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OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME FAMILY HOME by by Francis de Winter ([email protected]) Francis de Winter ([email protected]) at the at the IV Latin American Solar Energy Conference IV Latin American Solar Energy Conference of ISES of ISES Cusco, Peru, November 1-5, 2010 Cusco, Peru, November 1-5, 2010

OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

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OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOMEFrancis de Winter XVII Simposio Peruano de Energía Solar - IV ISES-CLABlog Soluciones solares (solucionessolares.blogspot.com)

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Page 1: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING SOLAR WATER HEATING

EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOMEFAMILY HOME

bybyFrancis de Winter ([email protected])Francis de Winter ([email protected])

at theat theIV Latin American Solar Energy Conference of ISESIV Latin American Solar Energy Conference of ISES

Cusco, Peru, November 1-5, 2010Cusco, Peru, November 1-5, 2010

Page 2: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Los Angeles circa 1900Los Angeles circa 1900

Climax Solar HeatersClimax Solar Heaters The skies were still The skies were still

clearclear

Page 3: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Los Angeles circa 1907Los Angeles circa 1907

6 Climax Solar 6 Climax Solar HeatersHeaters

Page 4: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Pomona 1911Pomona 1911

Day and Night Day and Night Solar Water HeaterSolar Water Heater

Page 5: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Horseless Carriage Circa 1900Horseless Carriage Circa 1900 When the age of When the age of

car started, many car started, many local blacksmiths, local blacksmiths, who had been who had been building horse-building horse-powered carriages powered carriages for decades, felt for decades, felt they had all the they had all the skills that were skills that were needed.needed.

Page 6: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Horseless Carriage Circa 1900Horseless Carriage Circa 1900

An even better An even better horseless horseless carriage.carriage.

Page 7: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

A Solar DHW Equivalent of the A Solar DHW Equivalent of the Horseless Carriage (1890-2010)Horseless Carriage (1890-2010)

The One-Tank Solar The One-Tank Solar Water Heating Water Heating “System.”“System.”

Page 8: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Another Solar DHW Equivalent of the Another Solar DHW Equivalent of the Horseless Carriage (1890-2010)Horseless Carriage (1890-2010)

The Two-Tank The Two-Tank Solar Water Solar Water Heating “System.”Heating “System.”

Page 9: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

The Two-Tank Solar Water Heating The Two-Tank Solar Water Heating System in PracticeSystem in Practice

A Two-Tank A Two-Tank “System” with a “System” with a really pathetic really pathetic backup heater: backup heater: a Central-Flue a Central-Flue gas-fired water gas-fired water heater.heater.

Page 10: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Actual DHW Consumption BehaviorActual DHW Consumption Behavior

This is the weekly This is the weekly DHW consumption DHW consumption behavior of a behavior of a family with a family with a “reasonably stable “reasonably stable water use pattern.”water use pattern.”

Page 11: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Actual DHW Consumption BehaviorActual DHW Consumption Behavior

Two typical Two typical months.months.

Note that during Note that during the vacations there the vacations there is no DHW is no DHW consumption.consumption.

Page 12: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Actual DHW Consumption Actual DHW Consumption BehaviorBehavior

Another two typical Another two typical months.months.

Page 13: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

A “Piggyback” One-Tank DesignA “Piggyback” One-Tank Design This stacked one-tank This stacked one-tank

design could design could incorporate a incorporate a stratification baffle to stratification baffle to preserve thermal preserve thermal stratificationstratification

Page 14: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Test Setup for the Development of the Two-Test Setup for the Development of the Two-Tank Stacked Tank DesignTank Stacked Tank Design

The bottom (solar) The bottom (solar) tank was heated tank was heated electrically to electrically to develop the inter-develop the inter-tank neck design tank neck design that would provide that would provide the best coupling the best coupling of the tanks. of the tanks.

Page 15: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Tank Coupling ExperimentTank Coupling Experiment

Tank coupling with Tank coupling with an empty neck.an empty neck.

Page 16: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Tank Coupling ExperimentTank Coupling Experiment

Tank coupling with Tank coupling with a double-chimney a double-chimney thermal diode.thermal diode.

The neck thermal The neck thermal transfer is equal to transfer is equal to seven times its seven times its conductivity in conductivity in copper.copper.

Page 17: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

A Reasonable System Design for A Reasonable System Design for the Single Family Homethe Single Family Home

The collector loop The collector loop involves a drain-back involves a drain-back annulusannulus

A thermal diode is A thermal diode is used to couple the used to couple the tankstanks

A thermal diode A thermal diode provides backup provides backup heatingheating

Page 18: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Actual HardwareActual Hardware

Solar DHW unit Solar DHW unit with gas-fired with gas-fired backup heating backup heating developed and developed and built for GRI.built for GRI.

Page 19: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Inter-Tank Diode ChimneyInter-Tank Diode Chimney

The double The double chimney simply chimney simply involves a split involves a split plastic tube.plastic tube.

This is the unit This is the unit developed and developed and built for DOE.built for DOE.

Page 20: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Inter-Tank Diode ChimneyInter-Tank Diode Chimney

Another view of the Another view of the chimney.chimney.

This is the unit This is the unit built for GRI.built for GRI.

Page 21: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

GRI PrototypeGRI Prototype

Two heaters like Two heaters like this were built for this were built for GRI.GRI.

This one was on This one was on life-test in Hawaii life-test in Hawaii for 9 years.for 9 years.

Page 22: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Two Phase ThermoSyphon (TPTS) Backup Heating DeviceTwo Phase ThermoSyphon (TPTS) Backup Heating DeviceUS Patent 4,393,663 (now expired)US Patent 4,393,663 (now expired)

Two Phase Two Phase ThermoSyphon (TPTS) ThermoSyphon (TPTS) Backup Heating Device.Backup Heating Device.

This is the original patent This is the original patent embodiment.embodiment.

Page 23: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Large TPTS Gas-Fired Water HeaterLarge TPTS Gas-Fired Water Heater

This has a tank of This has a tank of 450 liters, and a 450 liters, and a gas firing rate of gas firing rate of 59 kW thermal.59 kW thermal.

It could be a gas-It could be a gas-fired backup heater fired backup heater for a large solar for a large solar DHW system.DHW system.

Page 24: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Current TPTS DesignCurrent TPTS Design

The current TPTS The current TPTS design features a design features a helical condenser helical condenser inserted through inserted through the bottom of the the bottom of the tank.tank.

Page 25: OPTIMUM DESIGNS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING EQUIPMENT FOR THE SINGLE FAMILY HOME

Solar Water Heater Sales PotentialSolar Water Heater Sales Potential

This table shows the water This table shows the water heater sales history.heater sales history.

Most of the sales are to Most of the sales are to replace leaking heaters.replace leaking heaters.

Most are for single family Most are for single family homes.homes.

Solar DHW sales may be Solar DHW sales may be even larger.even larger.

Many heaters may be Many heaters may be replaced before they start replaced before they start leaking.leaking.

Government incentives Government incentives may help.may help.

Table 1. Annual US Water Heater Sales in the Last 28 Years. Compiled by Francis de Winter from Trade Magazines Year Gas Water Electric Water Total Number Heater Heater of Heater sales in sales in Sales in Units/yr Units/yr Units/yr 1977 3,000,000 2,703,810 5,703,810 1978 2,921,052 2,684,104 5,605,156 1979 2,887,275 2,661,809 5,549,084 1980 2,818,263 2,451,021 5,269,284 1981 2,785,207 2,463,270 5,248,477 1982 3,041,500 2,717,200 5,758,700 1983 3,172,067 3,131,017 6,303,084 1984 3,502,053 3,480,845 6,982,898 1985 3,528,931 3,452,283 6,981,214 1986 3,728,779 3,389,150 7,117,929 1987 3,950,684 3,396,395 7,347,079 1988 3,956,469 3,333,490 7,289,959 1989 4,130,469 3,369,108 7,499,577 1990 3,906,264 3,226,321 7,132,585 1991 3,936,465 3,169,965 7,106,430 1992 4,241,345 3,398,605 7,639,950 1993 4,470,422 3,608,740 8,078,993 1994 4,750,253 3,896,839 8,647,092 1995 4,453,337 3,916,993 8,370,330 1996 4,758,739 4,146,523 8,905,262 1997 4,618,338 4,051,882 8,670,220 1998 4,671,000 4,162,654 8,833,654 1999 4,933,659 4,281,199 9,214,858 2000 4,907,007 4,257,433 9,164,440 2001 4,931,314 4,333,170 9,264,511 2002 4,987,976 4,390,495 9,378,471 2003 5,122,415 4,429,880 9,552,295 2004 5,053,775 4,572,932 9,626,707