Razak agronomy

ANNUAL CROPS AGRONOMYGROUNDNUTS(ARACHIS HYPOGAEA)...GROUP 5

BRIEF ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

Arachis hypogaea originated in south america and

was domesticated in gran chaco area includinng

the valleys of paraguay and panama rivers.it must

have been introduced in uganda by early traders

and

Numerous other varieties have been imported and

developed by the agricultural department since

1920’s.the principal areas of production are

kumi,kitgum,arua,gulu tororo,soroti among others.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE'S OF THE CROP

INTRODUCTION

Groundnuts are important legume crops grown and

consumed globally and in particular in the sub-saharan

african countries.for people in many developing

countries,groundnuts are a principal source of digestible

protein,cooking oil and vitamins.

This makes groundnuts an important nutritional

supplement to mainly cereal diets of maize,millet,sorghum

etc

IMPORTANCE'S OF THE CROP IN UGANDA

They improve fertility by fixing nitrogen in the soil

An important source of food rich in proteins and

vitamins.

Raw material in making cooking oil

Used as feeds for livestock especially the

foliage, groundnut seed cake, straws etc

Significant source of income in developing

countries

The shells are a source of animal bedding

The shells can also be used as fuel

GROUNDNUT AGRONOMIC PRACTICES

Land selection

Climatic conditions

Soils

Rotation and

intercropping

Seed

selection, dormancy and

dressing

Time of

planting,spacing,weeding

Fertilizer requirements

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES IN UGANDA

Sere nut 1R

Sere nut 2

Red beauty

Sere nut 3R

Sere nut 4T

Sere nut 5R

Sere nut 6T

etc

100-110

100-110

90-100

90-100

100-110

90-100

etc

variety Maturity days

RECOMMENDED AGRONOMIC PRACTICES

Agronomy aspect Recommended practice

Climate Rainfall: 450-1250mm per year,

temp; 24-30 degrees Celsius

Region in Uganda Low-mild altitude

Soils sandy loam or loamy sands

Fertilizer 60kg per ha

Rotation With cereals or cassava, sweet

potato, sunflower

Land preparation Before onset of rains

Planting When moisture is adequate and

stable in the soil

Sow 5-6cm deep

Seed dressing With fungi cides

Spacing Semi-erect types; 45 by10-15cm

e.g serenut 1R, serenut 2 etc.

Bunch types;45cm by 7.5-10cm

e.g serenut 4T, 5R, 6T etc

WHERE SEEDS CAN BE OBTAINED

NaSARRI-National semi-arid resources research institute,serere

NASECO-Nalweyo seed company limited

NSCS-National seed certificate service

PASS-programme for Africa’s seed systems

EaSeeD

Victoria seed company

UNADA-uganda national agro-input dealers association

Etc.

MAJOR PESTS AND DISEASES OF GROUNDNUTS AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES


Groundnuts are exposed to pests and diseases that

reduce yield and quality and increase the cost of

production wherever the crop is grown.

The major diseases are fungal,viral,bacterial and

those caused by nematodes. They are widespread

but a few are of economic importance and this

include; groundnut rosette, early leaf spot,late leaf

spot,rusts and aflatoxins.

Groundnut rosette

Serious viral disease and major g.nut disease in

uganda.its transmitted by aphids feeding on the

crop. signs and symptoms include;


Plants are chlorotic(yellow leaves with green veins).

Stunted

With a bushy appearance(witches weed)

Marked reduction in the leaf size and visible mottling

Early infected plants produce no yield.


Uganda has 3 known hot-spots (at NaSARRI

serere,nakabango in jinja and ikiiki in budaka) where the

disease appears as early as 2weeks post emergence

Disease control and management

Timely planting

Correct spacing

Early sowing and close spacing

Intercropping with sorghum

Planting resistant varieties such as serenut 2-14,igola 1

Spray whole plant with insecticides such as

dimethoate,2wks after emergence.

EARLY AND LATE LEAF SPOT

they affects the yield and the quality of the pod

In early leaf spot, leaves develop small necrotic flakes that have light-dark brown centres and a yellow halo.

There is also sporulation on the adaxial(upper) surface of the leaflets

Late leafspot develops similar signs though sporulation is on the abaxial surface of the leaf.

COMPARISON

Early infection,30days

after sowing

Spot has circular-

irregular shape

Spores on upper side

and randomly

distributed

Brown spots on lower

leaf surface

Usually late infection 55-57 days after sowing

Usually circular

Spores on lower surface, in concentric cycles

Black spots on lower leaf surface

Early leaf spot Late leaf spot

CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Crop rotate with cereals or pastures

Early sowing

Burying all groundnut crop residues by deep

ploughing

Apply fungicides e.g mancozeb

Growing resistant varieties such as serenut12R,8R

and 14R

GROUNDNUT RUSTS

An important fungal disease of g.nuts.it reduces yields and quality

Its identified by appearance of orange pustules on the abaxial surface of leaflets and reddish-brown urediniospores.severelyinfected leaves turn necrotic but remain attached to the plant

The disease is favoured by wet weather

Disease management

Field sanitation and crop rotation

Strict plant quarantine restrictions

Early sowing

Use resistant varieties

Application of aqueous neem leaf extract

Spray with mancozeb

AFLATOXIN

These are a group of toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus

This can occur in the field, during post-harvest drying and storage.

Aflatoxin contamination is influenced by crop husbandry practices, mechanical damage, insect and bird damage, climatic conditions(e.gg drought, excess rainfall) and soil factors.

Ensuring proper harvesting and post-harvest practices to avoid mechanical damage to g.nuts.

MAJOR PESTS

Aphids

Leaf miners

Thrips

Termites

Peanut bruchid beetle

Red flour beetle

PEST DAMAGE TO GROUNDNUTS

Wilting of plants in patches

Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and

stem thus kill the plant

Bore holes into the pods and damage the seed

Vectors e.g aphids

Mines leaves causing defoliation and low yields

Leaf malformation and dwarfing

Stunted growth and yield losses

etc

MANAGEMENT OF PESTS

Timely sowing of crop and field sanitation

Crop rotation with non-host crop

Intercropping with pearl millet

Spray with insecticides such as dimethoate

Growing resistant genotypes

RECOMMENDED HARVESTING PRACTICES

Timely harvesting is very important when g.nuts have reached maturity, this is to avoid sprouting or germination of seeds in the field especially if it rains. Delays even lead to splitting of pods allowing moulds to enter.

Harvesting is done by hand pulling or by using hand hoes.

Harvesting should be done carefully to avoid mechanical damage to the pods especially if hand hoes are used exposing the seeds to aflatoxin.

Use suitable frames for drying of plants after harvesting and pluck-off pods from the haulms and place to dry as soon as possible.

RECOMMENDED HARVESTING PRACTICES

Hand pulling or hoeing should be done when

characteristics such as dark interior of

shells, constant value of seed weight are observed

or by use of maturity dates provided by the

manufacturer for some varieties.

Shake the plant after harvesting to remove soil from

pods and to avoid forming optimum conditions for

aflatoxin development.

RECOMMENDED DRYING AND SHELLING

PRACTICES

Do not dry produce in conduct with soil, use mats

made of papyrus,tarpaulin,cemented ground, raised

structures or polythene sheets

Dry groundnuts as soon as possible

Sun dry seeds to bring down its moisture content

below 13%

Do not dry diseased or infected produce along with

healthy ones

RECOMMENDED DRYING AND SHELLING

PRACTICES

Do not shell-off by beating

Manual or motorised shelling is recommended

Do not sprinkle water on dry pods while using mechanical

shellers

Remove dust and foreign material which can provide a

source of contamination

storage practices

properly dry g.nuts for safe storage,at moisture content less

than 13%

Use clean or new sacks that restrict moisture pick-up and

rodent/insect infestations

STORAGE PRACTICES

Put only clean sorted kernels into bags

Bags should not be placed directly on the ground or

floor

Maintain proper storage facilities(well ventilated, dry

and low relative humidity) and care not to expose

moisture during transportation and marketing

Do not mix new and old stock produce

NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS

Name Reg no

Okello emmanuel 12/U/1016

Iganachi Razaki Omia 12/U/290

Primah Twinamatsiko 12/U/15096/PS

Paul Mugisha 12/U/623

Alaru Nobert 12/U/69

Nakabugo Oliver 12/U/774

Mugabirwe Vastina 12/U/2653

THANK

YOU

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Razak agronomy