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地理資訊系統於高中職社區化之應用
How to empower community by using GIS
Lecturer: Yao-hui Wang
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課程大綱 (Module outline)
• 地理資訊系統概論 (Frontiers of GIS)
• ArcGIS 程式集介紹與整合運作模式 (What is ArcGIS)
• 資料呈現 (Displaying Data)
• 資料諮詢 (Querying Data)
• 資料格式轉換與應用 (Converting Data)
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• 圖層資料編譯 (Using Edit tools)
• 外部資料整合 (Data Plug-in)
• 3D 模式呈現技巧 (3D Presentation)
• 資料的錯誤與不確定性探討 (Errors and Uncertainties in GIS )
• 地理資訊系統於社區化應用層面 (Application in empowering Community)
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Module Aims
On completion of the module students should have:1. Familiarity with the use and application of the
ArcGIS package;2. Knowledge of the use of GIS across a range of
applications including education, public safety or welfare, environmental management and community participation; and
3. Knowledge of environmental issues, skills in the interpretation of spatial environmental data and an awareness of specific problems and issues relating to data quality, and correct interpolation of spatial data into project.
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Students Learning Outcomes
1. Demonstrate a clear knowledge and understanding of the key concepts concerning the application of GIS to problems in ‘‘students’ empowering community projects’’;
2. Critique and evaluate the applicability of GIS in relation to empowering community applications; and
3. Demonstrate a high level of skill in the application of GIS software to the solving of environmental problems
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Lecture 1Frontiers of GISLecture Outline
1.Elements of Cartography
2.Categories Features in GIS Software
3.Definition of GIS
4.How to choose suitable GIS software
5. Data structure
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Elements of CartographyIn the beginning . . . there were maps
Source:http://gate.henry-davis.com/MAPS/EMwebpages/226A.html; and
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/themes/mapsandviews/mattparismaplge.html
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Elements of CartographyThen ……the evolution began
Source: http://wikipedia.org ( 維基百科 )
10Source: http://ro.17173.com/map/map.htm
11Source: Google Earth
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Although the evolution never stops……
Something has survived……………………….
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Elements of Cartography
• Projection
• Scale
• Grid
• Coordinate System
• Orientation
• Legend
How to set them up in ArcGIS?
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ProjectionIn order to transfer the 3 dimensional form of the earth into a 2 dimensional plane (to project), a projection is needed.
Source: http://www.gdf-hannover.de
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Choosing the projection type
Type Genomic Stereographic Orthographic
Light source
Vanishing point at the geocenter
Vanishing point opposite to the projection center
Vanishing point so far away that radiation dips in parallel
Properties true-to-scale, where meridians and parallels cross, neither orthomorphic nor equal-area
orthomorphic, true-to-scale, where meridians and parallels cross
only true-to-scale in the projection center, neither orthomorphic nor equal-area
Application Circular regions In case of satellite impages
Examples of azimuthal map projections
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Examples of conic map projections
Type Lambert Conformal Conic
Albers Equal-Area Conic
Properties Orthomorphic Equal-area
Application For large-scale and middle-scale maps of the middle latitudes
The parallels stand in pole proximity closer together than at the equator; is still often used in the USA today.
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Examples of cylindric map projections
Type Mercator Transverse Mercator Projection
Figure Normal axial projection Mercator projection rotated 90^
Properties Orthomorphic, parallel distances increase proportionally from the equator to the scale
Orthomorphic
Pplication For navigation and illustrations near to the equator
Recommended for regions with N-S extent (G-K, UTM basic)
Source: http://www.gdf-hannover.de
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Two-dimensional coordinate systems are defined with respect to a single plane
Basic Coordinate SystemsCoordinate System
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A Line defined by Two Points in a Plane
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Three-dimensional coordinate systems can be defined with respect to
two orthogonal planes
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The World Geographic Reference System is used for aircraft
navigation
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• Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)
Local systems
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European Grid Square Map
Source: http://www.telesupport.nl/wave/locator.htm
Check this to know more
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National Grid Systems
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Different Systems
• Postal Codes
• Utility Pole Coordinates
• And…..so on.. So Here we need to concern more…..
1.Whether one coordinate system can be transformed to another?
If Yes,
How to do it?
2.Do you know how ArcGIS activate the function?
3. Where is the Taiwanese Grid System?
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Projection Transformation
• 1. 反解變換法
Hot hits: 1. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/MapProjections.html
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2. 正解變換法
3. 綜合變換法
4. 數值變換法
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5. 數值 -- 解析變換法
Source: http://geocom.go1.wy8.net/geocomput/kj/gisydtty/gisydtty.htm( 華東師大徐建華教授授課模組 )
Hot click 2 http://www.epsg.org/guides/docs/G7-2.pdf
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Types of ScaleYou get so many choices…..It just depends on you!
Or
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Orientation
So Many Choices
If you are using ArcMap, do you know how to set up those features?
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Definition of GIS
GIS is1. a computer system designed to allow users to collect, m
anage and analyze large volumes of spatially referenced information and associated attribute data.<www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/glossary/G.htm>
2. An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.www.fws.gov/data/IMADS/glossary.htm
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3.地理信息系統又稱 GIS(Geographic information system) 系統，台灣則稱為地理資訊系統。 GIS 是一門綜合性學科 , 已經廣泛的應用在不同的領域 . ，是用於輸入、存儲、查詢、分析和顯示地理數據的電腦系統，可以分為以下五部分：
• 人員，是 GIS 中最重要的組成部分。開發人員必須定義 GIS 中被執行的各種任務，開發處理程序。 熟練的操作人員通常可以剋服 GIS軟體功能的不足，但是相反的情況就不成立。最好的軟體也無法彌補操作人員對 GIS 的一無所知所帶來的負作用。
• 數據，精確的可用的數據可以影響到查詢和分析的結果。
• 硬體，硬體的性能影響到處理速度，使用是否方便及可能的輸出方式。
• 軟體，不僅包含 GIS 軟體，還包括各種資料庫，繪圖、統計、影像處理及其它程序。
• 過程， GIS 要求明確定義，一致的方法來生成正確的可驗證的結果。
Source: http://zh.wikipedia.org
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So….GIS is a Technology or Philosophy?
It is up to you!!!
People
DataSoftware
Hardware
Analysis
S for………..
Systems
Studies
Science
even Services
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Data Sources
Application
Technical Foundations
Source: Citied from Paul Aplin’s 2004 lecture slides
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How to choose suitable GIS software ?
Again, it is up to you!People
DataSoftware
Hardware
Analysis
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A GIS Joke
Why a customer purchase GIS software?
Because
His or her neighbor gets one!!!
Citied from Reevs and Petch, Gis, Organisations and People: A Socio-Technical Approach, 1999
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People
• Who would use it ?
• Can they use it effectively?
• What’s the aims and objectives they use it ?
• Benefit whom ?
• By which way (Process)?
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Data
• What is it?
• Where is it?
• How expensive is it?
• How to get it?
• How to use it?
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Hardware
• What hardware do we have?
• Can it run GIS software fluently?
Analysis• What is our analytical process?• Does it agree with the ‘‘Standards’’?• How to demonstrate the results?• What’s the next of getting results?
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How to choose suitable GIS software ?
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Data structure
1.Vector and Raster
Source: http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/gisfiles
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Comparison
Vector• relatively low data
volume• faster display• can also store
attributes• less pleasing to the
eye• doesn't dictate how
features should look in a GIS
Raster• relatively high data
volume• slower display• has no attribute
information• more pleasing to the eye• inherently stores how
features should look in a GIS
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2.Tabular Data
Comma or tab delimited text (.txt)
dBase (.dbf) file containing coordinate data
(X, Y coordinate)
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Spatial Data Types Supported by ArcView
• ArcView supports a wide variety of data formats for direct read as well as data import and export.
• Direct read of vector data including shapefiles, coverages, VPF, and CAD (DXF, DWG, DGN)
• Direct read of rasters (images) including ESRI GRID, ERDAS IMAGINE, BMP, IMG, GIF, JPEG 2000, NITF, MrSID, and TIFF
• Direct read of other data including TIN, DBF, TXT, INFO, and ODBC • Export from image/raster to MrSID, GRID, IMAGINE, and TIFF • Export from shapefile to AGF, DXF, and the geodatabase
Source: http://esri.com
See http://www.esri.com/library/fliers/pdfs/arcgis91-functionality.pdf to get more
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Assignments
1.How to set up Projection, Scale, Grid,Coordinate System, Orientation, Legend in ArcGIS?
2. Where is the Taiwanese Grid System?
3. Some additional files are generated by the creation of shapefiles. What are them and what function they offer?
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FinallyIt’s time to begin it !!!Until one is committed, there is hesitancy, the chance to draw back,always ineffectiveness. Concerning all acts of initiative (and creation), there is one elementary truth, the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid plans: that the moment one definitely commits oneself, then providence moves too.
All sorts of things occur to help one that would never otherwise have occurred. A whole stream of events issues form the decision, raising in one’s favour all manner of unforeseen incidents and meetings and material assistance, which no man could have dreamed would have come his way.
Whatever you do, or dream you can, begin it.Boldness has genius, power and magic in it.
Begin it now.
Goethe
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Woops……Something has survived again…
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