- 1. Compressed Air Energy Storage An Overview by DREAMS Ltd
20/08/2013
2. Overview DREAMS Ltd CAES Operation CAES Examples Huntorf,
Germany McIntosh, Alabama Current worldwide CAES Projects ADELE
Adiabatic Energy Storage Project Advantages of CAES Conclusions
20/08/2013 2 3. DREAMS Ltd 20/08/2013 3 4. CAES Operation
Compression 20/08/2013 4 Source:
http://www.ridgeenergystorage.com/caes_overview.htm 5. CAES
Operation Generation 20/08/2013 5 Source:
http://www.ridgeenergystorage.com/caes_overview.htm 6. Huntorf CAES
Plant Built in 1978 in Huntorf, Germany as the first CAES plant
worldwide. Paired with a Nuclear plant and conventional Natural Gas
Turbine plant. Compressed air from cavern mixed with natural gas
and expanded through a turbine to produce electricity. One cavern
operates diurnally while the other is a Black start asset,
providing protection for a shut-down of the Nuclear plant.
20/08/2013 6 Source:
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects/116 7. Huntorf CAES
Plant Facts and Figures Cavern volumes: 140,000m3 170,000m3 Total
310,000m3 Cavern Depth Top 650m Bottom 800m Air Flow Rates Turbine
417 kg/s (Comparatively quick) Compressor 108 kg/s Pressure
Operational Pressure 70 Bar 20/08/2013 7 Source: Clean Energy
Action Project Case Study Huntorf CAES Plant 8. Huntorf CAES Plant
Facts and Figures Power output Power 321,000kW Duration 3 hours
Energy Output 963,000kWh Cycle efficiency 46% 20/08/2013 8 Source:
Fritz Crotogino, Klaus-Uwe Mohmeyer and Dr. Roland Scharf - Huntorf
CAES: More than 20 Years of Successful Operation 9. McIntosh CAES
Plant Built in 1992 in McIntosh, Alabama. Part of a factory
consisting of two conventional gas turbines. Start-up time of 14
minutes when first built. Dresser-rand now boast 10 minutes to full
power generation (5 minutes in emergency) and only 4 minutes to
full compression operation. 20/08/2013 Source: Dresser-Rand - CAES
9 10. McIntosh CAES Plant Facts and Figures Cavern volume:
580,000m3 Cavern Depth Top 450m Bottom 750m Pressure Operational
Pressure 70 Bar Cost 1991 - $65million = 43million Today
$108million = 71million 20/08/2013 Source: Dresser-Rand - CAES 10
11. McIntosh CAES Plant Facts and Figures Power Output Power 110MW
Duration 26 hours Energy Output 2,860,000kWh Cycle Efficiency 54%
20/08/2013 Source: Clean Energy Action Project McIntosh Case Study
11 12. ADELE Adiabatic Storage Project Problem: Temperature of the
air following compression vastly increases, up to around 600C which
must be dissipated. Conversely, thermal energy is lost following
air expansion and hence air must absorb heat before entering the
turbine. RWE Power, General Electric, Zblin and DLR are currently
researching possible ways to absorb, store and then reuse the
thermal energy in the compressed air. They are proposing highly
insulated thermal towers made up stone, gravel and ceramics through
which the newly compressed air will travel, exchanging its thermal
energy. Before the air from the ground passes into the turbine, it
will pass through this tower absorbing some of the thermal energy,
in a pre- heat operation. 20/08/2013 12 13. ADELE Adiabatic Storage
Project 20/08/2013 13 14. ADELE Adiabatic Storage Project Estimated
to increase efficiency up to 70%. Take the compressed air at 600C
and store the thermal energy in towers up to 40m high. Now delayed
pilot plant to be built capable of: Storing 360MWh Generating 360MW
electricity The equivalent to 50 ultra-modern wind turbines
spinning for 4 hours. 20/08/2013 14 15. Dresser-Rand Dresser-Rand
have recently been awarded the contract to proved the equipment for
a 317MW CAES system in Texas, working in partnership with Apex.
Dresser-Rand also supplied the turboexpander turbines for the
McIntosh CAES plant. 20/08/2013 15 16. General Compression
Technology Have researched and designed the General Compression
Advanced Energy Storage (GCAESTM) system1. Based on reversible
thermodynamics, they claim a near- isothermal process, covering
both the compression and expansion stages. Efficiency 75% Cost $800
- $1000/kW2 Have a fully operational 100kW multi-stage plant in
Watertown, Massachusetts. Construction of second generation GCAES,
2MW, 500MWh system with wind turbine integration now underway in
Texas. 20/08/2013 16 [1] Source: General Compression Who We Are [2]
Source: General Compression - Fuel-Free Geologic Compressed Air
Energy Storage From Renewable Power - Task #1 Deliverable Report
17. Iowa Stored Energy Park Planned project studied for 8 years to
store wind energy through compression of air in sandstone aquifers
below the ground. Power Output: 270MW $400million4 Project
terminated in 2011 due to geology reasons. 20/08/2013 17 [4]
Source: Sandia Report Lessons from Iowa 18. Larne, Ireland A
planned gas storage system by InfraStrata and North East Storage
that was subject to heavy opposition due to the disposal of brine
in the sea, amongst many other safety concerns3. Gaelectric have
now carried out tests to determine the feasibility of the area for
CEAS. 175million project 10million set aside for feasibility study
Power Output: 140 - 300MW 20/08/2013 18 [3] Source: Larne Times
Test Data will Provide Data on Wind-Energy Storage Potential 19.
New York Power Authority Research Provide around 25% of the energy
requirements of New York State, and are looking to supply renewable
energy options to all their customers. Mission statement: to
advance the generation and utilization of renewable energy through
project implementation, research and technology transfer8
20/08/2013 19 [8] Source: New York Power Authority - Energy Storage
Activities at New York Power Authorities 20. Underground CAES
feasibility study8 Power Output: 300MW Compressor Power: 215MW
Storage Capacity: 10 hours Cost: $700/kWh Above ground CAES
feasibility study 3 foot diameter 2 mile pipework Power Output:
10MW Storage Capacity: 2hours 20/08/2013 20 New York Power
Authority Research [8] Source: New York Power Authority - Energy
Storage Activities at New York Power Authorities 21. Norton, Ohio
CAES Project This project has been researched for over a decade
now, changing company hands with current owners First Energy. The
proposal7: CAES in a disused Limestone mine Power Output: 270MW
initially rising to 2700MW as more and more phases are built.
20/08/2013 21 [7] Source: First Energy Corporation Alternative and
Renewable Energy 22. San Joaquin County CAES Site Testing Pacific
Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) spent three weeks conducting
tests on a depleted natural gas reservoir, capable of storing 300MW
of power lasting 10 hours5. Engineers and geologists have been
studying 10m sections of rock in order to determine the feasibility
of CAES, as has to be the case with all CAES projects6. Results are
yet to be published. 20/08/2013 22 [5] Source: Energy Storage
Exchange - Advanced Underground CAES Project w/Saline Porous Rock
Formation [6] Source: PGE Currents- Electricity Out of Thin Air?
PG&E Exploring New Type of Clean Energy 23. SustainX CAES
Demonstration Project Small start-up company who raised
$14.4million and received a grant from US DoE of $5.39million,
highlighting the recognition for such projects to be developed9. A
50kW plant has already been built and now construction has begun on
a 1MW, 4MWh plant10. Built using SustainXs patented Isothermal
technology, boasting the lack of fuel and secondary heat sources
involved. 95% efficiency in both compression and expansion.
20/08/2013 23 [9] Source: Gigaom - SustainX Raises $14.4M for Air
Energy Storage [10] Source: US DoE SistainX Inc - Isothermal
Compressed Air Energy Storage 24. Advantages of CAES Reduces the
costs in having no storage at all, thus reducing wind curtailment.
In 2011, wind farms were paid 25million to not produce electricity
due to extortionately high costs set by the wind farm operators1.
This money could be spent on installing CAES systems and so the
turbines would be able to store the energy produced, thus
eliminating costs for shut-down. Reduced emissions associated with
the energy produced by conventional methods. Storing energy that
would otherwise be wasted results in a reduction in emissions due
to needless further production. 20/08/2013 24 [1] Source: Daily
Mail Wind farms paid 25million NOT to produce electricity when it
is blustery - and YOU pay 25. Advantages of CAES Quick start-up
time. 0%-100% can be achieved in 10 minutes. 50%-100% can be
achieved in 15 seconds2. Vast areas in which the system could be
implemented 80% of US territory has geology suitable for CAES3.
There just needs to be a proven technology with high efficiency
that could be applied to the possible sites. 20/08/2013 25 [2]
Source: Arizona Research Institute for Solar Energy [3] Source:
Boise State University - Overview of Compress Air Energy Storage
26. Advantages of CAES Shift of cheap off-peak energy to expensive
peak energy. CAES uses excess energy at off-peak times to compress
air. It then generates electricity at times of peak demand, when
electricity prices can be 4 or 5 times as high. It is this
difference in electricity price that generates income for the
cavern operators. 20/08/2013 26 27. Advantages of CAES Using Salt
Caverns Flexibility4 Operate under very high pressure and so can
very quickly accept or deliver large amounts of air and hence can
cope with the intermittency of generation requirements caused by
renewable sources. Cycling Traditional gas caverns can
traditionally only inject in the summer and withdraw in the winter
Base Gas Caverns must be primed with a base pressure of gas, which
is lower in salt caverns than it is with typical caverns, resulting
in a higher proportion of working gas from the cavern. 20/08/2013
27 [4] Source: EIA Salt caverns account for 23% of U.S. underground
natural gas storage daily deliverability 28. Conclusions As can be
seen through the examples provided throughout this presentation,
compressed air energy storage is an area of heavy research with
projects being set up by a number of companies. The original
technology is already proven by the plants at Huntorf and McIntosh,
and now with advancements in technology far greater efficiencies
can be achieved. CAES systems provide an area of Engineering that
could become the focal-point for many years to come, with
investments richly rewarding. 20/08/2013 28 29. Thank you
20/08/2013 29Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide
