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Overview of Offshore Wind Energy Scenario in Indian Context.
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Worldwide, wind energy is accepted as one of the most developed, cost-effective and proven renewable energy technologies to meet increasing electricity demands in a sustainable manner. While onshore wind energy technologies have reached to a stage of mass deployment and have become competitive with fossil fuel based electricity generation with supportive policy regimes across the world, exploitation of offshore wind energy is yet to reach a comparable scale
Overview
In India preliminary assessments indicate prospects along the coastline of Kerala, Karnataka and Goa.
The wind resource data collected for the coastline of Rameshwaram and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat Coast shows reasonable potential.
A preliminary assessment suggests potential to establish around 1 GW capacity wind farm each along the coastline of Rameshwaram and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
India ranks fifth in the world in terms of installed wind energy capacity, with 18.5 GW as of January 2013.
Indian Scenario
There are two main maritime areas in which structures such as offshore wind farms can be built:
Indian territorial waters, which generally extend up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from the coast; and
Beyond the 12 nm limit and up to 200 nm (EEZ), where, under international law, India has right construct structures such as wind farm installations.
Maritime Zones in India
Offshore wind energy projects in waters, in or adjacent to the country up to the seaward distance of 12 nautical miles from the baseline.
Research & Development activities may be carried out up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline (EEZ of the country).
Geographical Coverage
The preliminary Resource Assessment, Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Oceanography Survey will be carried out by the NOWA through specialist agencies, for demarcation of offshore wind energy blocks
Interested private players having expertise in studies and surveys may also be granted permissions on case to case basis, to collect data and have shared ownership on it, without any charges payable for the work.
Studies & Surveys
The offer of blocks will be made through an open International Competitive Bidding (ICB) process.
NOWA will be the contracting authority to lease the Sea Bed.
The successful bidders would require to enter into a contract with the NOWA for a stipulated time period.
Leasing of the Seabed and Allocation of Blocks
Offshore wind turbines are frequently located far from shore with greater potential for corrosion from exposure to seawater, and therefore must be designed more robustly (i.e., requiring less maintenance) than land-based turbines due to the high costs of transporting maintenance crews and replacement components to and from offshore wind plant sites.
Technology
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) has been established as an autonomous R&D institution by MNRE in testing of complete Wind Turbine Generator systems (WTGs) according to international standards (IEC, GL etc.) and verification of test reports for Onshore Wind Turbine Models.
Similar services will be rendered by C-WET for Offshore Wind Turbine Models.
Technology
Length of coastline of India including the coastlines of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea is 7517 km. A beginning can be made by conducting intensive wind survey to identify the potential windy region and Wind Farms started.
Offshore wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases (by displacing fossil-fuel power generation), meet renewable electricity standards, and create jobs and local business opportunities.
Economics and benefits
The wind is much stronger off the coasts, and unlike wind over the continent, offshore breezes can be strong in the afternoon, matching the time when people are using the most electricity.
Offshore turbines can also be "located close to the power-hungry populations along the coasts, eliminating the need for new overland transmission lines".
1. Siemens Wind Power A/S (Siemens AG) - 3816.5000 MW
2. Vestas Offshore A/S (Vestas Wind Systems A/S) - 1449.1200 MW
3. REpower Systems AG (Suzlon Energy Limited) - 545.2000 MW
Wind Turbine Manufacturers Global.docx
Major Turbine Suppliers
Dong Energy, Vattenfall E.on
Major Offshore Operators
Preliminary Resource Assessment and demarcation of blocks. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study of proposed
Offshore Wind Farms regarding aquatic life, fishing etc., studies relating to navigation, undersea mining and related exploration/exploitation activities and other users of the sea .
Oceanographic studies - These studies will determine the construction costs for special foundations, special ships for both operation and maintenance requirements.
Sea Bed Lease Arrangement. Single Window Procedure for Statutory Approvals. Grid Connectivity and Evacuation of Power Technology Incentives Security & Confidentiality of the data collected during studies
and surveys.
The essential components of a policy for development of offshore wind farm will contain:
To Promote Deployment of Offshore Wind Farms in the first instance up to 12 Nautical Miles from Coast.
To Promote Investment in the Energy Infrastructure. To Promote Spatial Planning and Management of Maritime
Renewable Energy Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Country.
To Achieve Energy Security. To Reduce Carbon Emissions. To Encourage Indigenization of the Offshore Wind Energy
Technology. To Promote Research and Development in the Offshore Wind
Energy Sector. To Create Skilled Manpower and Employment in a new industry.
Objectives
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) will be the Nodal Ministry for development of Offshore Wind Energy in India and act as one of the government entities, among others, for Development and Use of Maritime Space within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the country.
Implementing and Monitoring Agencies
The Government of India shall establish a National Offshore Wind Energy Authority (NOWA), under the aegis of MNRE, for Offshore Wind Projects as the Nodal agency.
NOWA will be the single window agency and will coordinate with concerned Ministries/Departments for necessary clearances.
NOWA will only act as a facilitator for getting clearance and application for clearance will be dealt in entirety by the concerned Ministry/Department.
National Offshore Wind Energy Authority (NOWA).
Carry out resource assessment and surveys in the EEZ of the country.
Enter into contract with the project developers for development of offshore wind energy project in the territorial water (12 nm).
Responsibilities of National Offshore Wind Energy Authority (NOWA).
Offshore Wind Energy Steering Committee (OWESC) under the chairmanship of Secretary, MNRE will steer the offshore wind energy development in the country by providing policy guidance and will oversee the execution and effective implementation of specific offshore wind energy activities.
Offshore Wind Energy Steering Committee (OWESC)
The Ministry of Shipping in case of major ports and State Government or State Maritime Board where constituted in case of minor ports may provide access to port or port like facilities with sufficient infrastructural facilities to enable heavy construction / fabrication work at seashore from where it will be moved offshore to the wind farm site.
Ministry of Shipping /State Maritime Board /State Government
The role of State Electricity Board or a similar agency designated by the State Government is to undertake onshore evacuation and grid connectivity.
The designated authority should facilitate allocation of land on shore near to wind farm site to enable establishment of substations to evacuate power generated from Offshore Wind Farms.
State Electricity Board or Designated Authority
Studies & Surveys Request for Clearances Leasing of the Seabed and Allocation of
Blocks Power Evacuation Final Approval for Commissioning of
Offshore Wind farm Final Approval for Commissioning of
Offshore Wind farm Decommissioning Monitoring
Developmental Model
Fiscal incentives such as tax holiday for first ten years of offshore wind power generation, concession in customs duty and exemption in excise duty for procurement of technology and equipments, may be available to the manufacturers of the offshore wind turbines.
Besides, nil service tax for services like conducting of Resource Assessment / EIA / Oceanographic Study by third party, utilization of survey vessels and installation vessels may also be available.
Incentives
The Government of India may call for proposals for development of offshore wind energy project(s) in specific block(s).
Such projects may be exempted from paying any lease fee for a specified period, after which the ownership of project will be transferred to the Government of India.
Demonstration Projects
The current state of offshore wind power presents economic challenges significantly greater than onshore systems - prices can be in the range of 2.5-3.0 million Euro/MW.
The turbine represents just one third to one half of costs in offshore projects today, the rest comes from infrastructure, maintenance, and oversight.
Challenges
Larger turbines with increased energy capture make more economic sense due to the extra infrastructure in offshore systems.
Additionally, there are currently no rigorous simulation models of external effects on offshore wind farms, such as boundary layer stability effects and wake effects.
The European Union is backing a four-year project by the Global Wind Energy Council to draw up a roadmap for offshore wind development in India up to 2032.
The scheme, which is supported by a €4m contribution from the EU’s Indo-European Cooperation on Renewable Energy programme, will focus on the states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
The specific objectives are to create an “enabling environment for offshore wind through resource mapping, policy guidance and capacity building measures, and to assess the infrastructure base and identify improvements required”, said GWEC.
Recent News
Suzlon Energy to launch new offshore wind turbine. Wind turbine maker Suzlon Energy said it will
launch a new offshore turbine that will help in yielding more power.
"Suzlon Group company Suzlon Energy will unveil its new offshore turbine REpower 6.2M152. With the new offering, the company once again sets standards in the cost-effective generation of offshore wind energy," the company said in a statement. - See more at: http://www.eai.in/360/news/pages/11387#sthash.RWBoyC2a.dpuf
Global investment in offshore wind power to rise to EUR 130 Bn by 2020.
In their new study entitled “Offshore Wind Toward 2020 – On the Pathway to Cost Competitiveness“, the experts at Roland Berger Strategy Consultants state that they expect Europe to have installed offshore wind capacity of 40 GW by 2020.
In the same year, global investment to ramp up offshore wind power will have reached around EUR 130 billion
