Base Station Virtualization: Advantages and Challenges

Network Technology Strategy Department Alberto Boaventura

2015-04-05

April, 7-9th 2015

1 2

3

We have approximately 330,000 kilometers of fiber optic cable installed, which makes our network the

largest telecommunications backbone in Brazil.

Our mobile network, with more than 25,000 outdoor stations and almost 1 million of Wi-Fi hotspot, covers areas where approximately 88.5% of the

population lives and works.

Currently we provide ADSL and VDSL services in 4703 of 5570 Brazilian cities. We are upgrading with

fiber optic-based GPON to support VDSL2 and facilitate the provision of our TV services. Already we offer services up to 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps for

residential and enterprise customers respectively.

Who we are ...

40,3% 27,1% 32,6%

54,7%

23,1% 21,6%

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

GDP Population

After privatization, the Brazilian market has been split in 3 Regions. Oi is fixed incumbent operator in Region 1 & 2, but has presence in all Brazilian regions.

Where we are ...

Brazil is the largest country in Latin America with 8.5 million of km2. The GDP is 2.246 Trillion of USD and Population is 203 million of inhabitants.

16 States 10 States 1 State

174 202,9

242,2 261,8 271,1

41,5 42 43 44,3 44,8

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Mobile Accesses Fixed Accesses

Millions

Source: Teleco/2014

Changes and …

Source: Ericsson 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1000

1800

Voice

Data

Tota

l (U

L+D

L) t

raff

ic (

Pe

taB

yte

s)

Source: Cisco VNI 2012

12

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6

Mobile File Sharing

Mobile M2M

Mobile Web/Data

Mobile Video

Exab

yte

s p

er

mo

nth

In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second highest penetrated consumer mobile service

with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer mobile users - Cisco 2012

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*

MBB DevelopingMBB DevelopedFBB DevelopingFBB Developed

Wo

rld

Bro

adb

and

Su

bsc

rip

tio

ns

(Bill

ion

s)

Source: ITU/ICT/MIS 2014

132 89 113 147

117 161 146 103

181 170 149 151

110 59 66 43

540 min 479 min 474 min 444 min

Indonesia China Brazil USA

TV Laptop+PC Smartphone Tablet

Source: KPCB & Milward Brown 2014 Dai

ly D

istr

. Of

Scre

en

Min

ute

s

13 kbps 50 kbps

125

kbps

200

kbps

684

kbps

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: Cisco VNI (2010/2011/2012/2013)

242%

2009 ‘10 ‘11 ‘12 ‘13 ‘14 ‘15 ‘16 ‘17 ‘18

10

6

LTE UMTS/HSPA GSM;EDGE TD-SCDMA CDMA Other

Wo

rld

Mo

bile

Su

b. (

Bill

ion

s)

Source: Ericsson 2012

Lati

n A

me

rica

Ave

rage

Th

rou

ghp

ut

VIDEO BECOMES SOCIAL … DATA BECOMES VIDEO … MOBILE BECOMES DATA … TELECOM BECOMES MOBILE …

On the market demand in dense urban areas during

business hours, it has been calculated that 800

Mbps/km2 are required (BuNGee and Artists4G

Projects).

The Convention Industry Council Manual guidelines

recommend 10 square feet per person. It represents 1

Million persons per km2. If all persons upload video

with 64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2!

Whatsapp: Over 50bn messages every day.

Facebook: 1 billion of active users and a half of them use mobile access (488 million users) regularly.

Twitter: 50% users are using the social network via mobile.

YouTube: more than ¼ of users use in Mobile Device

Instagram: The average Instagram mobile user spent two times comparing tp Twitter.

By 2018 there will be nearly 1.4

mobile devices per capita. There

will be over 10 billion mobile-

connected devices by 2018,

including machine-to-machine

(M2M) modules—exceeding the

world’s population at that time

(7.6 billion) – CISCO VNI 2014

… VIDEO & SOCIAL BECOME CROWD TRAFFIC INTERNET OF EVERYTHING TRAFFIC & REVENUE DECOUPLING

Voice Centric

Data Centric

Traffic

Reveue

LTE Advanced

ITU-R M.2034 Spectral Efficiency

DL 15 bits/Hz UL 6.75 bits/Hz

Latency User Plane < 10 ms Control Plane < 100 ms

Bandwidth ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz

ADVANCED

Coverage C

apac

ity

SmallCells

High order MIMO Carrier Aggregation

Hetnet/CoMP

LTE

LTE –A

3GPP TR 36.913

3GPP Release 8

3GPP Release 10

RELEASE 8/9 RELEASE 10/11 RELEASE 12/13

20 MHz OFDM SC-FDMA DL 4x4 MIMO SON, HeNB

Carrier Aggregation UL 4x4 MIMO DL/UL CoMP HetNet (x4.33) MU-MIMO (x1.14)

Small Cells Enh. CoMP Enh. FD-MIMO (x3.53) DiverseTraffic Support

LTE Roadmap

Carrier Aggregation Intra & Inter Band

Band X

Band y

Multihop Relay

Multihop Relay

Smallcells Heterogeneous Network

Colaboration MIMO (CoMP) e HetNet

High Order DL-MIMO & Advanced UL-MIMO

C-plane (RRC)

Phantom Celll

Macro Cell F1

F2

F2>F1

U-plane

D2D

New Architecture

METIS PROJECT PREMISES (SOURCE: ETSI/ERICSSON) METIS: 29 PARTNERS

5G Vision and Timeframe

ITU-R´s docs paving way to 5G:

IMT.VISION (Deadline July 2015) - Title: “Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond”

Objective: Defining the framework and overall objectives of IMT for 2020 and beyond to drive the future developments for IMT

IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS (Deadline Oct. 2014)

To provide a view of future IMT technology aspects 2015-2020 and beyond and to provide information on trends of future IMT technology aspects

EU (Nov 2012)

China (Fev2013)

Korea (Jun 2013)

Japão (Out 2013)

2020 and Beyond Adhoc

Exploratory Research Pre-standardization Standardization activities Trials and Commercialization

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

WRC15 WRC12 WRC19

Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society

5G Potential Technologies

1=0º

1=45º

30

210

60

240

90

270

120

300

150

330

180

...

p1

p2

pN

Native M2M support A massive number of connected devices

with low throughput; Low latency Low power and battery consumption

hnm

h21

h12

h11

Higher MIMO order: 8X8 or more System capacity increases in fucntion of

number of antennas

Spatial-temporal modulation schemes SINR optimization Beamforming

Enables systems that illuminate and at the same time provide broadband wireless data connectivity

Transmitters: Uses off-the-shelf white light emitting diodes (LEDs) used for solid-state lighting (SSL);

Receivers: Off-the-shelf p-intrinsic-n (PIN) photodiodes (PDs) or aval anche photo-diodes (APDs)

C-plane (RRC)

Phantom Celll

Macro Cell

F1 F2

F2>F1

U-plane

D2D

Phantom Cell based architecture Control Plane uses macro network User Plane is Device to Device (D2D) in

another frequency such as mm-Wave and high order modulation (256 QAM).

Net

Radio

Core

Cache

Access Network Caching Network Virtualization Function Cloud-RAN Dynamic and Elastic Network

5G Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW)

Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) : Potential extension to OFDM ;

Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC): Sustainability fragmented spectra.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Sparse-Code Multiple Access (SCMA) High modulation constellation

MASSIVE MIMO SPATIAL MODULATION COGITIVE RADIO NETWORKS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE NATIVE SUPPORT FOR M2M CLOUD NETWORK & CACHE NEW MODULATION SCHEME

New protocol for shared spectrum rational use

Mitigate and avoid interference by surrounding radio environment and regulate its transmission accordingly.

In interference-free CR networks, CR users are allowed to borrow spectrum resources only when licensed users do not use them.

... Challenges

ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000

future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.

531 MHz 749 MHz

971 MHz

749 MHz

557 MHz 723 MHz

997 MHz

723 MHz

587 MHz 693 MHz

1027 MHz

693 MHz

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

MORE SPECTRUM NEW TECHNOLOGY & INFRASTRUCTURE SPLIT CELL & SITE DENSIFICIATION

𝑪 𝒃𝒑𝒔 ≤ 𝑩(𝑯𝒛) ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑺𝑰𝑵𝑹

Smallcells

Heterogeneous Network

hnm

h21

h12

h11

Mobile operation needs spectrum below 6 GHz,

but there is no enough around world.

Interference with exiting services: cleanup cost,

interference mitigation

High spectrum cost: The average license cost in

new spectrum auctions ranges around 100-700

million of Reais per 10 MHz FDD block

Spectrum Refarming

Spectral Efficiency

New infrastructure investment

Technology life cycle and adoption

Market Scale

New site legal barriers

Tax barriers

New site investment

Interference control and mitigation

Backhaul capillarity

HIGH ORDER MIMO

Cell Site Densification HIGH ORDER MODULATION

Centralized or Distributed Base

Stations?

High Density Traffic

2013 2014 2015 2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

0,0 Mbps/km2

500,0 Mbps/km2

1000,0 Mbps/km2

1500,0 Mbps/km2

2000,0 Mbps/km2

0,250 km0,350 km0,450 km0,550 km

DOWNTOWN: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC

Coverage Radius

Capacity 2015

Capacity 2016

Capacity 2017

A +63%

C

D

+61%

+54%

B

Green line represents the system capacity density.

The capacity associated to coverage grid can capture the demand from 2013 till 2014 – Point A;

However, for 2015 it is needed to increase 63% the number of sites, changing the exiting grid – Point B;

In 2016 and 2017, they require more 61% and 54% more sites respectivelly;

In that time, SmallCells are more appropriated infrastructure to save CapEx and OpEx;

TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES AND TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x2600 MHz (10) +1800 MHz (5) +1800 MHz (10) SmallCell

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Legend Notes: 2600 MHz (10) : Basic Scenario; +1800 MHz (5): Additional 5 MHz using 1800 MHz in Basic Scenario coverage; +1800 (10): Same as above, but using 10 MHz; SmallCell: SmallCell using 2600 MHz with 10 MHz for bandwidth;

TIMES BASIC SCENARIO COVERAGE CAPACITY

TCO

A B C

Indifference between Macro

1800 & 2600 MHz

Macro LTE 1800 MHz for

coverage

Dual layer Macro LTE 1800

& 2600 MHz

181 265 890

SmallCell 2600 MHz

𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔

𝒌𝒎𝟐

X: BASIC SCENARIO COVERAGE CAPACITY

X

DEMANDS

DOWNTOWN DEMAND: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC

Source: SmallCells Forum

Indoor Environment

Frequency under 1 GHz has a good Indoor

propagation. But lack bandwidth for

capturing mobile broadband traffic.

90 MHz 150 MHz 200 MHz

500 MHz

13 GHz

700 MHz 1800 MHz 3500 MHz 5800 MHz

(LTE-U)

mmWave

INDOOR TRAFFIC TRAFFIC DENSITY BUILDING PENETRATION LOSS

0,0 dB 10,0 dB 20,0 dB

700 MHz

900 MHz

1800 MHz

2100 MHz

2600 MHz

INDOOR LOST PERFORMANCE MACRO SITE DENSITY FOR INDOOR COMPENSATION

39%

32%

14%

4%

11%

In Car

At Home

At Work

Travelling

Others

0 bps/Hz

4 bps/Hz

8 bps/Hz

12 bps/Hz

-130 dBm -110 dBm -90 dBm

3GPP (LTE) Shannon

Outdoor Indoor

-50%

50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are

performed in indoor environment;

Building Penetration Loss varies around 10-20 dB,

that reduces at minimum of 50% overall performance

of outdoor macro sites;

FREQUENCY DILEMMA

0

300

600

900

0,25 km0,30 km0,35 km0,40 km0,45 km0,50 km

Indoor Outdoor

219%

High Concentration Traffic

Low dense data traffic. It is dispersed in coverage area

Indoor Environment Outdoor Environment

The indoor traffic density can be thousand times higher

than outdoor. For instance, in stadium & arenas, the

number of persons per km2 can reach 1 Million! If all

persons upload video with 64 kbps, it represents 64

Gbps/km2

2600 MHz (10 MHz) Graphs

Better propagation

Outdoor Coverage Radius

Building Penetration Loss varies in each frequency.

Lowest frequency has better propagation behavior.

New Radius for increasing capacity

Ban

dw

idth

Voice Originating Call

Amount of Bandwidth Mbps/km2

Why Centralizing?

CAPACITY & COVERAGE:

Centralized RAN acts as huge Base Station and can easily coordinate resources for interference avoiding by using functionalities such as CoMP and e-ICIC. CoMP and e-ICIC can together increase the system capacity in 30 times homogeneous network;

C-RAN is also suitable for non-uniformly distributed traffic due to the load-balancing capability in the distributed BBU pool. Though the serving RRH changes dynamically according to the movement of UEs, the serving BBU is still in the same BBU pool.

50% of voice traffic and 80% of data traffic are performed in indoor environment, and due concentrated traffic , indoor traffic density can represent 10-100 times outdoor environment;

Centralized RAN can be optimal solution and accordingly to Airvana and it is 69% cheaper than DAS;

TRANSMISSION & INFRASTRUCTURE:

Algorithms such as e-ICIC and CoMP have tighter latency requirement below 10 micro seconds. In general IP backhaul transport cannot accomplish this latency level in X2 interface.

Network Synchronization can be simplified by requiring synchronism in less centralized sites

Currently almost LTE Cell Site is attended by fiber and DWDM is affordable solution for transport CPRI inside of lambdas.

Space/Colocation, air conditioning and other site support equipment's power consumption can be largely reduced.

China Mobile estimates a reduction of 71% of power saving comparing to Distributed Cell Site;

ROLLOUT, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE :

Faster system rollout due simpler remote cell site that reduces 1/3 comparing to Distributed RAN.

Multi-Tenant BBUs are aggregated in a few big rooms, it is much easier for centralized management and operation, saving a lot of the O&M cost associated with the large number of BS sites in a traditional RAN network.

TCO :

Accordingly to China Mobile, 15% and 50% of CapEx and OpEx savings respectivelly comparing to Distributed RAN

Core Net.

BBU

TDM

IP

BBU

BBU

Core Net.

Fronthaul

Backhaul IP

BBU

BBU

BBU

eICIC CoMP

Distributed RAN Centralized RAN

Coherent transm. & Non-Coherent transm.

Instantaneous Cell Selection

X2

X2

ABS Protected Subframe

Aggressor Cell Victim Cell X2

Identifies interfered UE

Requests ABS Configure

s ABS ABS Info Measurement Subset Info

Uses ABS and signals Patern

Base Station Virtualization

Base Station Virtualization & Cloud RAN Architecture

Fronthaul Interface Hardware

Backplane

Backhaul Interface Hardware

Hardware Poll

Virtualization Layer (Ex.: Hypervisor/VMM)

VM BBU 1 VM BBU N Core

Network

Cache & Local

Breakout ...

O&

M/C

on

tro

l/O

rch

es

tra

tor

Fronthaul: CPRI, OBSAI, ETSI ORI

Internet

RRU/ RRH

Radio Unit

Network Datacenter

Only Radio Unit

Backhaul IP

RRU/ RRH

Backhaul

Core Network

BBU BBU BBU

Internet

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

GbE

Existing Deployed Topology

Fronthaul

Internet

V-BBUs V-Core

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

CPRI/ OBSAI

Cloud RAN Topology

DEPLOYMENT PARADIGM CHANGE

PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES

ARCHITECTURE

Network Function Virtualization

Elastic & liquid Resources

Operational Flexibility

Reduces space and power consumption

Reduces CapEx, OpEx and delivery time

Software Defined Network

Creates an abstraction layer for: controlling; faster development ; system service orchestration and overall system evolution;

Open Development Interface

Creates an open environment for new development;

Catalyzes new SON & interference mitigation functionalities support;

Cases & ... CENTRALIZED RAN OR SUPER CELLSITE SMALLCELLS VS DAS

WATERFRONT SIDEWALK COVERAGE WITH PICO/SMALLCELLS VIRTUALIZED RAN SHARING

BBU

RRU

eNB/DAS

1 Sector

Limited to the throughput of 1 sector and the air link

Engineered for coverage

Satisfies requirements for multi-operator transmission (“neutral host”)

BBU 1

BBU N

BBU Hotel

CPRI Limited to the throughput of the air interface and backhaul

Is a mini Base Station in itself

Capable to accommodate high density traffic

Not geared toward neutral host operation

According to Airvana, Smallcell deployment can be 69% cheaper than DAS;

SmallCells

DAS

Super CellSite

BBUs

RRH/RRU Only

Fronthaul Interface Hardware

Backplane

Backhaul Interface Hardware

Hardware Poll

Virtualization Layer

Oper1 (BBU)

Oper2 (BBU) ...

O&

M/O

rch

est

rato

r

OperN (BBU)

Multiple sectors Base Station (or Hotel BBU) extended in their neighborhood through the use of fiber to

supplement coverage / capacity indoor or outdoor

Solution to minimize visual impact on coastlines, parks, public squares, monuments, street furniture and so forth.

Alternative to buried/under ground CellSite: extending sectors from existing base station to cover interested places.

Complements MOCN RAN Sharing deployment, bringing a new alternative (MORAN Like) for supporting multiple

operators, technologies and frequencies.

Internet

Fronthaul

... RRH/RRU

Only

Backhaul

Super CellSite with Pico/SmallCells

RRH/RRU Only

BBU N

BBU 1

...

... Concerns

Transport and Fronthaul

BBU CPRI OBSAI

ETSI ORI

Data

Control

Sync

RRU/RRH

Transport Media: Typically Optical Link in dedicated lambda

BBU N

BBU 2

BBU 1

CRAN – BBU Hotel

SmallCells unfolds complexity of capillarity

246 Mbps 1200 Mbps

2500 Mbps

9830 Mbps

WCDMA (1 Carrier) LTE (MIMO 2x2, 10

MHz)

LTE (MIMO 2x2, 20

MHz)

WCDMA (1 Carrier, 3

Sectors) + LTE (MIMO2x2, 20 MHz, 3 sectors)

High throughput requirement for supporting MIMO and high order of frequency bandwidth.

Although there are fronthaul standards, but

each vendor implemented its own flavor.

STANDARDIZATION:

There exist two main commercial standards CPRI (Common Public Radio Interfce) and OBSAI (Open Base Station Architecture Initiative), but the supporters implemented their own flavor;

ETSI has recently introduced new standard for fronthaul technology: Open Radio Interface that promises to support several medias - not only fiber.

CAPILLARITY:

SmallCells bring scalability concern to provide connectivity to large number of cell sites with high throughput and low latency;

However the SmallCells main applications reside in dense/urban and indoor environment where there exist cabling and fiber facilities

Wireless fronthaul solutions based on Multipoint to Multipoint have high transport capacity by using mmWave or 28 GHz and eventually can support CPRI/OBSAI

HIGH ORDER THROUGHPUT:

CPRI/OBSAI requires a huge throughput but compressed versions are commercial, allowing in some cases transport over Ethernet;

Currently almost LTE Cell Site is attended by fiber and DWDM is affordable solution for transport CPRI inside of lambdas.

LOW LATENCY:

CPRI/OBSAI requires low latency 5 micro seconds in total, that introduces limitation of 40 km in terms of distance between BBU and RRU;

However, algorithms such as e-ICIC and CoMP have tighter requirement than CPRI, and the limitation must be 15 km.

TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP:

Although DWDM is more expensive than MPLS-TP, the cost optimization considering CapEx and OpEx can reach 1/3 of Distributed CellSite.

... Concerns

STANDARDIZATION PERFORMANCE

Technology and Architecture

Hardware Resources

Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs)

Virtualization Layer

VNF ...

NFV

Man

agem

ent

and

O

rch

estr

atio

n

Compute Storage Network

NFV Infrastructure Virtual

Compute Virtual Storage

Virtual Network

VNF VNF VNF

Another challenges of virtualization are: real-time processing algorithm implementation; virtualization of the baseband processing pool; dynamic processing capacity allocation to deal with the dynamic cell load in system; exploitation of virtualized resources on commodity hardware, which does not provide the same real-time characteristics as currently deployed hardware.

This will introduce an additional computational latency and jitter, which needs to be considered in the protocol design.

It is an opportunity for new algorithms exploiting a large amount of resources efficiently (e.g., through stronger parallelization) or new Hardware Architecture (such as Intel DPDK).

In theory, a split for function centralization may happen on each protocol layer or on the interface between each layer.

However, 3GPP LTE implies certain constraints on timing as well as feedback loops between individual protocol layers. Hence, in a deployment with a constrained backhaul, most of the radio protocol stack and RRM are executed locally, while functions with less stringent requirements such as bearer management and load balancing are placed in centralized platform.

If a high capacity backhaul is available, a higher degree of centralization is achieved by shifting lower-layer functions (e.g., parts of the physical, PHY, and medium access control, MAC, layers or scheduling) into the centralized platform.

Source: Intel

Network Packet Size Server

Packet Size

WHAT TO VIRTUALIZE

RF

PHY

MAC

RRM

AC/LC

NM

RF

PHY

MAC

RRM

AC/LC

NM

How much to centralize

Executed at RRH

Centralized Executed

Centralized Executed

CRAN/SDR Monolithic

Executed at BTS

Middle Range Virtualization

Source: IEEE Communications Magazine

In order to use a common HW and Virtual Network functions, standardization is imperative to guarantee interchangeability of elements, functionalities and interfaces;

NFV ISG formed under ETSI (Nov. 2012), led by network operators with wide industry participation. It defined the architecture for NFV and 9 Use Case, including CRAN.

However an oldest process is in course through 3GPP process, such as 37 series for SDR/MSR.

CRAN needs to capture the best practices of these two processes and to have a single movement.

A Mobile SDN is needed for redefining processes in North/South Bound Interfaces and protocol between Flow Controller and Forward Engine – “MobileFlow” (IEEE Communications Magazine)

... Concerns

Infrastructure

POWERING FOR DISTRIBUTED RRH/RRU IN CENTRALIZED RAN BATTERY BACKUP: DISTRIBUTED OR CENTRALIZED?

VISUAL POLLUTION SITE ACQUISITION

Li-Ion Battery

Lead-Acid Battery SmallCells and RRH/RRH can be powered locally. However it is necessary to provide SLA in case of commercial power unavailability;

The Lead-Acid Battery still requires a large space to install. An alternative is Li-Ion Battery that is becoming affordable solution.

Lithium ion battery can work at the temperature of 60℃ normally. The cycle life can reach 5-to Machine room cost The volume and weight of lithium ion battery is 1/3 of 5 10years. that in lead-acid battery with the same capacity, which save the space efficient and without consider the floor weight.

Electric power cost Lithium ion battery can work at high temperature.Improve the air conditioner temperature in machine room so to save electric power;

Another advantages: Energy density=> space saving; Safety; High Temperature; Large current; Environmental protection

With centrilized RAN the site acquisition and collocation contracts must change. New type must be considered in different bases;

SmallCells deployment are in order of 10-100 times macro sites and their installation can be in different places: train and bus stations; airports; lighting poles; building façade; payphones etc. New types of leases/contracts should be developed.

In an Informa Telecoms & Media Small Cells Market Status Report, nearly 60% of respondents rated deployment issues and backhaul as the top 2 challenges for outdoor small cells. Lack of access to backhaul and power, environmental issues, and cell placement - including the need to deal with multiple landlords, new types of site owners and zoning issues – can delay deployment.

Some operators fail in SmallCells deployment due they did not account a long checklist: transport and infrastructure facilities; legal and site-acquisition issues

A Site Certification program removes these barriers, bringing the value-added suppliers with expertise in small cells to make sure metro deployment happens right the first time, with speed, and on a large scale.

Powering RRH/RRHU centralized/virtaualizaed RAN environment constitutes in one of big challenges;

Power of Ethernet is a preferable implementation for indoor and short distance outdoor SmallCells;

However Ethernet has capacity transport limitation and PoE is limited to 30-50 m;

Another alternative is powered fiber cable system that can offers a reach greater than 10 times the distance of power over Ethernet (POE+) cables.

Up to 12 Optical Fibers SMF/MMF

12 AGW or 16 AGW Conductors

Source: TE Connectivity

Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells, the shape and format may impact in acceptance to install in building and public facilities.

What are we doing?

Rural Suburban Urban Dense Urban Ultra Dense Urban & Indoor

Individual satellite access or Satellite Backhaul.

Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi 3G HSPA

Macro LTE 2600 MHz (Anatel Obligation)

Residential, Enterprise & corporate Wi-Fi

Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz

densification

Residential, Enterprise & corporate Wi-Fi

Metro Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Public Payphone

Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz

densification

Residential, Enterprise & corporate Wi-Fi Metro Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi Public Payphone Indoor DAS

3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz densification

Macro Cell Site LTE 450 MHz or 1800 MHz

Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi 3G HSPA

Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage & voice offload

SmallCell to indoor Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic

below 181 Mbps/km2

Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi Femtocell for 3G

SmallCell to indoor & outdoor Hetnet

Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone

Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification Macro LTE 2600 MHz

densification Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load

balancing or CA

Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi Femtocell for 3G

SmallCell to indoor & outdoor Hetnet

Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone

Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification

Multi-sector Macro & LTE 2600 MHz densification

Dual Frequency Layer LTE for load balancing or CA

Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi (802.11ad) Femtocell for 3G

Indoor & outdoor SmallCells Cloud RAN & Hetnet

Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone

Indoor DAS 3G HSPA densification

High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO Multi sector Macro & LTE 2600 MHz

densification Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load

balancing or CA

Macro Cell Site LTE 450 MHz or 1800 MHz

Wi-Fi 802.11af (TVWS) – M2M Residential & Enterprise Wi-Fi

3G HSPA Femtocell for 3G indoor coverage &

voice offload SmallCell to indoor

Macro LTE 1800 MHz for traffic below 181 Mbps/km2

Res., Enter. & corp.Wi-Fi Femtocell for 3G

SmallCell to indoor & outdoor Hetnet

Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ac) Wi-Fi Public Payphone

Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load balancing or CA

Res., Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW)

Wi-Fi Public Payphone Cloud RAN & HetNet

High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO Multi sector Macro & Multiple Frequency Layer LTE for load

balancing or CA

Res., Enter. & Corp. Wi-Fi (802.11ad), SmallCell LTE-U (Supp. DL)

Metro Wi-Fi (802.11ax -HEW) Wi-Fi Public Payphone Cloud RAN & HetNet

High Order MIMO/FD-MIMO Multi sector Macro & Multiple Frequency

Layer LTE for load balancing or CA

Coverage & Capacity Strategy Example

Short Term

Mid Term

Long Term

𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔

𝒌𝒎𝟐

Macro <1 GHz Macro Mddle Freq. Macro High Freq. SmallCell/Wi-FI

Base Station Virtualization in Phases

CLOUD RAN HETNET CENTRALIZED RAN MULTI STANDARD RAN

Multi-sector BBU or BBU Hotel

Overall TCO (CapEx+OpEx) saving of New Cell Site

Network elasticity based on resource pooled in a single BBU

Network synchronization simplification

Fronthaul Rollout

Vendor consolidation

MSR and SDR deployment

2G+3G+4G in single BBU

CellSite Modernization

IP Backhauling

Lifecycle Management Optimization

SmallCell Rollout

Capacity improvement by using CoMP, eICIC, CA etc.

Taking advantage of LTE-A & B (Rel.11 and Rel.12)

Baseband pooled across BBU

Using General Purpose HW

EPC and Cloud RAN in a same Network Datacenter

Core Net.

2G

3G

4G

2G

3G

4G

2G

3G

4G

TDM

IP

Core Net.

2G +3G+4G

TDM

IP

2G +3G+4G

2G +3G+4G

Core Net.

BBU

TDM

IP

BBU

BBU

Core Net.

BBU

Fronthaul

Backhaul IP

BBU

BBU

Core Net.

BBU

Fronthaul

Backhaul IP

BBU

BBU

Core Net.

Fronthaul

Backhaul IP

BBU

BBU

BBU

Core Net.

Fronthaul

Backhaul IP

BBU

BBU

BBU

Fronthaul

Backhaul IP

SBI/Fronthaul

NBI/Internet

Hardware Poll

Virtualization Layer

BB

U1

...

O&

M/O

rch

est

rato

r

BB

U2

BB

Un

EPC

IMS

MTA

S

Alberto Boaventura alberto@oi.net.br +55 21 98875 4998

¡GRACIAS!

THANKS!

OBRIGADO!