IFPRI -tecnological innovation and their potential niches

Technological Innovations, their Potential and Niches

B. Mishra

(Former Vice Chancellor,Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, J&K and Former Director, Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal and Directorate of

Rice research, Hyderabad)Email---- [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Why Pulses ?

Pulses are rich in nutrientsImportant for ecological sustainability Important for sustainability in crop production systemsImportant for nutritional security Reduction of malnutrition

Pulses are poor man’s meat to meet their protein requirement and very important for people dependent of vegetarian diet

Total Pulses Area Total Pulses Production

Pulses Production Scenario

Others66%

India34%

Others75%

In-dia

25%

World: 76.00 m ha India : 26.20 m ha

World: 67.71 m t India : 17.11 m t

Share of Different States in Pulse Production (2011-12)

21%

18%

13%10%

9%

8%

4%3%

3% 3% 2% 2% 3%Madhya PradeshRajasthanMaharashtraUttar PradeshKarnatakaAndhra PradeshGujaratChhattisgarhOrissaTamil NaduBiharJharkhandOthers

1961-65

1965-70

1970-75

1975-80

1980-85

1985-90

1990-95

1995-00

2000-05

2005-10

2010-13

5

10

15

20

25

30

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Area (mha) Production (mt) Productivity (kg/ha)

Are

a an

d Pr

oduc

tion

Prod

uctiv

ity (K

g/ha

)

Area, Production and Productivity trends of pulses over last five decades

Crops

2011-12 2012-13

Area (mha)

Production (mt)

Productivity (kg/ha)

% share of total production

Area (mha)

Production (mt)

Productivity (kg/ha)

% share of total production

Chickpea 8.32 7.58 912 44.35 8.7 8.88 1020 48.13

Pigeonpea 4.04 2.65 656 15.51 3.8 3.07 806 16.64

Mungbean 3.43 1.71 498 10.01 2.75 1.2 436 6.50

Urdbean 3.30 1.83 555 10.71 3.19 1.9 595 10.30

Lentil 1.60 0.95 594 5.56 1.41 1.08 765 5.85

Total Pulses 24.46 17.09 699 - 23.47 18.45 786

Area, production, yield of major pulses and their share in total production in India

Global Status of Pulses Production

2010 (2009-10)Crops Area

(m. ha)Production

(m.ton) Yield

(Kg/ha)

Beans (Dry) 29.88 23.23 777

Chickpea 11.99 10.94 913

Cowpeas (Dry) 10.56 5.57 527

Peas (Dry) 6.31 10.20 1616

Pigeonpea 4.75 3.68 774

Lentil 4.18 4.64 1110

Others 8.33 9.45 1134

Total 76.00 67.71 891

Global Status of Major Pulses Producing Countries 2010 (2009-10)

Countries Area (m. ha)

Production(m.ton)

Yield (Kg/ha)

India 26.20 17.11 654Myanmar 3.80 4.40 1161

Brazil 3.50 3.23 921

China 2.80 4.51 1605

Canada 2.90 5.20 1814

Australia 1.75 1.90 1089

USA 1.40 2.63 1856

Others 33.65 28.73 854Total 76.00 67.71 891

1971-75 1981-85 1991-95 2001-05 2006-100.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

10.83

9.248.41

7.21

8.16

11.34

13.6014.50 14.47

15.01

North India (mha) Central and South India (mha)

Are

a (

Mill

ion

he

cta

res

)

Shift in pulse growing states in India

Varieties developed under different pulses in India

Trend of breeder seed production (2008-12) in major rabi pulses in India

Trend of breeder seed production (2008-12) in major kharif pulses in India

All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP)-Centre

State –wise area, production and productivity of Chickpea in India during 2010-11

S.No. StateArea (M

tons)Production (M

tons)Productivity (Kg/ha)

1. Madhya Pradesh 3.11 (33.84) 2.69 (32.73) 865

2. Rajasthan 1.78 (19.37) 1.60 (19.46) 899

3. Maharashtra 1.44 (15.67) 1.30 ( 15.82) 903

4. Uttar Pradesh 0.57 (6.20) 0.53 (6.45) 930

5. Andhra Pradesh 0.58 (6.31) 0.72 (8.76) 1241

6. Karnataka 0.96 (10.45) 0.63 (7.66) 656

7. Gujarat 0.18 (1.96) 0.20 (2.43) 1111

8. Chhattisgarh 0.25 (2.72) 0.24 (2.92) 960

9. Haryana 0.11 (1.20) 0.11 (1.34) 1000

10. Bihar 0.05 (0.54) 0.06 (0.73) 1200

11. Odisha 0.04 (0.44) 0.03 (0.36) 750

12. West Bengal 0.02 (0.22) 0.02 ( 0.24) 1000

13. Others 0.10 ( 1.09) 0.09 (1.09) -

India 9.19 (100.00) 8.22 (100.00) 895Figure in parentheses is the percentage of totalSource: Directorate of economics and Statistics, Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2012.

Area, Production and Productivity Trends of Chickpea Over Last Six Decades

The third important grain legume in the world after dry beans and dry peas.

Cultivated mainly in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Canada, Mexico, Iran, Australia, Tanzania, Ethopia, Myanmar, Syria, Bangladesh and Spain.

Asia contributed about 90% of the global area and production.

Globally, chickpea is cultivated on about 13.20 million ha with production of 11.62 million tons and productivity of 880 Kg/ha.

India stands first in terms of area (68%) and production (70%). It is grown in 9.21million ha producing 8.88 million tons of grain with productivity of 995 kg/ha which is less than Mexico (1536 Kg/ha), Canada (1340 kg/ha) and Turkey (1046 kg/ha). Chickpea occupies 36% national pulse average with 48% production.

Chickpea

India is the largest consumer as well as importer of chickpea in the world.

M.P. , Maharashtra, Rajasthan, U.P., A.P., Karnataka, and Gujarat are the major chickpea productivity states sharing over 80% of the area.

A.P. registered the highest productivity (1448 kg/ha) followed by Bihar (984 kg/ha), Gujarat (977 kg/ha), M.P (850 Kg/ha), Maharashtra (825 kg/ha), U.P. 745 kg/ha), Karnataka (607 kg/ha) and Rajasthan (466 kg/ha).

Development of short duration varieties like ICCV 2, JG 74, Vijay, JG 11, JG 16, JAKI 9218 and KAK 2 were the major catalyst for the expansion chickpea area in southern and central India. In spite of reduction of duration the yield remained unaffected.

A salt tolerant variety CSG 8962 ( Karnal Chana 1) has been developed for cultivation in moderate salinity stress soil (irrigated areas).

Drought tolerant varieties (ICCV 10, Phule G 5, RSG 888, Vijay etc, have been evolved).

Many high yielding kabuli varieties such as KAK 2, BG 1003, BG 1053, Phule G 95311, IPCK 2002-29 etc , have been developed.

During the last 5 years breeder seed production has been doubled ( 5512.16 in the year 2005-06 to 11717.90 in the year 2010-11) as chickpea area increased from 6.93 mha ( 2005-06) to 9.21mha (2010-11). The seed replacement rate increased to 25% from 5%.

Efficient cropping systems, fertilizer management including Zn, B, Mo, Fe, Rhyzobium inoculation ,herbicides application etc. for different parts the country have been developed.

Good work has been accomplished on crop protection for insects, nematodes and diseases as well as host plant resistance.

State VarietiesAndhra Pradesh JG 11, KAK 2, JAKI 9218, MNK-1, ICCV 37

Bihar Gujarat Gram 4, Pant G 186, HK 05-169, Pusa 372Chhattisgarh Digvijay, JG 6, JAKI 9218, JG 14, JG 63, IPCK 2002-29,

VaibhavGujarat JG 16. Gujarat Gram 1, Gujarat Junagadh Gram 3, JSC 55

(Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203)

Haryana Haryana Chana-3, Haryana Chana-5, HK-1Jharkhand KPG 59, BG 1003, Pant G 114, KWR 108, Pusa 372, HK 05-

169Karnataka ICCV 37, JAKI 9218, JG 11, MNK-1, Phule G 0517

Madhya Pradesh JG 130, JG 322, JG 63, JG 16, JG 14, JAKI 9218, JGK 2, JG 315, JGK-1, Vijay, JSC 55 (Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203), Raj Vijay Kabuli 101, Raj Vijay 201, Phule G 0517, PKV Kabuli 4

Maharashtra Vijay, Digvijay, JAKI 9218, Vishal, Virat, KAK 2, Phule G 0517, JSC 55 (Raj Vijay Gram 202), JSC 56 (Raj Vijay Gram 203), PKV Kabuli 4

State Wise Promising Varieties of Chickpea

State Varieties

Punjab GPF 2, L 551

Rajasthan GNG 1581, RSG 888, Pratap Chana-1, GNG 1488, GNG 1499, GNG 663, GNG 469, RSG 973, RSG 963, CSJD 884

Tamil Nadu JG 11, Co4

Uttar Pradesh

KPG 59, KGD 1168, KWR 108, HK 05-169, Pusa 372

Uttarakhand

Pant G 186, Pant G 114, DCP 92-3, Pant Kabuli 1

West Bengal

Anuradha, Mahamaya-1, Mahamaya-2

cont’d. State Wise Promising Varieties of Chickpea

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-120

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

Chickpea breeder seed production trends

varieties Production (qt)

Prod

uctio

n ag

ains

t DAC

inde

nt

No.

of V

arie

ties

Pigeonpea

Major Pigeonpea Growing Countries Production

2004-05 to 2008-09

Pigeonpea in India

YearArea

(m. ha)

Production

(m.ton)

Yield (Kg/ha)

2005-06 3.58 2.74 765

2006-07 3.56 2.31 650

2007-08 3.73 3.08 826

2008-09 3.38 2.27 671

2009-10 3.53 2.46 697

2010-11 4.42 2.89 655

2012-13 3.8 3.07 806

Issues for increasing production

of Pigeonpea1. Population management

2. Provision of life saving irrigation

3. Management of pod borer and pod fly

4. Promotion of pigeonpea in inter cropping system

5. Promotion of pigeonpea in non-traditional areas

like hills, backyards, bunds of wet land etc.

Popular Pigeonpea Varieties

VarietyYield potentiality

(q/ha)Area of

adaptation

Early duration

UPAS 120 11-15 NWPZ & NEPZ

Pusa 992 14-18 NWPZ

Manak 18-20 NWPZ

AL 201 15-16 Punjab

Paras 15-20 Haryana

Durga 10-12 A.P.

CORG 9701 11-12 Tamil Nadu

Variety Yield potentiality (q/ha)

Area of adaptation

Medium duration

MA 3 20-22 CZ

Asha 16-18 CZ & SZ

Jawahar 18-20 CZ

LRG 30 17-19 SZ

LRG 41 17-19 SZ

BDN 2 10-12 Maharashtra

Maruti 10-12 Karnataka & A.P.

Abhaya 18-20 A.P.

BSMR 736 12-14 Maharashtra CO 6 17-19 Tamil Nadu


VarietyYield potentiality

(q/ha)Area of

adaptation

Long duration

Bahar 20-25 NEPZ

MAL 13 22-24 NEPZ

Pusa 9 22-26 NEPZ

MA 6 20-25 NEPZ

Amar 16-20 U.P.

NDA 1 20-22 U.P.


Wilt : Maruthi, Asha, BDN 2, BSMR 736, MA 6

SMD : Bahar, BSMR 736, Asha, Sharad, Pusa 9

Wilt and : SMD

Asha, BSMR 736, BSMR 853

Disease Resistant Varieties of Pigeonpea

Area, Production and Productivity Trends of Pigeonpea Over Last Five Decades

Status of hybrid pigeonpea in India

Hybrid Year of development Source Institution

ICPH 8 1991 ICRISAT, Hyderabad

PPH 4 1994 PAU, Ludhiana

COPH 1 1994 TNAU, Coimbatore

COPH 2 1997 TNAU, Coimbatore

AKPH 410 1997 PDKV, Akola

AKPH 2022 1998 PDKV, Akola

In India systematic research work on development of hybrids in pigeonpea got momentum in the year 1988-89 on wards.

In 1988-89 ICAR, launched an ad-hoc project on development of genetic male sterility based

pigeonpea hybrid.This resulted in development and release of six

GMS- `based hybrids.

Areas of Biotechnological Research in Pigeonpea

• Development of genetic resources

- Mapping populations/Core sets/Mini-core sets

• Development of genomic resources

- High density linkage maps/Genomic libraries/

Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) lbraries

• Application of genomic tools for breeding

- Identification of markers associated with disease/pest

resistance, root traits and nutrient use efficiency

- Identification of candidate genes and allele mining

- Pyramiding of genes into elite varieties

• Development of transgenics for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Greengram and Blackgram

Insect pests: defoliators, hairy caterpillars, semilooper, thrips Diseases: MYMV, Leaf crinkle, CLS, PM Limited number of HYVs Population management Development of suitable varieties for rice fallow areas

Major researchable issues

VarietyYield

potentiality (q/ha)

Area of adaptati

on PDM 11 8-10 CZ

PDM 54 8-10 NEPZ

PDM 139 (Samrat) 10-12 UP

IPM 99-125 (Meha) 12-15 NEPZ

IPM 02-3 (Diksha) 12-14 NEPZ, SZ

IPM 02-14 (Shreya) 12-14 UP state , SZ

Pant Mung 2 10-12 NEPZ, NWPZ

Popular Greengram Varieties

Contd........

Specific Situations Varieties

Short duration varieties for spring/summer

IPM 02-3, Meha, Samrat, TMB 37, HUM 16, HUM 1, Pusa Vishal, OUM 11-5, Pant M 5, SML 668

Resistant to PM for rabi season

TARM 18, TM 96-2, Vamban 2, Vamban 4, TARM 2, TARM 1

MYMV resistant Pant M 4, Pant M 6, KM 2241, Sattya, NDM 1, HUM 1, Ganga 8, Samrat, Meha HUM 12, IPM 02-3

Large Seeded (5 g/100 seeds)

Pant M 5, Pusa Vishal, SML 668, HUM 16, TMB 37, IPM 02-3

Greengram varieties suitable for specific situation

Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and SeasonsState Growing season Varieties

Andhra PradeshKharifRabi

PKV AKM 4, IPM 02-14, COGG 912, OUM 11-5, Warangal-2, LGG 407, LGG 450, Madhira 295Pusa 9072, LGG 460, TM 96-2, WGG-2

Assam

KharifSpring/ Summer

SG 1 (Pratap), Pant moong 2, Pant Moong 4, Narendra moong 1, IPM 2-3PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16, HUM 12

Bihar & JharkhandKharif Spring/ Summer

Pant moong 2, Pant Moong 4, Narendra moong 1, Sunaina, PDM139,MH2-15, HUM-1, IPM 2-3PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16, HUM 12

State Growing season Varieties

Delhi Kharif

IPM 2-3, , Pant Moong 3, ML 337, MUM 2, Ganga 8, MH 02-15

GujaratKharif Spring/summer

PKV AKM 4, BM 4, Gujarat Moong 3, Pant moong 2, PIMS 4 (Sabarmati), GujratMoong 2, GujratMoong 4Gujarat moong 2, PDM 139

HaryanaKharif Spring/Summer

MUM 2, Pusa Vishal, Ganga 8, MH 2-15, IPM 2-3, Muskan Pusa Vishal, SML 668, Pant Mung-5

Himachal Pradesh & J&K Kharif

Pant Moong 2, Pant Moong 6, KM 2241, Shalimar moong 1, Pusa 0672

Karnataka Kharif

IPM 02-14, PKV AKM 4, COGG 912, HUM 1, China Moong, KKM 3

cont’d. Recommended Varieties of Mungbean for Different States and Seasons


Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh

Kharif Spring/Summer

Pant Moong 3, ML 337, BM 4, JM 721, Jawahar 45, HUM-1, Meha, TJM 3 HUM 1, Pusa 9531, PDM 139, Meha

MaharashtraKharif

PKV AKM 4, Kopergaon, ML 131, BM 4, Phule M 2, TARM 1, TARM 18, TARM 2, BM 200-1, HUM 1

OrissaKharif Rabi

OUM 11-5, COGG 912, PKV AKM 4, TARM 1, PDM 139 Pusa 9072, Sujata (Hyb 2-4), TARM-1, OBGG-52, LGG-460, PDM 139

PunjabKharif Spring/Summer

MUM 2, ML 613, Ganga 8, MH 2-15, IPM 2-3 Pusha Vishal, Pant moong 2, SML 668, Pant Mung-5



RajasthanKharif Spring/Summer

Ganga 8, RMG 268, MUM 2, SML 668, RM 492, IPM 2-3, MH 2-15 RMG 268, SML 668, PDM-139, Meha

Uttar Pradesh &Uttaranchal

KharifSpring/Summer

Pant Moong 2, Pant Moong 3, Narendra Moong 1, Pant Moong 4, Pant Moong 5.PDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16, HUM 12

Tamil NaduKharifRabi

Paiyur 1, Vamban 1, ADT 3, CO 5, TM 96-2, COGG 912, OUM 11-5Pusa 9072, Sujata (Hyb 12-4), ADT-3,

West BengalKharifSpring/Summer

Narendra Moong 1, Pant Moong 4, Pant Moong 5, MH 2-15, SrekumarPDM 139, Pusha Vishal, Meha, Pant moong 5, TMB 37, HUM-16


2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-130

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

Breeder Seed production trends of mungbean

Indent Production(qt) Varieties

DAC

Inde

nts a

nd p

rodu

ction

(Q)

No.

of V

arie

ties

VarietyYield

potentiality (q/ha)

Area of adaptation

PDU1 (Basant Bahar) 9-10 NWPZ

IPU 94-1 (Uttara) 12-14 NWPZ, NEPZ

IPU 2-43 10-11 SZWBU 108 10-12 NWPZ, NEPZ, SZ

Narendra Urd 1 10-12 UPPant U 19 12-15 NEPZPant U 30 12-15 CZ, SZ

Popular Blackgram Varieties

Contd........

VarietyYield

potentiality (q/ha)

Area of adaptation

Pant U 40 10-12 West UP, UK

KU 92-2 (Azad Urd 1) 10-11 NEPZ

KU 300 (Shekhar 2) 10-12 NWPZ

WBU 109 (Sujata) 10-12 NEPZ

Pant U 35 10-12 UP

KU 91 (Azad urd 2) 8-9 UP

Specific Situations

Varieties

Short duration varieties for spring/summer

WBU 109, Azad Urd 1, KU 300, Pant Urd 31, PDU 1, KU 92-1

Resistant to Powdery mildew

LBG 625, LBG 685, LBG 623, LBG 20, WBG 26, LBG 709, LBG 645, VBN 4,

Resistant for MYMV

WBU 108, Pant U 30, Pant U 31, Pant U 40, Azad U 1, Azad U 2, Sekhar 2, Sekhar 3, IPU 02-43, Uttara, NDU 1, KU 96-3, Mash 1008, WBU 109

Resistant to MYMV and PM

IPU 02-43, LBG 625, LBG 685

Blackgram varieties suitable for specific situation

Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and seasons

State Growing season VarietiesAndhra Pradesh Kharif

Rabi

WBG 26, KU 301 (Shekhar -1),WBU 108, LBG 648, Pant U 31, IPU 2-43, LBG 685, LBG 625, LBG 752, IPU 07-3, VBG 04-008, LU 391TU 94-2, LBG 611, LBG 20, LBG 402, LBG 623, LBG-709, WBG-26,

Assam Kharif Pant U 30, WBU 108, IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108

Bihar & Jharkhand Kharif Spring

IPU 94-1 (Uttara), BirsaUrd 1, Pant U 30, Pant U 31, WBU 108 KU 92-1 (Azad Urd 1), WBU-109, Pant U 31

Gujarat Kharif KU 96-3, TPU 4, AKU 4, WBU 108, GU 1

State Growing season VarietiesHaryana Kharif

Mash 338, Pant U 19, KU 300 (Shekhar 2), WBU 108, IPU 94-1 (Uttara)

Himachal Pradesh Kharif Pant U 19, Pant U 31, Pant U 40

Karnataka Kharif KU 301, WBG 26, WBU 108, LBG 402, LBG Manikya, 1, TU 94-2, LU 391, IPU 07-3, VBG 04-008, IPU 2-43

Madhya Pradesh & Chattisgarh

Kharif Spring

KU 96-3, TPU 4, JawaharUrd 2, JawaharUrd 3, Khargone 3, Pant U 30Pant U 31

Maharashtra Kharif

TPU 4, Pant U 30, TAU 1, TAU 2, AKU 4 (Melghat), AKU 15, KU 96-3

cont’d. Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and seasons

State Growing season VarietiesOdisha Kharif

SpringKU 301, WBG 26, WBU 108, Sarla, IPU 2-43TU 94-2, LBG 402, OBG 17, B-3-8-8, Mash 338

Punjab KharifSpring

IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Krishna, Mash 414KU 300 (Shekhar – 2), KUG 479

Rajasthan Kharif Spring

IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Pant U 31, KU 300 KU 300, KUG 479

Uttar Pradesh &Uttrakhand

Kharif Spring

IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Narendra Urd 1, Pant U 35, Pant U 31, Pant U 40KU 92-2 (Azad Urd 1), KU 300 (Shekhar 2), Narendra Urd 1, WBU 109, KUG 479

Tamil Nadu Kharif Rice-fallow

ADT 3, ADT 5, Vamban 2, WBU-108, KU 301 (Shekhar 1), Vamban-3, ADT 4,Vamban-4, ADT 5, IPU 07-3, IPU 2-43, VBG 04-008WBG-26, Vamban-3, TU 94-2, VBN-5, IPU 2-43.KBU 512, Vamban 2

West Bengal KharifSpring

IPU 94-1 (Uttara), WBU 108, Pant U 31KU 92-1 (Azad urd 1), WBU 109, Pant U 31

cont’d. Recommended varieties of urdbean for different states and seasons

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-130

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Breeder seed production trends of urdbean

Indent Production(qt) Varieties

DAC

Inde

nts a

nd p

rodu

ction

(Q)

No.

of V

arie

ties

State wise promising varieties of Lentil and fieldpea

State VarietiesUttar Pradesh HUL 57, DPL 62 (Sheri), IPL 81 (Noori), Narendra Masoor 1,

IPL 406, Bihar HUL 57, WBL 77, Arun (PL 77-12)

Madhya Pradesh IPL 81 (Noori), JL 3, IPL 406Haryana DPL 62 (Sheri), IPL 406

Punjab DPL 62 (Sheri), Pant L 4, LH 84-8, LL 147

Delhi DPL 62 (Sheri), LH 84-8Gujarat IPL 81, JL 3

Himachal Pradesh HUL 57, VL 507 J&K HUL 57, VL 507, Shalimar Masoor 1

West Bengal HUL 57, WBL 77 KLS 218, Ranjan (B 256), Asha (B 77), ,

NEH Region HUL 57, DPL 62

Maharashtra IPL 81 (Noori), JL 3Assam HUL 57, WBL 77, KLS 218, Asha (B 77)Orissa HUL 57, WBL 77, B 77 (Asha)Rajasthan IPL 406, DPL 62

State VarietiesFieldpea

Uttar Pradesh KPMR 400, Prakash,Vikas, HUDP 15, Adarsh,

Bihar HUDP 15, DDR 23, VL 42, DantiwadaFieldpea 1West Bengal HUDP 15, VL 42, DantiwadaFieldpea 1

Delhi KPMR 522, Aman, DDR 27, Hariyal,

Maharashtra KPMR 400, Prakash, Vikas, Adarsh, Ambika, Himachal Pradesh Prakash, VL Matar 3, HFP 9426, VL 45

Punjab KPMR 522, Aman,DDR 27, HFP 529Haryana KPMR 522, Hariyal, ,DDR 27, HFP 9426, HFP 529

Rajasthan KPMR 522, Aman, Hariyal, DMR 7, DDR 27, HFP 529

Madhya Pradesh KPMR 400, Prakash, Vikas, Adarsh, Ambika

Jammu & Kashmir HUDP 15, Prakash, IPFD 1-10Assam Malviya Matar 15, IPFD 1-10

State wise promising varieties of Lentil and fieldpea

State wise promising varieties of Arid LegumesStates/Crop Varieties

Guar

Andhra Pradesh Early maturing varieties like RGM-112,RGC-936,HG-563 and HG-365are getting popular in Rayalseemaregion of A.P.

Gujarat GG-1 , GG-2Haryana HG-365 , HG-563 ,HG-870 , HG-884 ,HG-867 , HG-2-20

Madhya Pradesh HG-563 , HG-365

Maharashtra (Marathwada and Vidarbha)

HG-563 , HG-365 , RGC-936 early types are sought after in nontraditional areas of Yavatmal and Parbhani

Punjab AG-112 and early varieties from Haryana state

Rajasthan RGC-1033,RGC-1066, RGC-1055 , RGC-1038 , RGC-1031 , RGC-1017 , RGC-1003 , RGC-1002 , RGM-112 , RGC-986 ,RGC-936 ,RGC-197 ,

Uttar Pradesh HG-563 , HG-365 and early varieties

Mothbean

Gujarat GMO-1 ,GMO-2

Haryana Early var of RajMaharashtra Early maturing var from Rajasthan Rajasthan RMO-257 , RMO-435 , RMO-2004 (RMB-25) , RMO-225 ,

RMO-40, CZM-1, CZM-2, CZM-3

States/Crop VarietiesCowpea

Gujarat GC-2 , GC-3 , GC-4 , GC-5

Karnataka KBC-2.DCS-47-1,Vamban-1

Kerala Subra , Hridya, Kankamony, KrishnamonyMaharashtra VCM-8Rajasthan RC-101 , RC-19Tamil Nadu Co (CP)-7 ,Vamban-1

Uttarakhand Pant-lobia-1 , Pant lobia -2 , Pant lobia-3Horse gram

A.P CRIDA R1-18, CRHG-19 , PHG-9,Palem-1 , Palem-2Gujarat GHG-5 ( Dantiwada Gujarat Horse gram-1)Karnataka PHG-9 ,BJPL-1,BGM-1Rajasthan AK-21 , AK-42 , AK-53Tamil Nadu CRHG-19Uttarakhand VLG-8 , VLG-10 , VLG-15 , VLG-19Maharashtra D 40-1

cont’d. State wise promising varieties of Arid Legumes

Area under prevalent cropping systems and their contribution to the national food basket

Cropping system Area (m ha) Contribution (%)

Rice-wheat 9.77 25

Rice-rice 2.12 5

Cotton-wheat 1.39 2.36

Pearl millet-sorghum 1.35 1.68

Maize-wheat 1.29 2.25

Pearl millet-wheat 1.03 1.72

Sorghum-sorghum 0.74 1.65

Rice-chickpea 0.59 0.8

Sugarcane-wheat 0.54 0.86

Maize-chickpea 0.54 0.65

Source :Yadav (1996)

Predominant cropping systems

Cropping systems Area ( m. ha)

Rice-wheat 9.85

Rice-rice 5.89

Pearlmillet-wheat 2.26

Soybean-wheat 2.23

Maize-wheat 1.86

Rice-vegetables 1.24

Cotton-wheat 1.09

Rice-groundnut 1.02

Sugarcane-wheat 0.97

Rice-fallow 4.42

Source : Yadav and Rao (2001)

Nitrogen economy due to inclusion of pulses in prevalent cropping systems

Preceding legume

Following cereal Fertilizer N-equivalent (kg n

/ha)

References

Chickpea Maize 60-70 Subbarao (1988);

Pearl millet 40Lee and Wani

(1989)Pigeonpea Wheat 40

Maize 20-49Pearl millet 30

Lentil Pearl millet 40Maize 18-30

Peas Pearl millet 40Maize 20-32

Green gram Pearl millet 30Lathyrus Maize 36-48Cowpea Pearl millet 60

Rice 40Wheat 13

Pigeonpea Sorghum 51 Ali (1948-87)Chickpea Rice 40Rajmash Rice 40

Fodder cowpea Rice 40Mungbean Rice 40

Possible new niches for pulses Cropping system Possible

nichesExpected

areaSuitable varieties of

pulse crops

Pigeonpea-wheat

Haryana, Punjab, North-west, U.P, and North Rajasthan

1 UPAS 120, Manak, Pusa, 33, AL 15, AL 201

Maize-rabi pigeonpea

Central and Eastern U.P, North Bihar, West Bengal, Assam

0.3 Pusa 9, Sharad

Maize-potato/mustard+mungbean/urdbean

Punjab, Haryana and west U.P.

1

Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM 11, HUM 2, SML 668, Pusa VishalUrdbean: PDU 1, Narendra Urd 1, Uttara

Spring sugarcane+mungbean / urdbean

East U.P., Bihar, west Bengal

0.15

Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM 11, Narendra mung 1, Urdbean: PDU 1, Pant U, 19 TARM 1, Pusa 9072

Source : Ali (2004)

Source : Ali (2004)

Possible new niches for pulses

Cropping system Possible niches Expected area

Suitable varieties of pulse crops

Rice-mungbean

Orissa, parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, A.P.

0.35 TARM 1, Pusa 9072

Rice-urdbean

Coastal areas of A.P. , Karnataka, Tamil Nadu

0.35 LBG 17, LBG 402

Rice-wheat-mungbean

Western U.P., Haryana, Punjab

0.1Pant Mung 2, Narendra, Mung 1, PDM 139, HUM 2

Maize-rajmash-mungbean

Central and Eastern U.P., North Bihar

0.07

Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM 11, HUM 2Rajmash: HUR 137, HUR 15,PDR 14, Amber

Rajmash + PotatoEastern and Central U.P. 0.03 PDR 14, Amber

Effective IPM against major pests

Pulses being rich in protein suffer heavy losses due to insect pests and diseases (25-40%)

• Gram pod borer (Pigeonpea and chickpea) Popularization of bio-intensive IPM modules (intercrops, NPV, NSKE, birdperches, etc.)• Fusarium wilt (chickpea, lentil, pigeonpea) Integrated management of wilt ( HPR, intercrops, seed dressing with

fungiside, trichoderma)• Weeds (All pulses) Integrated weed management (tillage practices, intercrops, preemergence use of pendimethalin)

Containing the menace of blue bull

Crop-specific strategies

• Popularization of zero till and raised bed planting for chickpea and lentil after rice in northern plains.

• Ridge furrow planting of pigeonpea in north east plains

• Foliar sprayof 2% urea at flowering/pod formation stage in rabipulses in rainfed areas of central and south India

• Popularization of bio-intensive IPM against pod borer in chickpea and pigeonpea

• Development and popularization of region specific varieties

- Extra large seeded kabuli varieties for north and central india- Short duration pigeonpea varieties ( 130+ 10 days ) with 2 tons yield

per ha for sequential cropping with wheat in north India and 160-170 days varieties with combined resistance to wilt and SMD in central and south zones

- Short duration varieties of urdbean and mungbean for spring/summeras catch crop

- Urdbean and mungbean varieties with combined resistance to PM and YMV for rabi planting in coastal peninsula

- Short duration varieties of lentil and fieldpea with resistance to rust and PM

Pulses Protein (%)

Fat (%) Carbohydrates (%)

Minerals (%)

Fibre (%)

Energy Kcal

Red Gram 22.3 1.7 57.6 3.5 3.5 335

Chickpea 17.1 5.3 60.9 3.0 3.9 360

Green gram 24.0 1.3 56.7 3.5 4.1 334

Black gram 23.9 1.4 59.6 3.2 3.1 347

Lentil 25.1 0.7 59.0 2.1 0.7 343

Peas 19.7 1.1 56.5 2.2 4.5 315

Month bean 23.6 1.1 56.4 3.5 4.5 330

Field bean 24.9 0.8 60.1 3.2 1.4 347

Cowpea 24.0 1.0 54.5 3.2 3.8 323

Nutritive value of major pulses grown in IndiaSource: NIN, Hyderabad, ICMR

Protein range of different pulses

Mineral content mg/100g protein

Amino acid content (mg/ 100 g)

Vitamin content (mg/100 g)

Consumption Pattern of pulses in India

Reducing Post-harvest Losses

• Modernization of conventional dal mills• Safe storage

Total number of conventional dal mills ( large and medium) : 5500Number of modern dal mills : 103Average dal recovery from conventional dal mills : 72%Average dal recovery from modern dal mills : 83%Expected increase in dal recovery due to modernization : 0.90 mtSafe storage : 0.25 mt

Generic issues

• Quality seeds

• Balanced plant – Nutrition

• Water management

• Resource conservation (including energy)

• Biotic and abiotic stresses

• Farm produce and product diversification

• Post-harvest management

• Marketing and Trade

SWOT AnalysisStrength• Largest research network with multidisciplinary team.• Wide adoptability across the agro-ecological zones and regions.• Diversified use for consumption.• Short duration with high productivity/day (early mungbean, urdbean and pigeonpea).• Fixing atmospheric nitrogen and enhanced soil fertility.• Befitting early maturing mung and urd crop duration between two non – pulse crops.• Widening of genetic variability.• Crossability among wild and cultivated Vigna species.• Good research base/infrastructure.

Weaknesses• Poor plant type• Narrow variability• Non-synchronous maturity in many pulses.• Pre-harvest sprouting of grains in kharif season in case of mungbean and urdbean.• Prevalent of more diseases during kharif season.• Non-availability of improved seeds and low seed replacement rate.• Market and Trade• Limited varieties for spring and summer cultivation (mungbean and urdbean).• Photo thermo sensitivity and post – harvest losses during storage.• Poor research on quality, nutrition and value addition.

Opportunity• Horizontal expansion to new niches (rice-fallows in coastal regions of Orissa, AP, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu).• Diversification in rice- wheat system through short duration mungbean and bean varieties and intercropping in

sugarcane pigeonpea and cereals.• Development of suitable plant type (synchronous maturity) for intercropping.• Development of resistant mungbean and urdbean varieties against powdery mildew to stabilize the production and

productivity in winter season (rice- fallows).• Popularization of Hybrid Pigeonpea.• Molecular breeding – products awaited.

Threat• Erratic weather viz. temperature extremes, heavy rains and drought.• New emerging pests such as thrips, jassids, leaf crinkle, leaf curl, pod borer etc.• Narrow genetic base of released varieties.• Future target fixed for cereals--negative impact on pulses.

Issues

• Reasons for decline in Area of Pulses in Indo -Gangetic Plains (IGP)• Low Genetic Yield Potential• low realized yield and instability in production• Climate change• poor seed replacement• Post-Harvest Losses• Wide Fluctuation in Prices• Poor Availability of critical Inputs in Productivity Zone• Poor Transfer of Technology

StrategiesRoad map for enhanced productivity and production• Bringing additional area under pulses• Increasing productivity Bringing Additional Area under Pulses (3.0 mha)• Diversification of rice-wheat system in IGP through popularization of short duration pigeonpea, kabuli chickpea, fieldpea

and summer mungbean• Utilization of rice- fallow through urdbean/ mungbean in coastal peninsular and lentil in NEPZ and Chhattisgarh• Promotion of pulses under intercropping like mungbean/urdbean with spring sugarcane and chickpea with

mustard/linseed, pigeonpea with groundnut/soybean/millets, short duration and thermo-insensitive varieties of mungbean and urdbean as summer season crops after harvest of wheat in Indo -Gangetic plains

• Development and popularization of urdbean/mungbean for late planting (mid Aug-early Sept in north India)

Improving Productivity and yield stability • Development of new and efficient plant type• Development of high yielding short duration having multiple and multi-racial resistance to diseases• Gene pyramiding for stable resistance• Exploitation of hybrid vigour in pigeonpea• Utilization of gene pools from unexplored areas• Exploitation of wild relatives for transfer of genes of interest• Development of saturated linkage map for gene mining, gene cloning and gene mapping• Development of transgenic against drought and gram pod borer• Promoting short duration varieties in drought prone areas• Development of input use efficient genotypes• Popularization of improved crop management practices-major concern• Efficient water management in rain-fed area• Rainwater harvesting and recycling through farm ponds and community reservoirs• Promoting micro irrigation system• Adoption of moisture conservation practices

Development of resilient pulse crops to climatic adversities• Development of resilient /smart pulse crops and technologies• Critical monitoring of diseases and pest dynamics with reference to climate change

Production and Supply of Quality Seeds• Active involvement of private sector, NGOs, and farmers help groups in production of quality seeds• Mandatory target to Public Sector Seed Corporations• Popularization of seed village concept with buyback system• More incentive on production of seeds of new varieties• Promotion of farmers to farmer's exchange of seeds

Reducing Post Harvest Losses• Development and popularization of harvesters, threshers and graders• Modernization of existing dal mills• Establishment of processing units in the production zones• Development and popularization of low cost safe storage structures

Ensuring Attractive Price to Producers• Announcement of MSP well in advance• Creation of procurement centres in production zone• Popularization of mini dal mills among farmers at village level• Development of organized market for pulses• Linking farmers with markets/ trade• Promotion of export of pulses like lentil and kabuli chickpea• Production of value added products

Ensuring Timely Availability of Critical Inputs• Advanced forewarning and forecasting system• Promotion of IPM technologies against Helicoverpa• Ensuring timely availability of bio-pesticides- HaNPV, Trichoderma & herbicides e.g. Pendimethalin• Seed dressing with fungicides for controlling seed borne diseases• Providing safe storage structures like Pusa Bins and Ware house facility• Creation of production units of quality bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides• Fortification of fertilizers with specific nutrients like S, Fe, Zn, B etc., in specific regions• Popularization of sprinkler in rain-fed areas• Establishment of single window input supply centres for cluster of villages

Efficient Transfer of Technology (FLDs)• Farmers training and exposure visits• Popularization of improved technologies through mass media• Close interaction of research organizations, state departments of agriculture and private agencies

Way forward*Breaking yield plateau and enhancing productivity1. Harnessing potential of Biotechnology: Gene characterizatuion for yield determining traits

using biparental populations, MAGIC populations and association mapping and development of functional markers for the genes. New tools of Bioinformatics and statistical genetics should be used extensively as new genetic informatuion is generated very fast.

2. Widening of genetic base/ gene pool: Prebreeding utilizing wild relatives of pulses3. Hybrid technology: Development of hybrid with suitable level of heterosis

*Quality pulse: Quality data should be generated and Due consideration to quality traits should be given at the time of identification of the varieties for release.

* Quality seed: Production of Quality seed utilizing effectively the chain from breeder seeds to foundation and certified seeds.

Way Forward Continue

*Resource Management• Increasing input use efficiency of nutrients and water and work out the

nutrients both micro and micro for different pulses and across environments

• Increasing efficiency of symbiotic process for enhanced nitrogen fixation by Rhizobia

• Pulses are largely grown in the rain-fed areas where P deficiency often occurs. More work is required on microorganisms like phosphate solubilizing bacteria/fungi and VAM which are capable of solubilizing non-available P to available form and help in P uptake by pulse crops.

• Pest surveillance and forecasting methods need to be developed encompassing GIS and remote sensing technologies for better management of diseases pests

Way Forward Continue*Social Sciences and Trade• Developing a data warehouse covering global, national, state and district-wide

information on area, production, productivity, prices, trade, and improved varieties and resource management technologies.

• To document various market outlooks (such as FAO, ACIAR, USDA, etc.) for Pulses and develop a synthesis for government to take informed decision on prices, procurement and trade and develop expertise on modelling pulses outlook on a regular basis.

• To document and analyze existing and innovative value chains for different pulses and propose strategies for up-scaling and/or out-scaling best practices to improve the value addition and marketing efficiencies.

• To bridge the large gaps that exist between yields of different pulses at research farm and the farmers’ field as well as at farms within the same area.

• To study assessment of initially a few improved varieties and resource management technologies and later this be part of regular strategy.

Production, processing, value addition and trade of pulses will be the guiding factor for future of pulses in India.

Thanks