Formation Gephi : La cartographie des sciences

Les cartes des sciences

A map of science is a spatial representation of how disciplines, fields, specialties, and individual papers or authors are related to one another as shown by their physical proximity and relative locations, analogous

to the way geographic maps show the relationships of political or physical features on the Earth

SMALL Henry, Visualizing Science by Citation Mapping, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE.

50(9):799–813,1999.

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESDéfinition

“ “

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESObjectifs des cartographies de l’I.S.T.

Champ de recherche des « Scientogrammes » ou

« Cartes des Sciences » (de fondation en scientométrie,

apports récents de l’Information Visualization et des Network

Sciences, R. Klavans, K.Borner, L.Leydesdorff)

Explorer/exploiter des solutions de manipulation des «couches» de méta-données (associées à

l’IST - BasesThomson, Elsevier), source de nouvelles méthodes d’observation et d’analyse de

l’IST

Possibilité de produire une «boussole» qui permettrait

de fixer les principales propriétés d’une géographie des

connaissances scientifiques.(navigation dans des données en

grandes masses, hétérogènes)

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESconditions d’utilisation des cartographies de l’I.S.T.

Analyse / position / évaluation d’éléments

(articles, revues, chercheurs, équipes, universités, régions,

pays...) dans l’univers des connaissances scientifiques

formalisées

Etudes de « géographie scientifique »: l’épistémologie des sciences

(rétrospectivement), la détection des

« fronts de recherche » (prospectivement)

Mise en place de services avancés

(Thomson-Reuters, Elsevier)

321

Des publications, des méta-données

et des cartes

-1-

Ordre sous-jacent, implicite, supposé...

L’apport des sciences des réseaux et leurs méthodes

« ascendantes » (data-driven methodology)

Révéler une topologie documentaire que l’on pourra

analyser et exploiter

321

LES CARTES DES SCIENCES

Cartographie : recherche d’un principe d’ordre

dans les données

Construction de la vue sur les données

-2-

L’exemple de la « Carte des Sciences » (Map Of Sciences)

À différentes échelles

Selon différentes dimensions

À l’échelle du temps


Les trois « curseurs » de la construction des vues sur les données


à différentes échelles

Communauté de chercheurs français co-publiants en Chimie

(années 2006-2009)

Visualisation du graphe d’inter-citations entre 7,121 revues du SCI par K.Boyack et

R.Klavans en 2007

Le même type de données (sur 2006) mais les revues ont été regroupées

en fonction de la distribution des ISI Subject Categories dans le WoS et réparties en 14 grands domaines

par L.Leydesdorff

La recherche d’un principe d’ordre dans les données

La recherche en chimie en FranceDe 2000 à 2010


à différentes DIMENSIONS


Occurrences auteurs : 97559 / chercheurs et communautés

1.990.981 liens

85381 Mots-clefs / vocabulaire de spécialité


à l’échelle du temps


Plus de 8 millions d’articles indexés dans le WoS / Réseau de citations entre publications

6,614 revues indexées dans le JCR (Journal Citation Report) / Réseau d’inter-citations entre revues

Distribution des 172 descripteurs Thomson (ISI Subject Categories) en 2006 (Science Citation Index – SCI)

14 domaines scientifiques (the « fourteen solution »)


structure de liens taille de noeuds couleur

données FILTRAge spacialisation hierarchie colorisation labels

tulipeJonquille

bleuet

rose

arome Lilas

iris

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESméthodologie


Distribution of ISI Subject Categories over 6 164 journalsincluded in the Science Citation Index (SCI - Thomson-Reuters) in years 2006

Aggregated journal-journal citation matrix produced from L.Leydesdorff & I.Rafols data(see paper and informations available at http://www.leydesdorff.net)

172Nombre de noeuds

2diamètre

22 667Nombre de LIENS

1.24Longueur des liens

en moyenne

0.83Coefficient moyen de regroupement

0.78Densité du graphe

ECOLOGY ecology biodiversity conservation zoology marine & freshwater biology ornithology evolutionary biology oceanography fisheries forestry entomology

GEOSCIENCES

geosciences, multidisciplinary geology geochemistry & geophysics geography, physical paleontology mineralogy engineering, geological engineering, petroleum remote sensing meteorology & atmospheric sciences imaging science & photographic technology

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

engineering, environmental environmental sciences water resources engineering, civil limnology agricultural engineering engineering, ocean

AGRICULTURE

horticulture agronomy agriculture, multidisciplinary plant sciences food science & technology soil science integrative & complementary medicine agriculture, dairy & animal science materials science, paper & wood

INFECTIOUS DISEASESES infectious diseases immunology microbiology allergy virology tropical medicine parasitology mycology veterinary sciences

GENERAL MEDICINE / HEALTH

health care sciences & services medical ethics public, environmental & occupational health medicine, general & internal medical informatics nursing history & philosophy of science education, scientific disciplines statistics & probability

MATERIAL SCIENCES

materials science, multidisciplinary nanoscience & nanotechnology materials science, coatings & films physics, applied materials science, ceramics metallurgy & metallurgical engineering physics, condensed matter materials science, characterization & testing mining & mineral processing instruments & instrumentation electrochemistry energy & fuels

COMPUTER SCIENCES computer science, hardware & architecture computer science, information systems computer science, artificial intelligence engineering, electrical & electronic computer science, theory & methods computer science, software engineering telecommunications computer science, cybernetics automation & control systems transportation science & technology computer science, interdisciplinary applications robotics operations research & management science mathematics, applied engineering, industrial

ENGINEERING

mechanics engineering, mechanical mathematics, interdisciplinary applications thermodynamics engineering, multidisciplinary engineering, aerospace materials science, composites engineering, marine construction & building technology engineering, manufacturing acoustics mathematics

CHEMISTRY chemistry, multidisciplinary chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic & nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, applied crystallography chemistry, medicinal spectroscopy engineering, chemical chemistry, analytical materials science, textiles polymer science materials science, biomaterials

PHYSICS

physics, multidisciplinary physics, mathematical physics, nuclear physics, particles & fields physics, fluids & plasmas optics physics, atomic, molecular & chemical astronomy & astrophysics nuclear science & technology

BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES cell biology biochemistry & molecular biology biophysics developmental biology multidisciplinary sciences genetics & heredity biology medicine, research & experimental microscopy anatomy & morphology endocrinology & metabolism biotechnology & applied microbiology physiology reproductive biology andrology medical laboratory technology biochemical research methods pathology oncology mathematical & computational biology toxicology pharmacology & pharmacy obstetrics & gynecology nutrition & dietetics medicine, legal urology & nephrology

CLINICAL MEDICINE

surgery critical care medicine emergency medicine transplantation respiratory system peripheral vascular disease cardiac & cardiovascular systems orthopedics engineering, biomedical hematology pediatrics sport sciences anesthesiology gastroenterology & hepatology radiology, nuclear medicine & medical imaging otorhinolaryngology rheumatology dermatology dentistry, oral surgery & medicine

NEURO-SCIENCES

neurosciences psychology behavioral sciences neuroimaging psychiatry clinical neurology substance abuse geriatrics & gerontology rehabilitation ophthalmology

Map Of Science based on I.S.I. Subject CategoriesDistribution of ISI Subject Categories over 6,164 journal included in the Science Citation Index (SCI - Thomson-Reuters) in year 2006

Aggregated journal-journal citation matrix produced from L. Leydesdorff § I. Rafols data(see paper and informations available at http://www.leydesdorff.net)

Nb. of Nodes : 172Nb. of Edges : 22667

METRICDiameter: 2Average Path length: 1.2351761185910513Graph Density: 0.770671834625323 (max.=1)Average Clustering Coefficient: 0.8256993889808655

VIZUALISATIONDirected Graph / Vizualisation using Ifan Hu algorithm with GEPHI v.0.7 (available at : http://gephi.org/)

Acoustics

Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Biochemical Research Methods

Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBiology

Biotechnology and AppliedMicrobiology

Chemistry, Analytical

Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence

Engineering, Environmental

Engineering, Electrical and Electronic

Environmental Sciences

Public, Environmental and Occupational Health

Instruments and Instrumentation

Multidisciplinary Sciences

Pharmacology and Pharmacy

Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging

Statistics and Probability

Toxicology

Water Resources

Mathematical and Computational Biology

Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications

Vizualisation using Betweeness Centrality Algorithm

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Pharmacology and PharmacyNeurosciences


Cell Biology

Surgery

ChemsistryPhysical

Medecine, General and InternalImmunology

Chemsitry, MultidisciplinaryOncology

Material Sciences, MultidisciplinaryGenetics and Heredity

Environmental SciencesClinical Neurology

Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology

Physics, AppliedMedecine, Research and Experimentation

PhysiologyEcology

Water Resources

Statistics and ProbabilityMultidisciplinary SciencesEnvironmental Sciences

Biology


Mathematics, Interdisciplinary ApplicationsChemistry, AnalyticalEngineering, Electrical and ElectronicBiochemical research MethodsPublic, Environmental and Occupational HealthAcoustics

Pharmacology and PharmacyComputer Science, Artificial IntelligenceBiochemistry and Molecular BiologyToxicology

Mathematical and Computational BiologyEngineering, EnvironmentalRadiology, Nuclear Medecine

Instruments and InstrumentationRadiology, Nuclear Medecine and Medical Imaging

Top 20 ISI Subject Categories using :

Degree Ranking Betweeness Centrality

Acoustics

Automation and Control Systems

Agriculture, Dairy and Animal Science

Agronomy

Allergy

Anatomy and Morphology

Anesthesiology

Biodiversity Conservation

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Behavioral Sciences



BiophysicsBiotechnology and Applied Microbiology

Plant Sciences

OncologyCardiac and Cardiovascular Systems Cell Biology

Critical Care Medicine

Thermodynamics

Chemistry, Applied

Chemistry, Medicinal

Chemistry, MultidisciplinaryChemistry, Analytical

Chemistry, Inorganic and Nuclear

Chemistry, Organic

Chemistry, Physical


Computer Science, Hardware and Architecture

Computer Science, Information Systems

Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications

Computer Science, Software Engineering

Computer Science, Theory and Methods

Construction and Building Technology

Crystallography

Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Medicine

Dermatology

Geochemistry and Geophysics

Substance Abuse

Ecology

Health Care Sciences and Services

Electrochemistry

Evolutionary Biology

Developmental Biology

Endocrinology and Metabolism

Energy and Fuels

Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Engineering, Biomedical


Engineering, Chemical

Engineering, Industrial

Engineering, Manufacturing

Engineering, Civil

Engineering, Electrical and ElectronicEngineering, Mechanical

Engineering, Geological

Entomology


Fisheries

Food Science and Technology

Forestry

Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Genetics and Heredity

Geography, PhysicalGeology

Geosciences, Multidisciplinary

Geriatrics and Gerontology

Hematology


Horticulture


Immunology

Infectious Diseases

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology


Limnology

Operations Research and Management Science

Marine and Freshwater Biology

Materials Science, Ceramics

Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Mathematics, Applied


Mathematics

Mechanics

Medical Laboratory Technology

Medicine, General and Internal

Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering

Medicine, Research and Experimental

Materials Science, Biomaterials

Materials Science, Coatings and Films

Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences

Microbiology

Mineralogy


Mycology

Clinical Neurology

Neuroimaging

Nuclear Science and Technology

Nutrition and Dietetics

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Oceanography

Ophthalmology

Optics

Ornithology

Orthopedics

Otorhinolaryngology

Paleontology

Parasitology

Pathology

Pediatrics


Physics, Applied

Physics, Fluids and Plasmas

Physics, Atomic, Molecular and Chemical

Physics, Multidisciplinary

Physics, Condensed Matter

Physiology

Physics, Nuclear

Physics, Particles and Fields

Physics, Mathematical

Polymer Science

Psychiatry

Psychology


Rehabilitation

Respiratory System

Reproductive Biology

Rheumatology

Soil Science

Spectroscopy

Sport Sciences


Surgery

Telecommunications

Toxicology

Transplantation

Tropical Medicine

Urology and Nephrology

Veterinary Sciences

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Virology

Zoology

Water Resources

Andrology

Emergency Medicine

Medical Ethics

Nursing

Engineering, Aerospace

Computer Science, Cybernetics

Robotics

Engineering, Marine

Materials Science, CompositesTransportation Science and Technology

Mining and Mineral Processing

Materials Science, Characterization and Testing

Remote Sensing

Imaging Science and Photographic Technology

Materials Science, Paper and Wood

Materials Science, Textiles

Agricultural Engineering

Agricultural Economics and Policy

Medicine, Legal

Integrative and Complementary Medicine

Engineering, Ocean

Engineering, Petroleum

History and Philosophy Of Science

Neurosciences


Microscopy

Education, Scientific Disciplines

Medical Informatics


GEOSCIENCES




AGRICULTURE





MATERIAL SCIENCES



ENGINEERING



PHYSICS



CLINICAL MEDICINE


NEURO-SCIENCES







Acoustics
















Toxicology

Water Resources







Cell Biology

Surgery

ChemsistryPhysical







PhysiologyEcology

Water Resources


Biology








Acoustics



Agronomy

Allergy


Anesthesiology



Behavioral Sciences




Plant Sciences



Thermodynamics

Chemistry, Applied




Chemistry, Organic

Chemistry, Physical








Crystallography


Dermatology


Substance Abuse

Ecology


Electrochemistry




Energy and Fuels







Engineering, Civil



Entomology


Fisheries


Forestry






Hematology


Horticulture


Immunology

Infectious Diseases



Limnology







Mathematics

Mechanics








Microbiology

Mineralogy


Mycology

Clinical Neurology

Neuroimaging




Oceanography

Ophthalmology

Optics

Ornithology

Orthopedics

Otorhinolaryngology

Paleontology

Parasitology

Pathology

Pediatrics


Physics, Applied





Physiology

Physics, Nuclear



Polymer Science

Psychiatry

Psychology


Rehabilitation

Respiratory System


Rheumatology

Soil Science

Spectroscopy

Sport Sciences


Surgery

Telecommunications

Toxicology

Transplantation

Tropical Medicine


Veterinary Sciences


Virology

Zoology

Water Resources

Andrology

Emergency Medicine

Medical Ethics

Nursing



Robotics

Engineering, Marine




Remote Sensing






Medicine, Legal


Engineering, Ocean



Neurosciences


Microscopy


Medical Informatics

les domaines liés à l’univers du bio-médical (biomdical sciences, clinicat medicine,

neurosciences, infections diseuses, general medicine and health)


GEOSCIENCES




AGRICULTURE





MATERIAL SCIENCES



ENGINEERING



PHYSICS



CLINICAL MEDICINE


NEURO-SCIENCES







Acoustics
















Toxicology

Water Resources







Cell Biology

Surgery

ChemsistryPhysical







PhysiologyEcology

Water Resources


Biology








Acoustics



Agronomy

Allergy


Anesthesiology



Behavioral Sciences




Plant Sciences



Thermodynamics

Chemistry, Applied




Chemistry, Organic

Chemistry, Physical








Crystallography


Dermatology


Substance Abuse

Ecology


Electrochemistry




Energy and Fuels







Engineering, Civil



Entomology


Fisheries


Forestry






Hematology


Horticulture


Immunology

Infectious Diseases



Limnology







Mathematics

Mechanics








Microbiology

Mineralogy


Mycology

Clinical Neurology

Neuroimaging




Oceanography

Ophthalmology

Optics

Ornithology

Orthopedics

Otorhinolaryngology

Paleontology

Parasitology

Pathology

Pediatrics


Physics, Applied





Physiology

Physics, Nuclear



Polymer Science

Psychiatry

Psychology


Rehabilitation

Respiratory System


Rheumatology

Soil Science

Spectroscopy

Sport Sciences


Surgery

Telecommunications

Toxicology

Transplantation

Tropical Medicine


Veterinary Sciences


Virology

Zoology

Water Resources

Andrology

Emergency Medicine

Medical Ethics

Nursing



Robotics

Engineering, Marine




Remote Sensing






Medicine, Legal


Engineering, Ocean



Neurosciences


Microscopy


Medical Informatics

Les domaines liés à l’environnement et à la biodiversité

(ecology, geosciences, environmental sciences and agriculture)


GEOSCIENCES




AGRICULTURE





MATERIAL SCIENCES



ENGINEERING



PHYSICS



CLINICAL MEDICINE


NEURO-SCIENCES







Acoustics
















Toxicology

Water Resources







Cell Biology

Surgery

ChemsistryPhysical







PhysiologyEcology

Water Resources


Biology








Acoustics



Agronomy

Allergy


Anesthesiology



Behavioral Sciences




Plant Sciences



Thermodynamics

Chemistry, Applied




Chemistry, Organic

Chemistry, Physical








Crystallography


Dermatology


Substance Abuse

Ecology


Electrochemistry




Energy and Fuels







Engineering, Civil



Entomology


Fisheries


Forestry






Hematology


Horticulture


Immunology

Infectious Diseases



Limnology







Mathematics

Mechanics








Microbiology

Mineralogy


Mycology

Clinical Neurology

Neuroimaging




Oceanography

Ophthalmology

Optics

Ornithology

Orthopedics

Otorhinolaryngology

Paleontology

Parasitology

Pathology

Pediatrics


Physics, Applied





Physiology

Physics, Nuclear



Polymer Science

Psychiatry

Psychology


Rehabilitation

Respiratory System


Rheumatology

Soil Science

Spectroscopy

Sport Sciences


Surgery

Telecommunications

Toxicology

Transplantation

Tropical Medicine


Veterinary Sciences


Virology

Zoology

Water Resources

Andrology

Emergency Medicine

Medical Ethics

Nursing



Robotics

Engineering, Marine




Remote Sensing






Medicine, Legal


Engineering, Ocean



Neurosciences


Microscopy


Medical Informatics

Le domaine de la chimie et de la physique


GEOSCIENCES




AGRICULTURE





MATERIAL SCIENCES



ENGINEERING



PHYSICS



CLINICAL MEDICINE


NEURO-SCIENCES







Acoustics
















Toxicology

Water Resources







Cell Biology

Surgery

ChemsistryPhysical







PhysiologyEcology

Water Resources


Biology








Acoustics



Agronomy

Allergy


Anesthesiology



Behavioral Sciences




Plant Sciences



Thermodynamics

Chemistry, Applied




Chemistry, Organic

Chemistry, Physical








Crystallography


Dermatology


Substance Abuse

Ecology


Electrochemistry




Energy and Fuels







Engineering, Civil



Entomology


Fisheries


Forestry






Hematology


Horticulture


Immunology

Infectious Diseases



Limnology







Mathematics

Mechanics








Microbiology

Mineralogy


Mycology

Clinical Neurology

Neuroimaging




Oceanography

Ophthalmology

Optics

Ornithology

Orthopedics

Otorhinolaryngology

Paleontology

Parasitology

Pathology

Pediatrics


Physics, Applied





Physiology

Physics, Nuclear



Polymer Science

Psychiatry

Psychology


Rehabilitation

Respiratory System


Rheumatology

Soil Science

Spectroscopy

Sport Sciences


Surgery

Telecommunications

Toxicology

Transplantation

Tropical Medicine


Veterinary Sciences


Virology

Zoology

Water Resources

Andrology

Emergency Medicine

Medical Ethics

Nursing



Robotics

Engineering, Marine




Remote Sensing






Medicine, Legal


Engineering, Ocean



Neurosciences


Microscopy


Medical Informatics

Les domaines de l’ingénierie, des matériaux et de l’informatique

Carte et géographie de l’Information

Scientifique

-3-

L’exemple de la « Carte des Sciences en France» (Map Of Sciences)


base de données

structurede graphe

boussole cartographique

En 2009, ont été indexés dans le Web of Science, 68717 publications et documents scientifiques produits par des

chercheurs associés à un laboratoire français.

La production scientifique française est répartie dans 6265 revues et sources d’information

(sur 11 241 que compte le WoS en 2009).

Cette carte prend en compte la distribution des ISI Subject Categories dans le Science Citation Index (SCI), le Social

Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) et le Art & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI). Elle inclue donc les SHS.

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESen France en 2009

245Nombre de noeuds

4diamètre

24 588Nombre de LIENS

0,5Densité du graphe

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESEn France en 2009

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESEn France en 2009

Sciences du vivant, Médecine, Pharmacologie

ecologie,environnement

Matériaux,ingénierie,informatique

Chimie,physique

sciences humaines et sociales,

humanités

MEsures et indicateurs

-4-


Un auteur, une publication, une revue ou une discipline peuvent être évalués pour le rôle qu’ils jouent à l’échelle d’un réseau

Géographie de la « centralité ». Relais et connecteurs : les indices de l’interdisciplinarité?


Identification des communautés par les mots-clefs et identification des mots-clefs spécialisés par les communautés (chercheurs spécialiséset vocabulaire expert)

Visualisation des principales communautés de co-publication en Chimie (au moins 30 chercheurs et plus de 10 co-publications)

Géographie de la « coopération » scientifique : le réseau des co-publications en Chimie (2006-2010)

97.559Auteurs

1.990.981liens

85.381mots-clés


Vocabulaire spécialisé Communauté active

Instruments de navigation

-5-

physique

biologie appliquée - écologie

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESCartographies de thématiques scientifiques à travers l’analyse de 8772 publications scientifiques (années 2007 et 2008)

LES CARTES DES SCIENCEShttp://vimeo.com/12360111

http://vimeo.com/12360111

LES CARTES DES SCIENCEShttp://max-planck-research-networks.net/

LES CARTES DES SCIENCESBibliographie

BORNER Katy, SCHARNHORST Andrea, Visual Conceptualizations and Models of Science, in to the 2009Journal of Informetrics Special Issue on the Science of Science, Journal of Informetrics, 3(3).

BORNER Caty, CHEN Chaomei, BOYACK Kevin, Visualizing Knowledge Domains, In Annual Review ofInformation Science & Technology, Volume 37, 2003.

BRAAM Robert R., WED Henk F., VAN RAAN Anthony F. J. , Mapping of Science by Combined Co-Citationand Word Analysis. II: Dynamical Aspects, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATIONSCIENCE. 42(4):252-266, 1991.

BRAAM Robert Ft., MOED Henk F., VAN RAAN Anthony F.J., Mapping of Science by Combined Co-Citationand Word Analysis. I. Structural Aspects, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATIONSCIENCE. 42(4):233-251, 1991.

KLAVANS Richard, BOYACK K.W., Toward a Consensus Map of Science, in Journal of the American Societyfor Information Science and Technology (2009), vol. 60(2), pages TBD. Digital Object Identifier: DOI:10.1002/asi.20991.

KLAVANS Richard, BOYACK K.W., Quantitative evaluation of large maps of science, in Scientometrics.

KLAVANS Richard, BOYACK K.W., BORNER K., Mapping the backbone of science, Jointly published byAkadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, in Scientometrics,and Springer, Dordrecht Vol. 64, No. 3 (2005) 351.374

LEYDESDORFF Loet, RAFOLS Ismael, A Global Map of Science Based on the ISI Subject Categories,Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60(2) (2009) 348-362.

NEWMAN, M. E. J. (2006b), Modularity and community structure in networks, Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, 103(23), 8577-8582.

PRICE, D. J. de Solla (1965), Networks of scientific papers, Science, 149, 510- 515.

SHIFFRIN Richard M., BORNER Cathy, Mapping knowledge domains,www.pnas.org_cgi_doi_10.1073_pnas.0307852100 PNAS _ April 6, 2004 _ vol. 101 _ suppl. 1 _ 5183–5185.

SMALL Henry, Visualizing Science by Citation Mapping, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FORINFORMATION SCIENCE. 50(9):799–813, 1999.

VAN RAAN Anthony F.J., Measurement of Central Aspects of Scientific Research: Performance,Interdisciplinarity, Structure, MEASUREMENT, 3(1), 1–19, 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.