTES(notop:onalextras)
• $Surrogatenumber• sUniversalaffordance• 1Antecedent‐1• 2[Antecedent‐2]• +Start • ‐Finish • @Authorityforstart KEYTOPRAGMATIC• &Authorityforfinish STATUS
@&=comm.act(document),norm,agent...©RonaldKStamper2009
Thankyou!
Yourques(onsandcomments,please
(CaseStudyFollows)
©RonaldKStamper2009
CASESTUDYONPRAGMATICSAbureaucra(cstorywithadashof
romance
• somedra[schemas• howimplemented
• problemsraised
• valueofcanonicalschema
• ¿opensourceschemapossible?
• ¿whatissuesshouldweinves(gate?• ¿arethesetoolssuitable?
©RonaldKStamper2009
Escapefromhere‐and‐now
acceptance
Seman:cTemporalDataBase
©RonaldKStamper2009
Firstdramschemaforabirthcer:ficate
Whatismissing?
©RonaldKStamper2009
Seconddramschemaforabirthcer:ficate
©RonaldKStamper2009
x acquires British citizenship by section 1.1 on date y = A(x,y) x is born in the U.K. = B(x) x was born on date y = D(x,y) y is after or on commencement = C(y)
B(x) & D(x,y) & C(y) then A(x,y) UK 1981-Ch28.S1.1: start of (citizenship (x, Britain)) =
start of (x) while in (x, UK) while in force (UK 1981-Ch28) start authority of x = UK 1981-Ch28.S1.1
FirstOrderPredicateLogic/Norma
day
Society
nation
Britain
territory
person
in
citizenship
statute
UK 1981-28 Section 1.1
section
#date
calendar
in force
time zone country
UK
SURROGATE$SurrogatenumbersUniversalaffordance1Antecedent‐12[Antecedent‐2]
+Start ‐Finish @Authorityforstart&Authorityforfinish
Normbase
©RonaldKStamper2009
