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05/21/07 LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY 1

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

BY BY AHMAD NASIR SAJIAHMAD NASIR SAJI

LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORYLESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

05/21/07 2LESTARI CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRYUNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION

AND STRUCTURE OF SUBTANCES FOUND AROUND US.AND STRUCTURE OF SUBTANCES FOUND AROUND US. EGYPTIAN – MEANS TO EXTRACT (PROCESS) GOLD, SILVER EGYPTIAN – MEANS TO EXTRACT (PROCESS) GOLD, SILVER

AND COPPER FROM EARTH.AND COPPER FROM EARTH. GREEKS – ALCHEMY, BORROWED FROM EGYPTIAN.GREEKS – ALCHEMY, BORROWED FROM EGYPTIAN. ARABIAN – AL-KIMI-YA, WHICH MEANS “BLACK SOIL FROM ARABIAN – AL-KIMI-YA, WHICH MEANS “BLACK SOIL FROM

THE NILE” – “THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER”THE NILE” – “THE KNOWLEDGE OF MATTER” ENGLISH – MODIFIED ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY.ENGLISH – MODIFIED ALCHEMY TO CHEMISTRY. ENGLISH SCIENTIST (ROBERT BOYLE, 1627-1691), WAS ENGLISH SCIENTIST (ROBERT BOYLE, 1627-1691), WAS

FOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY WHEN HE PUBLISHED A FOUNDER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY WHEN HE PUBLISHED A BOOK “THE SCEPTICAL CHEMISTS”.BOOK “THE SCEPTICAL CHEMISTS”.

HE DESCRIBED THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS, HE DESCRIBED THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS, COMPOUND AND MIXTURES CLEARLY.COMPOUND AND MIXTURES CLEARLY.


THE WORLD AROUND US MADE UP OF MATTER.THE WORLD AROUND US MADE UP OF MATTER. THE SIMPLEST OF WHICH IS TERMED ELEMENT.THE SIMPLEST OF WHICH IS TERMED ELEMENT. 116 ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY 116 ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED BY

CHEMIST. SOME BEEN CREATED BY MAN CHEMIST. SOME BEEN CREATED BY MAN THROUGH TRANSMUTATIONTHROUGH TRANSMUTATION

EXAMPLE :EXAMPLE : THE HUMAN BODY, FOOD, AIR, MEDICINES AND THE HUMAN BODY, FOOD, AIR, MEDICINES AND

CLOTHES ARE MADE UP OF CHEMICAL SUBTANCESCLOTHES ARE MADE UP OF CHEMICAL SUBTANCES MANY SUBTANCES ARE PRODUCED BY MAN MANY SUBTANCES ARE PRODUCED BY MAN

CHEMICALLY.CHEMICALLY.


EXAMPLE :EXAMPLE :1.1. NITRIC ACID – TO MAKE FERTILISERS AND NITRIC ACID – TO MAKE FERTILISERS AND

EXPLOSIVES.EXPLOSIVES.2.2. SULPHURIC ACID – AS ELECTROLYTE IN ACID-LEAD SULPHURIC ACID – AS ELECTROLYTE IN ACID-LEAD

ACCUMULATORS AND TO MAKE DETERGENTS.ACCUMULATORS AND TO MAKE DETERGENTS.3.3. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS – AS CLEANING AGENTS.SOAPS AND DETERGENTS – AS CLEANING AGENTS.4.4. UREA – AS NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS.UREA – AS NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS.5.5. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) – TO MAKE PIPES, POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) – TO MAKE PIPES,

PLASTIC BAGS AND CHILDREN’S TOYS.PLASTIC BAGS AND CHILDREN’S TOYS.6.6. SODIUM CHLORIDE – TO PRESERVE FOODSODIUM CHLORIDE – TO PRESERVE FOOD7.7. ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR) – TO ADD FLAVOUR TO FOOD ACETIC ACID (VINEGAR) – TO ADD FLAVOUR TO FOOD

AND TO PRESERVE FOODAND TO PRESERVE FOOD


EXAMPLE :EXAMPLE :1.1. ETHANOL – TO MANUFACTURE ETHANOL – TO MANUFACTURE

ALCOHOLS,DRINKS,COSMETICS AND FOOD ALCOHOLS,DRINKS,COSMETICS AND FOOD SEASONING.SEASONING.

2.2. PAINTS AND SHELLAC – TO PROTECT PAINTS AND SHELLAC – TO PROTECT SURFACES.SURFACES.

3.3. SILVER CHLORIDE – TO MAKE SILVER CHLORIDE – TO MAKE PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS.PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS.

4.4. SILVER BROMIDE – IN PHOTOGRAPHYSILVER BROMIDE – IN PHOTOGRAPHY5.5. FORMALDEHYDE – TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS FORMALDEHYDE – TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS

IN THE LABORATORYIN THE LABORATORY6.6. SODIUM HYDROXIDE – TO MAKE SOAP AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE – TO MAKE SOAP AND

PAPERPAPER


THE IMPORTANCE CHEMISTRYTHE IMPORTANCE CHEMISTRY

1.1. OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION2.2. INDUSTRYINDUSTRY3.3. EDUCATIONEDUCATION


OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION

SOME OF THE OCCUPATION THATSOME OF THE OCCUPATION THATNEED THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY INCLUDE :NEED THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY INCLUDE :

1.1. DOCTORSDOCTORS2.2. HEALTH OFFICERSHEALTH OFFICERS3.3. DENTISTSDENTISTS4.4. BIOCHEMISTSBIOCHEMISTS5.5. PHARMACISTSPHARMACISTS6.6. NUTRIONISTSNUTRIONISTS7.7. FORENSIC SCIENTISTSFORENSIC SCIENTISTS8.8. GEOLOGISTSGEOLOGISTS9.9. LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTSLABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS10.10. PHYSIOTHERAPISTSPHYSIOTHERAPISTS11.11. CHEMISTSCHEMISTS



1.1. METALLURGISTSMETALLURGISTS2.2. AGRICULTURISTSAGRICULTURISTS3.3. GENETIC ENGINEERSGENETIC ENGINEERS4.4. PHARMACOLOGISTSPHARMACOLOGISTS5.5. TOXICOLOGISTSTOXICOLOGISTS6.6. CHEMICAL ENGINEERSCHEMICAL ENGINEERS7.7. BIOTECHNOLOGISTSBIOTECHNOLOGISTS8.8. POLYMER SCIENTISTSPOLYMER SCIENTISTS9.9. FOOD TECHNOLOGISTSFOOD TECHNOLOGISTS10.10. MICROBIOLOGISTSMICROBIOLOGISTS11.11. HAEMATOLOGISTSHAEMATOLOGISTS



A FEW EXAMPLE OF OCCUPATION ANDA FEW EXAMPLE OF OCCUPATION ANDTHEIR APPLICATION OF CHEMISTRY :THEIR APPLICATION OF CHEMISTRY :

1.1. ECOLOGISTS – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGISTS – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN SURROUNDING AND THEIR AFFECTS ON THE SUBSTANCES IN SURROUNDING AND THEIR AFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT.ENVIRONMENT.

2.2. GEOCHEMIST – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL GEOCHEMIST – TO STUDY THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ON EARTH.SUBSTANCES ON EARTH.

3.3. GENETIC ENGINEERS – THE STUDY YHE GENETIC AND GENETIC ENGINEERS – THE STUDY YHE GENETIC AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHROMOSOMES AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHROMOSOMES AND THE EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON THEIR COMPOSITION.EFFECTS OF ENGINEERING ON THEIR COMPOSITION.

4.4. PHARMACOLOGISTS – TO STUDY AND SYNTHESISE NEW PHARMACOLOGISTS – TO STUDY AND SYNTHESISE NEW MEDICINES AND DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VARIOUS MEDICINES AND DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VARIOUS DISEASES.DISEASES.

5.5. BIOCHEMISTS – TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL BIOCHEMISTS – TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE HUMAN BODY.REACTIONS IN THE HUMAN BODY.

6.6. DOCTORS – TO TREAT DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS.DOCTORS – TO TREAT DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS.



CHEMISTS ARE ALSO NEEDED :CHEMISTS ARE ALSO NEEDED :1.1. TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF TO STUDY THE PROCESS OF

MANUFACTURING DRUGS AND MEDICINES.MANUFACTURING DRUGS AND MEDICINES.2.2. TO UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL TO UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL

STRUCTURE AND EFFECTS OF DRUGS.STRUCTURE AND EFFECTS OF DRUGS.3.3. TO CONDUCT STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON TO CONDUCT STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON

FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES IN FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES IN FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIES.FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES INDUSTRIES.

4.4. TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FOOD ADDITIVES AND THEIR COMPOSITIONS IN THE FOOD AND THEIR COMPOSITIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES


CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIACHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :

1.1. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRYIRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

2.2. OLEOCHEMICAL, WHICH PRODUCES VARIOUS OLEOCHEMICAL, WHICH PRODUCES VARIOUS PRODUCTS FROM PALM OIL INCLUDING SOAPS AND PRODUCTS FROM PALM OIL INCLUDING SOAPS AND DETERGENTS.DETERGENTS.

3.3. DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS – WHICH CONVERT NATURAL DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS – WHICH CONVERT NATURAL GAS TO KEROSENE AND WAX.GAS TO KEROSENE AND WAX.

4.4. RECYLING FACTORIES WHICH RECYLE PAPER, RECYLING FACTORIES WHICH RECYLE PAPER, ALUMINUM CANS AND OTHERS INTO REUSABLE ALUMINUM CANS AND OTHERS INTO REUSABLE PRODUCTS.PRODUCTS.


CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIACHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA

THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING :

1.1. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS – WHICH SUPPLIES PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS – WHICH SUPPLIES FUEL FOR HOME, VEHICLES AND INDUSTRIES.FUEL FOR HOME, VEHICLES AND INDUSTRIES.

3.3. PLASTIC INDUSTRY – WHICH PRODUCES EQUIQMENT PLASTIC INDUSTRY – WHICH PRODUCES EQUIQMENT FOR HOME NEEDS AND PARTS FOR ELECTRICAL FOR HOME NEEDS AND PARTS FOR ELECTRICAL DEVICES.DEVICES.

5.5. AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICH AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, WHICH PRODUCES FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FOR PRODUCES FERTILISERS AND PESTICIDES FOR AGRICULTURAL SECTOR.AGRICULTURAL SECTOR.

8.8. PHARMACEUTICAL – WHICH PRODUCES BOTH PHARMACEUTICAL – WHICH PRODUCES BOTH MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES AND DRUGS.MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINES AND DRUGS.


CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED CONTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIESINDUSTRIES

1.1. HAVE IMPROVED OUR ECONOMYHAVE IMPROVED OUR ECONOMYTHROUGH THE EXPORT OF VARIOUSTHROUGH THE EXPORT OF VARIOUSPRODUCTS, SUCH AS CHEMICALS, SOAPS, PRODUCTS, SUCH AS CHEMICALS, SOAPS, DETERGENTS, ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, DETERGENTS, ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, FERTILISERS,PESTICIDES, RUBBER, OILFERTILISERS,PESTICIDES, RUBBER, OILPALM, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS AND PALM, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS AND PETROCHEMICALS.PETROCHEMICALS.

2.2. HEPLS TO REDUCE IMPORTS, THEREBYHEPLS TO REDUCE IMPORTS, THEREBYSAVING FOREIGN EXCHANGESAVING FOREIGN EXCHANGE



THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASED THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES :INDUSTRIES :

1.1. FOOD AND BEVERAGES – FLAVOURS, ESSENCES, FOOD FOOD AND BEVERAGES – FLAVOURS, ESSENCES, FOOD STABILISERS, PRESERVATIVES, SWEERENERS AND ANTI-STABILISERS, PRESERVATIVES, SWEERENERS AND ANTI-OXIDANTS.OXIDANTS.

3.3. DRUG AND MEDICINES – ANTIBIOTICS, ANALGESICS, DRUG AND MEDICINES – ANTIBIOTICS, ANALGESICS, HORMONES, VITAMINS, VACCINES AND TRADIOTIONAL HORMONES, VITAMINS, VACCINES AND TRADIOTIONAL MEDICINES.MEDICINES.

5.5. AGRICULTURE – FERTILISERS, PESTICIDES, GROWTH AGRICULTURE – FERTILISERS, PESTICIDES, GROWTH HORMONES AND HERBICIDES.HORMONES AND HERBICIDES.

4.4. TELECOMMUNICATIONS – CHEMICAL CELLS, COMPOSITE TELECOMMUNICATIONS – CHEMICAL CELLS, COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR CELLPHONE, RADIO AND TELEVISIONMATERIAL FOR CELLPHONE, RADIO AND TELEVISION



THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE THE VARIOUS PRODUCTS OF THE CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES :CHEMICAL-BASED INDUSTRIES :

5.5. TRANSPORT – FUEL FOR VEHICLES, ALLOYS FOR TRANSPORT – FUEL FOR VEHICLES, ALLOYS FOR VEHICLE PARTS, GLASS, PLASTICS, RUBBERS AND VEHICLE PARTS, GLASS, PLASTICS, RUBBERS AND COMPOSITE MATERIALSCOMPOSITE MATERIALS

6.6. TEXTILE – NYLON AND POLYESTER MATERIALSTEXTILE – NYLON AND POLYESTER MATERIALS

7.7. MANUFACTURE/SYNTHESIS – RAW MATERIALS SUCH MANUFACTURE/SYNTHESIS – RAW MATERIALS SUCH AS CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, UREA AND AS CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, UREA AND CATALYSTS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIESCATALYSTS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES


IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CHEMISTRYIMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CHEMISTRY

1.1. THE KNOWLODGE IS IMPORTANT IN MANY FIELDS OF RESEARCH SUCH THE KNOWLODGE IS IMPORTANT IN MANY FIELDS OF RESEARCH SUCH AS MEDICINE, ENGINEERING, BIOCHEMISTRY, BOTANY, AS MEDICINE, ENGINEERING, BIOCHEMISTRY, BOTANY, PHARMACEUTICALS, GENETICA AND FORENSICS SCIENCE.PHARMACEUTICALS, GENETICA AND FORENSICS SCIENCE.

2.2. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF SURROUNDING. THE AIR THAT WE BREATHE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF SURROUNDING. THE AIR THAT WE BREATHE IN IS COMPOSED OF OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE. THE IN IS COMPOSED OF OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE. THE CEMENTS, CONCRETE,IRON, STEEL, WOOD, GLASS AND TILES WHICH CEMENTS, CONCRETE,IRON, STEEL, WOOD, GLASS AND TILES WHICH ARE USED TO BUILD OUR HOME AND SCHOOL.ARE USED TO BUILD OUR HOME AND SCHOOL.

3.3. THE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF FOOD AND THE KNOWLEDGE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF FOOD AND MEDICAL DRUGS TO MORE BETTER THE QUALITY OF LIFE. FERTILISER, MEDICAL DRUGS TO MORE BETTER THE QUALITY OF LIFE. FERTILISER, PESTICIDES AND GROWTH HORMONES TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES AND GROWTH HORMONES TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. PRESERVATIVES PREVENT PROCESSED FOOFSTUFF FROM PRODUCTS. PRESERVATIVES PREVENT PROCESSED FOOFSTUFF FROM DECOMPOSITION. MODERN DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES.DECOMPOSITION. MODERN DRUGS USED TO TREAT DISEASES.

4.4. TO HELPFUL IN THE CONVERSATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS TO HELPFUL IN THE CONVERSATION OF OUR ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS RECYLING PAPER AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OF RECYLING PAPER AND OTHER WASTE MATERIALS AND DISPOSAL OF HARMFUL WASTES FROM FACTORIES HARMFUL WASTES FROM FACTORIES


SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD1.1. CHEMISTRY INVOLVES INVESTIGATION THROUGH SCIENTIFIC MEAN. CHEMISTRY INVOLVES INVESTIGATION THROUGH SCIENTIFIC MEAN.

THE BASIC RESEARCH SKILLS CALLED SCIENTIFIC METHOD.THE BASIC RESEARCH SKILLS CALLED SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

3.3. A SERIES OF SYSTEMATIC STEPS WHICH SCIENTISTS PRACTISE WHEN A SERIES OF SYSTEMATIC STEPS WHICH SCIENTISTS PRACTISE WHEN CONDUCTING A STUDY IN PARTICULAR SITUATION.CONDUCTING A STUDY IN PARTICULAR SITUATION.

5.5. A SCIENTIFIC STEPS :A SCIENTIFIC STEPS :1.1. OBSERVATIONOBSERVATION2.2. INFERENCEINFERENCE3.3. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMIDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM4.4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLESIDENTIFYING THE VARIABLES5.5. FORMING A HYPOTHESISFORMING A HYPOTHESIS6.6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLESCONTROLLING THE VARIABLES7.7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURESPLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES8.8. COLLECTING DATACOLLECTING DATA9.9. INTERPRETING DATAINTERPRETING DATA10.10. DRAWING A CONCLUSIONDRAWING A CONCLUSION11.11. WRITING A REPORTWRITING A REPORT


SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD

SITUATION :SITUATION :

You are required to study the solubility of calciumYou are required to study the solubility of calciumchloride, CaClchloride, CaCl2 2 , in water. You are given 10 cm, in water. You are given 10 cm33

waterwaterand 100 g CaCland 100 g CaCl22 . After adding the salt, little by little . After adding the salt, little by littleto the water and stirring it, you find some saltto the water and stirring it, you find some saltremaining at the bottom of the beaker. If more waterremaining at the bottom of the beaker. If more wateris added, the salt dissolves.is added, the salt dissolves.



1. 1. OBSERVATIONOBSERVATIONANY CHANGES IN COLOUR, SOLUBILITYANY CHANGES IN COLOUR, SOLUBILITYFORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES, SEENFORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCES, SEENDURING THE EXPERIMENT.DURING THE EXPERIMENT.



2. 2. MAKING AND INFERENCEMAKING AND INFERENCETHE INITIAL CONCLUSION THAT IS THE INITIAL CONCLUSION THAT IS MADE, BASED ON THE OBSERVATION AT MADE, BASED ON THE OBSERVATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SCIENTIFIC THE BEGINNING OF THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.INVESTIGATION.



4. 4. IDENTIFYING THE VARIABLESIDENTIFYING THE VARIABLESVARIABLES ARE FACTORS OR CONDITIONSVARIABLES ARE FACTORS OR CONDITIONSWHICH INFLUENCE OTHER FACTORS IN ANWHICH INFLUENCE OTHER FACTORS IN ANINVESTIGATION. ALL INVESTIGATION. ALL

3 TYPES :3 TYPES :1.1. MANIPULATEDMANIPULATED (INDEPENDENT)– THE VARIABLE (INDEPENDENT)– THE VARIABLE

THAT IS DELIBERATELY ALTERED TO SEE HOWTHAT IS DELIBERATELY ALTERED TO SEE HOWSUCH CHANGES AFFECT THE QUANTITY OR SUCH CHANGES AFFECT THE QUANTITY OR FACTOR.FACTOR.



2.2. RESPONDSRESPONDS (DEPENDENT) – WHICH (DEPENDENT) – WHICH CHANGES AS A RESULT OF VARIABLE CHANGES AS A RESULT OF VARIABLE THAT IS MANIPULATED.THAT IS MANIPULATED.

3. 3. CONSTANTCONSTANT – THE FACTOR OR – THE FACTOR OR CONDITION OR QUANTITY THAT CONDITION OR QUANTITY THAT REMAINS UNCHANGED THROUGHOUT REMAINS UNCHANGED THROUGHOUT THE INVESTIGATION.THE INVESTIGATION.



5. 5. FORMING A HYPOTHESISFORMING A HYPOTHESIS A GENERAL STATEMENT THAT A GENERAL STATEMENT THAT STATES THE CORRELATION STATES THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE RESPONDING BETWEEN THE RESPONDING VARIABLE AND THE MANIPULATED VARIABLE AND THE MANIPULATED VARIABLE.VARIABLE.



6. 6. CONTROLLING THE VARIABLESCONTROLLING THE VARIABLES THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING THE VARIABLE THAT IS BEING STUDIED AND THE NUMBER OF STUDIED AND THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE EXPERIMENT IS TIMES THE EXPERIMENT IS REPEATED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN REPEATED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN AUTHENTIC OR GENUINE RESULT.AUTHENTIC OR GENUINE RESULT.


SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD7. 7. PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION PLANNING THE INVESTIGATION

PROCEDURESPROCEDURESTHIS INCLUDES :THIS INCLUDES :

A.A. DETERMINING AND PREPARING THE DETERMINING AND PREPARING THE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR APPARATUS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE EXPERIMENT.THE EXPERIMENT.

B.B. STATING THE PROCEDURES OR STEP TAKEN STATING THE PROCEDURES OR STEP TAKEN TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT IS DONE TO CONDUCT THE EXPERIMENT IS DONE CORRECTLY.CORRECTLY.

C.C. THE METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA, OF THE METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA, OF PRESENTING DATA AND INTERPRETING PRESENTING DATA AND INTERPRETING DATA.DATA.



8. 8. COLLECTING DATACOLLECTING DATAALL DATA COLLECTED THROUGH ALL DATA COLLECTED THROUGH THE OBSERVATION MADE DURING THE OBSERVATION MADE DURING THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE THE EXPERIMENT SHOULD BE RECORDED ACCURATELY IN THE RECORDED ACCURATELY IN THE FORM TABLES OR IN THE WORDS.FORM TABLES OR IN THE WORDS.



9. 9. INTERPRETING DATAINTERPRETING DATATHE DATA COLLECTED SHOULD BE THE DATA COLLECTED SHOULD BE CHANGED AND PRESENTED IN A CHANGED AND PRESENTED IN A MORE MEANINGFUL WAY SO THAT MORE MEANINGFUL WAY SO THAT THEY ARE EASILY INTERPRETED.THEY ARE EASILY INTERPRETED.



10.10. DRAWING CONCLUSIONDRAWING CONCLUSIONAFTER EXAMANING AND AFTER EXAMANING AND INTERPRETING THE DATA , A INTERPRETING THE DATA , A CONCLUDING STATEMENT IS MADE CONCLUDING STATEMENT IS MADE ON THE RESULTS OF THE ON THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT. THE HYPOTHESIS IS EXPERIMENT. THE HYPOTHESIS IS THE ACCEPTED AS TRUE OR THE ACCEPTED AS TRUE OR REJECTED AS INCORRECT.REJECTED AS INCORRECT.


SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD11.11. WRITING A REPORTWRITING A REPORT

A COMPLETE REPORT IS WRITTEN WHERE A COMPLETE REPORT IS WRITTEN WHERE ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE PRESENTED:ALL THE FOLLOWING ARE PRESENTED:

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF PROBLEM HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS VARIABLES (ALL THREE)VARIABLES (ALL THREE) APPARATUS USEDAPPARATUS USED MATERIAL USED WITH THEIR QUANTITIESMATERIAL USED WITH THEIR QUANTITIES PROCEDUREPROCEDURE RESULTS AND DATARESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS OF THE DATAANALYSIS OF THE DATA INTERPRETATION OF THE DATAINTERPRETATION OF THE DATA DISCUSSION OF THE DATADISCUSSION OF THE DATA CONCLUSION AND STATEMENT ON HYPOTHESISCONCLUSION AND STATEMENT ON HYPOTHESIS


SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHOD SHOULD BE OBSERVED SCIENTIFIC METHOD SHOULD BE OBSERVED WHEN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT IN ORDER WHEN CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT IN ORDER TO ENSURE :TO ENSURE :

1.1. VALID AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION.VALID AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION.2.2. A HYPOTHESIS IN INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL.A HYPOTHESIS IN INVESTIGATED IN DETAIL.3.3. THE EXPERIMENT IS CONDUCTED SYSTEMATICALLY THE EXPERIMENT IS CONDUCTED SYSTEMATICALLY

AND ACCORDING TO THE PROCEDURES.AND ACCORDING TO THE PROCEDURES.4.4. ACCURATE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED.ACCURATE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED.5.5. AN ACCEPTABLE AND VALID CONCLUSIONAN ACCEPTABLE AND VALID CONCLUSION


SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHODTHE MANIPULATING SKILL LEARNT DURING A THE MANIPULATING SKILL LEARNT DURING A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION :SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION :

1.1. USING AND HANDLING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND USING AND HANDLING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIAL CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.MATERIAL CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.

2.2. DRAWING APPARATUS AND LABORATORY DRAWING APPARATUS AND LABORATORY SUBSTANCES ACCURATELY.SUBSTANCES ACCURATELY.

3.3. CLEANING SCIENCE APPARATUS CORRECTLY.CLEANING SCIENCE APPARATUS CORRECTLY.4.4. STORING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS STORING SCIENCE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.CORRECTLY AND SAFETY.


SCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC METHODSCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES ARE SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES ARE NECESSARY :NECESSARY :

1.1. PREVENT ACCIDENT FROM OCCURING.PREVENT ACCIDENT FROM OCCURING.2.2. ENSURE A CLEAN AND CALM ATMOSPHERE IN THE ENSURE A CLEAN AND CALM ATMOSPHERE IN THE

LABORATORY.LABORATORY.3.3. INCULCATION POSITIVE VALUES LIKE CURIOSITY, INCULCATION POSITIVE VALUES LIKE CURIOSITY,

HONESTY, COOPERATIVE, PERSEVERANCE AND HONESTY, COOPERATIVE, PERSEVERANCE AND REPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS.REPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS.


CONCEPT MAPCONCEPT MAP

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

UNDERSTANDING CHEMISTRY SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Origin of the word

Uses

Occupation

Chemical Industries

Contribution to development

Procedures

Scientific attitudes

Technology

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