Module 04 2004

Basic Maneuvering Tasks:Basic Maneuvering Tasks:

Moderate Risk Driving EnvironmentModerate Risk Driving Environment

Topic 1 -- Topic 1 -- Risk Risk

Topic 2 -- Topic 2 -- Space Management SystemSpace Management System

Topic 3 -- Topic 3 -- Lane ChangesLane Changes

Topic 4 -- Topic 4 -- TurnaboutsTurnabouts

Topic 5 -- Topic 5 -- ParkingParking

Module Four TransparenciesModule Four Transparencies

VirginiaVirginia Department of Department of EducationEducation

Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor VehiclesProvided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

RiskRisk

• RiskRisk is the is the Chance of Chance of Injury, Damage, or LossInjury, Damage, or Loss

• Injury, Damage, or LossInjury, Damage, or Loss Usually Are the Usually Are the Consequences of a CrashConsequences of a Crash

T – 4.1

Topic 1 Lesson 1

Every driver accepts a Every driver accepts a certain level of risk when certain level of risk when driving a vehicle.driving a vehicle.

A driver must manage risk A driver must manage risk in order to avoid conflict.in order to avoid conflict.

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

• Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

• Risk AcceptanceRisk Acceptance

• Risk CompensationRisk Compensation

T – 4.2

Topic 1 Lesson 1

Elements of RiskElements of Risk are: are:

Unfortunately, drivers often Unfortunately, drivers often create high risk situations.create high risk situations.

RiskRisk

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment Involves: Involves:

T – 4.3

Topic 1 Lesson 1

• Recognizing increased risk situationsRecognizing increased risk situations

-Speeding -Following Too Closely-Speeding -Following Too Closely

-Failure to Yield -Improper Turns-Failure to Yield -Improper Turns

-DUI -Lack of Safety belt use-DUI -Lack of Safety belt use

• Understanding the consequences of Understanding the consequences of increased risk situationsincreased risk situations

• Considering your options and the Considering your options and the consequences of your choicesconsequences of your choices

RiskRisk

Risk AcceptanceRisk Acceptance::

• There is always a certain amount of risk involved in There is always a certain amount of risk involved in

the driving task.the driving task.

• How much risk is acceptable?How much risk is acceptable?

– Evaluate Consequences of Taking Risks Evaluate Consequences of Taking Risks

((Penalty, Damage, Injury or Death)Penalty, Damage, Injury or Death)

T – 4.4

Topic 1 Lesson 1

Knowledge can help you reduce risk!Knowledge can help you reduce risk!

Having good seeing habits and your ability to manage space on the roadway are essential ingredients for low-risk driving.

To minimize risk, drivers need time, space & visibility to execute a maneuver.

Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

T – 4.5

Topic 1 Lesson 1

Example taken from Module 3 Topic 3 Lesson 1 --- RECOGNIZING high risk situations.

Risk Compensation Risk Compensation -- Recognizing potential risk or -- Recognizing potential risk or limitations and making appropriate adjustmentslimitations and making appropriate adjustments

• Adjust Speed to Reduce Risk

• Adjust Lane Position to Reduce Risk

• Use Appropriate Communication to Reduce Risk

Reduced Risk DrivingReduced Risk Driving

• Three principles for reducing risks

– Never risk more than you can afford to lose

– Do not risk large consequences for a small reward

– Consider the odds and your situation

Topic 1 Lesson 1

T – 4.5a

Reducing Driving RiskReducing Driving Risk

• Good decision-making is essential to reducing driving risks.

• A driver in city traffic makes 50-60 decisions per mile.

• Your hands and feet can only do what your brain tells them to do.

• Developing good procedures for decision making:

• Observation skills

• Experiences

• Developing good habits

T – 4.6

Topic 1 Lesson 2


• Work towards developing the best risk-reducing procedures and safe-driving habits.

• Habits are difficult to change.

• A space management system helps you to develop good driving habits.

T – 4.7

Topic 1 Lesson 2


• Guided practice is key to developing sound habits and judgments

• Get extensive practice on all basic driving procedures

• Use a space management and targeting system

• Good habits and judgment

often deteriorate over time

• Complacency

• Most novice drivers rate

themselves as “good” drivers

• There may be no negative results from negative behavior

T – 4.8

Topic 1 Lesson 2

Risk Reduction GoalsRisk Reduction Goals

• Make every driving sequence Make every driving sequence an efficient driving sequence.an efficient driving sequence.

• Use processing skills to make Use processing skills to make accurate judgments.accurate judgments.

• Develop sound procedures for Develop sound procedures for all maneuvers.all maneuvers.

T – 4.10

Topic 1 Lesson 2

PREVENTION

PREVENTION

Space Management SystemSpace Management System

Space Management Steps:Space Management Steps:• Search –Search – Search the entire scene for

anything that might cross your path of travel.

• Evaluate -- Evaluate -- Give meaning to what you have observed.

• Determine an alternate path of travel or change in vehicle position.

• Determine proper speed.

• Execute -- Execute -- Carry out any alternative action needed to minimize risk.

• In Time...In Time...

T – 4.11

Topic 2 Lesson 1

System ComponentsSystem Components

• Recognize Changes in the Recognize Changes in the Line of Sight or Path of TravelLine of Sight or Path of Travel

• To Reduce RiskTo Reduce Risk• Adjust Speed Adjust Speed

• Adjust Lane PositionAdjust Lane Position

T – 4.12

Topic 2 Lesson 1

Vehicle Operating Space

There are seven basic areas of operating space for a vehicle. Six of the space areas (zones) are around your vehicle, and the seventh, or central space, is the space your vehicle occupies.

T – 4.12 a

Topic 2 Lesson 1

Vehicle Operating ZonesVehicle Operating Zones

Vehicle Operating SpaceVehicle Operating Space

Central Space Area

Direction of TravelDirection of Travel

T – 4.13

Topic 2 Lesson 2

Right-Front Zone(Maroon)

Right-Rear Zone(White)

Front Zone(Yellow)

Rear Zone(Blue)

Left-Front Zone(Green)

Left-Rear Zone(Red)

1

2

3

4

5

6

A zone refers to one of the six spaces around your vehicle. It is the width of a traffic lane and extends as far as you can see. A zone has three characteristics, it can be OPENOPEN,, CLOSED CLOSED or CHANGINGCHANGING.

To assist you in learning zones and their purposes we have colored and numbered each for easy identification.

Managing ZonesManaging Zones

Direction of TravelDirection of Travel

T – 4.14

Topic 2 Lesson 2

Evaluating Your AlternativesEvaluating Your Alternatives

Move HereMove Here

Changing ZONEChanging ZONE

ClosedZONE

Check RearCheck Rear

Check SideCheck Side

Central Space Area

OpenZONE

OPEN —OPEN — a zone that has no restrictions to the line of sight or path of travel.

CLOSED —CLOSED — a zone not available for the vehicle’s path of travel or an area that has a restriction to the driver's line of sight.

CHANGING — CHANGING — an open zone that may change to a closed zone.

Space Management BasicsSpace Management Basics

Searching :Searching :• WhereWhere to Look to Look • WhatWhat to Look for to Look for• How How to Evaluateto Evaluate

Evaluating Conditions:Evaluating Conditions:• Risk PotentialRisk Potential of a Closed or Changing Areas of a Closed or Changing Areas

VersusVersus• Risk PotentialRisk Potential of Alternative Areas of Alternative Areas

T – 4.15

Topic 2 Lesson 3


T – 4.15a

Topic 2 Lesson 3

WhereWhere to look to look

The area outlined in blue represents your field of vision extending The area outlined in blue represents your field of vision extending from from THE DRIVERTHE DRIVER to the intended target area. to the intended target area.

Proper search and actions consists of the:Proper search and actions consists of the:

• 4 to 8-second range — Immediate Action Required

• 12 to 15-second range —Allows for Escape Routes

• 20 to 30 second range to the target area — Safe and open path of travel

Path of Travel


T – 4.15b

Topic 2 Lesson 3

WhatWhat to Look for to Look for

A driver must constantly search for potential risks and A driver must constantly search for potential risks and determine consequencesdetermine consequences..

Path of Travel


T – 4.15c

Topic 2 Lesson 3

How How to to EvaluateEvaluate

Path of Travel

Will the motorcyclist enter your path of travel?

How can the driver of the red vehicle reduce risks?


T – 4.16

Topic 2 Lesson 3

What is the best decision and action for the driver of the RED car?

Executing DecisionsExecuting Decisions::• Change speed while maintaining vehicle balance

• Change position while maintaining vehicle balance

Risk Reduction:Risk Reduction:• Control the Target Area, Line of Sight

and Path of Travel by:

•speed changes;

•position changes; and

•effective communication.


Open, Closed, or Changing ZonesOpen, Closed, or Changing Zones

• A A redred traffic signal is … traffic signal is …

• A parked car to your right is …A parked car to your right is …

• A bicyclist to your right is …A bicyclist to your right is …

• A vehicle in your left mirror blind area is …A vehicle in your left mirror blind area is …

• A motorcycle in your right mirror blind area is …A motorcycle in your right mirror blind area is …

• A large truck following closely behind is …A large truck following closely behind is …

T – 4.17

Topic 2 Lesson 3

Turning at IntersectionsTurning at Intersections

• Right TurnRight Turn• Approach to IntersectionApproach to Intersection

• CommunicationCommunication

• Target AreasTarget Areas

• Path of TravelPath of Travel

• Line of SightLine of Sight

• Speed AdjustmentSpeed Adjustment

• Lane PositionLane Position

• Turning Reference PointTurning Reference Point

• Courtesy ConsiderationsCourtesy Considerations

T – 4.18

Topic 3 Lesson 1

Target

Turning at IntersectionsTurning at Intersections

• Left TurnLeft Turn• Approach to IntersectionApproach to Intersection• CommunicationCommunication• Target AreasTarget Areas• Path of TravelPath of Travel• Line of SightLine of Sight• Speed AdjustmentSpeed Adjustment• Lane PositionLane Position• Turning Reference PointTurning Reference Point• Courtesy ConsiderationsCourtesy Considerations

Topic 3 Lesson 1

T – 4.19

Lane ChangesLane ChangesTopic 3 Lesson 2

Visual checks for lane change to theVisual checks for lane change to the RIGHT. RIGHT.

Visual checks for lane change to theVisual checks for lane change to the LEFT.LEFT.• Traffic CheckTraffic Check

• Effective Effective Communication Communication

• Appropriate Gap Appropriate Gap

• Reduced-Risk Reduced-Risk DecisionDecision

• Courtesy Courtesy ConsiderationsConsiderations

• Steering InputSteering Input

• Lane PositionLane Position

• Recheck TrafficRecheck Traffic

• Establish SpaceEstablish Space

• check zones ahead (zones 1 and 2)

• check zones to the rear (zones 4 and 6)

• check zones ahead (zones 1 and 3)

• check zones to the rear (zones 5 and 6)

BLINDSPOT

BLINDSPOT

T – 4.20

Rear-View Mirror SettingRear-View Mirror Setting

Rear-View Mirror

T – 4.21

Topic 3 Lesson 2

Traditional and Contemporary (BGE) Mirror Setting

Rear Mirror View

Right Side Mirror View

Left Side Mirror View

Traditional Mirror SettingsTraditional Mirror Settings

T – 4.22

Topic 3 Lesson 3

Contemporary (BGE) Mirror SettingsContemporary (BGE) Mirror Settings

Rear Mirror View

Right Side Mirror View

Left Side Mirror View

15º

15º

T – 4.23

Topic 3 Lesson 3

Turning AroundTurning AroundTopic 4 Lesson 1

T – 4.24

• Check traffic flow.

• Signal and position the vehicle 2-3 feet from curb.

• Drive beyond the driveway and stop.

• Shift to Reverse, monitor intended path of travel.

• Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the right as you enter driveway.

• Straighten wheels, centering car in driveway and stop with the wheels straight.

• Signal left and exit driveway when the way is clear.

Back into driveway on right Back into driveway on right sideside

Two-Point TurnsTwo-Point Turns• ApproachApproach• CommunicationCommunication• Target AreasTarget Areas• Path of TravelPath of Travel• Line of SightLine of Sight

• Reference PointsReference Points

• Speed ControlSpeed Control

• Lane Position Lane Position


1

2

3


T – 4.25

• Check traffic flow.

• Signal and position your vehicle 3-6 inches from center yellow line.

• When traffic is clear, pull into the driveway and stop.

• Shift to Reverse, monitor intended path.

• Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the right as you exit driveway.

• Straighten wheels, centering car in proper lane.

• Shift into Drive. Check traffic and accelerate to normal speed.

• Reference PointsReference Points

• Speed ControlSpeed Control

• Lane Position Lane Position


• ApproachApproach• CommunicationCommunication• Target AreasTarget Areas• Path of TravelPath of Travel• Line of SightLine of Sight

Two-Point TurnsTwo-Point Turns

Pull into driveway on left Pull into driveway on left sideside

1

2

3


T – 4.26

• ApproachApproach

• CommunicationCommunication

• Target AreasTarget Areas

• Path of TravelPath of Travel

• Line of SightLine of Sight

124

35

Three-point TurnThree-point Turn

NOTE: The safest way to change direction is to drive NOTE: The safest way to change direction is to drive around the block!around the block!

•ReferencesReferences

•Speed ControlSpeed Control

•Lane PositionLane Position

•Courtesy ConsiderationsCourtesy Considerations

T – 4.27

Angle ParkingAngle ParkingTopic 5 Lesson 1

Parking at a 30 Degree Angle to the CurbParking at a 30 Degree Angle to the Curb

Signal intention and position Signal intention and position vehicle 3-5 feet from the space in vehicle 3-5 feet from the space in which the vehicle is to be parked.which the vehicle is to be parked.

Move forward until the steering Move forward until the steering wheel is aligned with the first wheel is aligned with the first pavement line.pavement line.

Visually target the middle of the Visually target the middle of the parking space and turn the wheel parking space and turn the wheel sharply at a slow, controlled speed.sharply at a slow, controlled speed.

Steer toward the target in the Steer toward the target in the center of the space to straighten the center of the space to straighten the wheels and stop when the front wheels and stop when the front bumper is 3-6 inches from the curb.bumper is 3-6 inches from the curb.

Perpendicular ParkingPerpendicular ParkingTopic 5 Lesson 1

Parking at a 90 Degree Angle to the CurbParking at a 90 Degree Angle to the Curb

T – 4.28

Signal intention and position the Signal intention and position the vehicle 5 – 6 feet away from the vehicle 5 – 6 feet away from the space.space.

Move forward until the driver’s Move forward until the driver’s body is aligned with the first body is aligned with the first pavement line.pavement line.

Visually target the center of the Visually target the center of the parking space and turn the wheel parking space and turn the wheel rapidly while controlling speed.rapidly while controlling speed.

Steer towards the target and Steer towards the target and straighten the wheels.straighten the wheels.

Position the front bumper 3 – 6 Position the front bumper 3 – 6 inches from the curb.inches from the curb.

Parallel ParkingParallel ParkingTopic 5 Lesson 1

T – 4.29

Parking Parallel to the CurbParking Parallel to the Curb Select a space that is at least five feet longer Select a space that is at least five feet longer than your vehicle. Flash your brake lights and put than your vehicle. Flash your brake lights and put on your turn signal as you approach the space.on your turn signal as you approach the space.

Monitor the traffic to the rear.Monitor the traffic to the rear.

Place your vehicle 2 – 3 feet from the vehicle Place your vehicle 2 – 3 feet from the vehicle you want to park behind with back bumpers even.you want to park behind with back bumpers even.

Put your vehicle in Reverse. Back slowly and Put your vehicle in Reverse. Back slowly and turn the steering wheel sharply.turn the steering wheel sharply.

Stop when your steering wheel is aligned with Stop when your steering wheel is aligned with the back bumper of the front vehicle.the back bumper of the front vehicle.

Continue backing slowly while steering sharply Continue backing slowly while steering sharply in the opposite direction. Use quick glances to the in the opposite direction. Use quick glances to the front and rear.front and rear.

Center the vehicle in the space. Wheels should Center the vehicle in the space. Wheels should be 6 – 12 inches from the curb.be 6 – 12 inches from the curb.

Hill ParkingHill Parking

DownDown HillHill

T – 4.30

Topic 5 Lesson 1

When parking on a hill, you need to take special precautions to ensure When parking on a hill, you need to take special precautions to ensure your vehicle will not roll into the street and into traffic.your vehicle will not roll into the street and into traffic.

UpUp Hill + Hill + CurbCurb

UpUp Hill - Hill - CurbCurb

•Approach

•Communication

•Target Areas

•Path of Travel

•Line of Sight

•Speed Adjustment

•Lane Position

•Reference Points

•Courtesy Considerations

Technology

Module 04 2004