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© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office. HL7 FHIR Training course Ewout Kramer March 2014 Upda ted for FHIR DSTU !

FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Page 1: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

© 2012 HL7 ® International. Licensed under Creative Commons. HL7 & Health Level Seven are registered trademarks of Health Level Seven International. Reg. U.S. TM Office.

HL7 FHIR Training course

Ewout Kramer

March 2014

Updated for

FHIR DSTU!

Page 2: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Afternoon program

Support for Implementing FHIR Bundles, Documents and Messages Exercise #3 Search and Using the C#/Java API’s Exercise #4 Profiles and Conformance The HL7 family & FHIR

Page 3: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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DEVELOPER RESOURCESGet started with FHIR quickly

Page 4: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Page 5: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Browsing the site

REST API Data Types XML & JSON Codes / Terminologies Resource List Stack Overflow Public Test servers

Page 6: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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The FHIR distribution

Under Implementation-Support-Downloads: The XSD schema’s / schematrons The Java / C# / Delphi zips (model, serializers,

parsers, etc, both code & binary) All xml + json examples Full spec for offline reading (always have your

FHIR with you)

Note! .NET implementation has moved to GitHub, distribution by NuGet (.NET) and Maven (Java)

Page 7: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Publication process

.INI

Publication tool(org.hl7.fhir.tools.jar)

Java, C#,Delphi

eCoreDefinitions.xml

Website

ValidationSchema’s

Examples

DictXml Resource profiles

ResourceUML

Page 8: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Generator writers!

There’s a file called eCoreDefinitions.xml that the C# generator runs of. It has all details from the definitions

There are Profiles for each resource, basically describing the “unconstrained” resources

Page 9: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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SEARCH FUNCTIONALITY

Page 10: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Getting “all” patients

http://server.org/fhir/Patient

Always returns a paged feed

Use _count to indicate number of results per page

Special case of the “real” search operation:

http://server.org/fhir/Patient/_search?name=evehttp://server.org/fhir/Patient?name=eve

Page 11: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Search (patient)

Each resource has a set of “standard” search operations, so not every element can be searched!:

Our last search used this one

Page 12: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Combining parameters

Specifying multiple parameters finds resources matching all params “AND”

Parameters may list multiple values “OR” http://server.org/fhir

/Patient/_search? birthdate=1972-11-30 &language=NL,FR

Page 13: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Search (patient)

Each search parameter has a ‘type’

ParameterType

Page 14: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Ok I get it…or not?

http://server.org/fhir/Patient/ 406 hitshttp://server.org/fhir/Patient?gender=M 234 hitshttp://server.org/fhir/Patient?gender=F 167 hits

Total: 234 + 167 = 401

http://server.org/fhir/Patient/ 406 hitshttp://server.org/fhir/Patient?gender=M 234 hitshttp://server.org/fhir/Patient?gender=F 167 hitshttp://server.org/fhir/Patient?gender:missing=true 5 hits

Total: 234 + 167 + 5 = 406

Page 15: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Chained searches

Patient has a search for “name”. Observation has a search for “subject” (the

id of the Patient, Group or Device) How do I find Observations for a patient,

searching using his name?

Page 16: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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2 queries in 1

You (as a client) don’t need to do separate operations, just one:

http://server.com/fhir/Observation/_search?subject.name=jim

But note: this still only works on the predefined search parameters. You cannot just use any property of the resource.

Page 17: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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More optimalizations

Say we do: http://fhir.com/fhir/Observation?date=2014-01-20 We get back: a Bundle with 0..* “Observations”

Now, usually, wouldn’t we want the Patient information too? => Need to do “N” queries for the Observation’s “subject”

Quicker:?_include=Observation.subject

Returns both Observations + Patients

Page 18: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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BUNDLESHow FHIR uses Atom to communicate sets of resources

Page 19: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Communicating lists

We need to communicate lists of Resources Search result History Documents or messages Multiple-resource inserts (“batches”)

So, we need an industry-standard to represent lists, and a place to put our metadata

Page 20: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Bundle

Resource

Narrative

Elements

ExtensionsExtensions

Resource

Metadata

Bundle

Metadata

Resource

Resource

Page 21: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Bundles

Atom RFC 4287 + Tombstones RFC 6721

Poll-based protocol for keeping up-to-date with newsfeeds (RSS and Atom)

You can “subscribe” to a FHIR feed and get updates

Page 22: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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New reports in the mail

Page 23: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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An example Bundle

Page 24: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Patient

MRN 22234“Ewout Kramer”30-11-1972Amsterdam

Resource metadata

Metadata

Resource Identityhttp://fhir.hl7.org/Patient/23E455A3B

Last updated2013-12-23T23:33:01+01:00

http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/profilehttp://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/us-core

http://hl7.org/fhir/taghttp://example.org/fhir/Status#Test

Page 25: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Resource Entry

Resource id

Last modified

Resource content

Human-readable form,just like Resource.text

Tags

Page 26: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Atom in JSON

There’s not yet a way to render Atom in JSON, though there are initiatives, all ugly.

So, we had to (sorry) roll our own…. …very straightforward, single-purpose Atom JSON solution (Note: MIME type is still application/json!)

Page 27: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Json Atom - Example

{

"title": "Search result",

"updated": "2012-09-20T12:04:45Z",

"id": "urn:uuid:50ea3e5e-b6a7-4f55-956c-caef491bbc08",

"link": [ { "rel": "self", "href": "http://server.org/fhir/Patient?format=json" } ],

"entry": [

{ "title": "Resource of type Patient, with id = 1 and version = 1",

"link": [ { "rel": "self", "href": "http://server.org/fhir/Patient/1/_history/1" } ],

"id": "http://server.org/fhir/Patient/1",

"updated": "2012-05-29T23:45:32Z",

"published": "2012-09-20T12:04:47Z",

"author": [ { "name": "Grahame Grieve / HL7 publishing committee" } ],

"content":

{ "Patient": { } }

}

]

}

Page 28: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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BEYOND RESTHow FHIR supports documents and messages

Page 29: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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What’s a document?

Persistence: continues to exist in an unaltered state Stewardship: maintained by a person or organization

entrusted with its care. Potential for authentication: an assemblage of

information that is intended to be legally authenticated. Wholeness. Authentication of a clinical document applies

to the whole and does not apply to portions of the document without the full context of the document.

Human readability. A clinical document is human readable.

Page 30: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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The Document resource

A single Resource, very often a List

Page 31: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Documents – are bundles

Observation Resource

Composition Resource

SectionSection

Device Resource

Patient Resource

Prescription Resource

<feed> <entry> <Composition /> </entry> <entry> <Observation /> </entry> <entry> <Device /> </entry> <entry> <Prescription /> </entry> <entry> <Patient /> </entry></feed>

AttesterMetadata

Page 32: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Tag as “Document”

This Bundle is a

Document

Page 33: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Communicating documents

You can “drop” your document on http://server.org/fhir/Mailbox

No storage or disassembly is implied, your just posting a document in its entirety.

Servers can implement any specific functionality as required between trading partners when receiving such a document.

Page 34: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Communicating documents

You can store your document using http://server.org/fhir/Document

Storage, NO disassembly is implied, document (and signature) stays intact

Search is supported (you search on it’s Message header – Composition)

NEW!

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MessageHeader Resource

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Messages – are bundles

Observation Resource

Message Resourcesource destination

Device Resource

Patient Resource

<feed> <entry> <MessageHeader /> </entry> <entry> <Observation /> </entry> <entry> <Patient /> </entry> <entry> <Device /> </entry></feed>

event

Page 37: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Tag as “Message”

This Bundle is a

Message

Page 38: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Sending messages

Again, REST not necessary, but… There is an explicit REST endpoint:

http://server.org/fhir/Mailbox No storage implied. Might be a router,

converted to v2, etc. etc. The server can process them based on the

event code and return the response as another message (again a bundle).

Page 39: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Exercise #3

Composing a Document

(45 minutes)

Page 40: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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HL7.FHIR SUPPORT APIUsing the C# Reference Implementation

Page 41: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Reference implementations

- Contents- Model – classes generated from the spec- Parsers – Parsers generated from the spec- Serializers – Serializers generated from the spec- FhirClient- Validation (currently Java only)

- Java – Everything on the downloads page- .NET – NuGet “FHIR”, or GitHub “fhir-net-api”

Page 42: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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A FHIR Resource in C#

public partial class Observation : Resource{ // Codes that provide reliability information about an observation public enum ObservationReliability {Ok, Ongoing, …} // Codes identifying interpretations of observations public enum ObservationInterpretation {N, A, L, H } public CodeableConcept Name { get; set; } public List<ObservationReferenceRangeComponent> ReferenceRange { get; set;}

public Code<Observation.ObservationReliability> Reliability { get; set; }

public ResourceReference Performer { get; set; }}

Page 43: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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51

Object Model[FhirResource("DiagnosticReport")]public partial class DiagnosticReport : Resource{ public Code<ObservationStatus> Status {…} public Instant Issued {…} public ResourceReference Subject {…} public ResourceReference Performer {…} public Identifier ReportId {… } public List<DiagnosticReportRequestDetailComponent>

RequestDetail { …}

Page 44: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Primitives are not really primitive…

Page 45: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Parsing/Serializing using C#

// Create a file-based reader for XmlXmlReader xr = XmlReader.Create(

new StreamReader(@"publish\observation-example.xml"));

// Parse the Observation from the streamvar obs = (Observation)FhirParser.ParseResource(xr);

// Modify some fields of the observationobs.Status = Observation.ObservationStatus.Amended;obs.Value = new Quantity() { Value = 40, Units = "g" };

// Serialize the in-memory observation to Jsonvar jsonText = FhirSerializer.SerializeResourceToJson(obs);

Page 46: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Parsing/Serializing using Java

XmlParser xml = new XmlParser();

Observation obs = (Observation)xml.parse(new FileInputStream(“observation.xml"));

obs.setStatusSimple(ObservationStatus.amended);

Quantity newValue = new Quantity();newValue.setValueSimple(new BigDecimal(40)); newValue.setUnitsSimple("g");obs.setValue( newValue );

ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();JsonComposer comp = new JsonComposer();comp.compose(bos, obs, true);String json = bos.toString("UTF8");

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Bundles

For both Java and C#, reference has custom-built Atom parser

For .NET, you could use the framework’s SyndicationFeed A bit more low-level No support for deleted-entries (even parse

problems) Incompatible with WinRT (Win8 mobile apps)

Page 48: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Bundles in C#

Abstraction on top of Atom parser Bundle = feed, BundleEntry = entry.

Bundle result = new Bundle() { Title = "Demo bundle" };

result.Entries.Add(new ResourceEntry<Patient>() { LastUpdated=DateTimeOffset.Now, Content = new Patient() });result.Entries.Add(new DeletedEntry() { Id = new Uri("http://..."), When = DateTime.Now });

var bundleXml = FhirSerializer.SerializeBundleToXml(result);

Page 49: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Bundles in Java

AtomFeed feed = new AtomFeed();feed.setTitle("Demo bundle");

AtomEntry pat = new AtomEntry();pat.setUpdated(Calendar.getInstance());pat.setResource(new Patient());feed.getEntryList().add(pat);

AtomEntry del = new AtomEntry();del.setUpdated(Calendar.getInstance());del.setDeleted(true); del.setId("http://nu.nl/fhir");feed.getEntryList().add(del);

ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();AtomComposer comp = new AtomComposer();comp.compose(bos, feed, true);String xml = bos.toString("UTF8");

Page 50: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Using FHIR Client in C#

var client = new FhirClient( new

Uri("http://fhir.com/svc/fhir"));

var patEntry = client.Read<Patient>("1");var pat = patEntry.Resource;var restId = patEntry.Id;var tags = patEntry.Tags; pat.Name.Add(HumanName.ForFamily("Kramer")

.WithGiven("Ewout"));

client.Update<Patient>(patEntry);

Page 51: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Using FHIR Client in Java

FHIRClient client = new FHIRSimpleClient();client.initialize("http://spark.furore.com/fhir");

AtomEntry<Patient> pe = client.read(Patient.class, "1");Patient p = pe.getResource();

HumanName hn = new HumanName();hn.getFamily().add(Factory.newString_("Kramer"));hn.getGiven().add(Factory.newString_("Ewout"));p.getName().add(hn);

client.update(Patient.class, p, "1");

Page 52: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Exercise #4

Using the FHIR C# and Java API’s

(60 minutes)

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PROFILES, VALIDATION AND CONFORMANCE

Introducing

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The need for Profiles

Many different contexts in healthcare, but a single set of Resources

Need to be able to describe restrictions based on use and context

Allow for these usage statements to: Authored in a structured manner Published in a repository Used as the basis for validation, code, report and UI

generation.

Page 55: FHIR tutorial - Afternoon

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Profiling a resource

Demand that the identifier uses your national patient identifier

Limit names to just 1 (instead of 0..*)

Limit maritalStatus to another set of codes that extends the one from HL7 international

Add an extension to support “RaceCode”

Note: hardly any mandatory elements in the core spec!

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Structured & published

A Profile is just a “normal” Resource Any FHIR server could serve Profiles (just

like Patients, Observations, etc…) So, any FHIR server is a profile repository!

A resource is simply referred to by its URI: e.g. http://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/iso-21090

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Using profiles

When communicating a resource, you can indicate the profiles it conforms to.

A server might explicitly state it only accepts resources conforming to a certain profile (and verify!)

You can ask a FHIR server to validate a resource against a given profile

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Tagging a Resource

Patient

MRN 22234“Ewout Kramer”30-11-1972Amsterdam

http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/securityhttp://hl7.org/fhir/v3/ActCode#TABOO

http://hl7.org/fhir/taghttp://example.org/fhir/Status#Test

http://hl7.org/fhir/tag/profilehttp://hl7.org/fhir/Profile/us-core “a claim that the Resource

conforms to the profile identified in the term”

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Who publishes?

http://www.hl7.org/fhir/Profile/iso-21090

http://www.hl7.nl/fhir/Profile/patient-nl

http://www.health4all.org/fhir/Profile/

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What’s in a profile?

Metadata

IdentifierName, VersionPublisherDescription, CodeStatusDate (of publication)

Resource and Datatype Constraints

Extension

Conformance

Resource (via Tag)

ValueSetValueSet

Extension in Resource

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Scale / design

Make a profile with just extensions Make a profile with just 1 resource +

extensions on that resource Make a profile with all (say national)

resources + extensions.

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Profile metadata

Identifier: Universally unique identifier, assigned by author value=“urn:hl7.org:extensions:iso-21090“ or “2.16.840.1.113883.10.20.2.1”

Version: Version of the profile, manually maintained by author. Suggested format: a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-01T12:34:45)

Name: Free natural text name (e.g. “ISO 21090 Data Type Extensions”) Publisher: organization or individual responsible for publishing. Should be

populated (e.g. “FHIR Project Team“) Telecom: one or more contact points of the publisher (telephone, email,

website etc) Description: longer description of the contents of the profile Code: one or more coded descriptions to help with finding the profile Status (fixed choice of draft, active, retired) + experimental Y/N Requirements: scope & usage (the “need” or “why” of the profile) Date (of publication), e.g. “2013-07-07"

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(Distributed) validation

App’s server

Store &Validate

Country validation server

Validate

Profile X

Profile Y

Profile YValidate

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Validation

When receiving an XML resource 1. Validate using schema 2. Run schematrons

When receiving JSON 1. Parse the JSON 2. Serialize to XML 3. Validate using schema 4. Run schematrons

There’s a validation pack for Java

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Operation Outcome

When something goes wrong….return the OperationOutcome Resource!

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Conformance

There’s a resource for documenting conformance to FHIR

Can be used for: Stating how a specific system instance behaves Defining how a software system is capable of behaving

(including configuration options) Identifying a desired set of behavior (e.g. RFP)

To declare themselves “FHIR Conformant”, a system must publish a Conformance instance

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ConformanceResource

• Which wire formats supported?• Which resources?• What documents, messages does

the server accept, what does the content look like?

• Which protocols? http? Mllp? ftp?• Which operations (read, create,

update, search)• Which FHIR version?• What search operations?• Is this a test server?• Who can I contact?• What’s the name of the software?

http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/fhir/conformance.html

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How to get conformance

Conformance is again, just a Resource Any FHIR server will publish his own

conformance at a special endpoint A FHIR server may store and publish any

number of additional Conformance resources, so you can refer to them

Able to validate by automated testing

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HL7 FAMILY AND FHIR

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V2 and FHIR

Similarities

Built around re-usable “chunks” of data

Strong forward/backward compatibility rules

Extensibility mechanism

FHIR Differences

Each chunk (resource) is independently addressable

More than messages Human readable required Extensions don’t collide,

are discoverable Modern tools/skills Instances easy to read Lighter spec

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Migration – v2

Already have an integration engine that supports translation between v2 and FHIR

Resources map to segments reasonably well As always, the challenge with v2 mapping is

the variability of v2 interfaces “Common” mappings can be created, but they

won’t be one size fits all

HL7 v2

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…and v2 mappings

Every Resource has v2 mappings specified, e.g.:http://www.hl7.org/fhir/patient-mappings.html#http://hl7.org/v2

Patient    identifier PID-3    name PID-5, PID-9    telecom PID-13, PID-14, PID-40    gender PID-8    birthDate PID-7    deceased[x] PID-30    address PID-11    maritalStatus PID-16

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V3 and FHIR

Similarities

Based on RIM, vocab & ISO Data types foundations

Support XML syntax

FHIR Differences

Simpler models & syntax (reference model hidden)

Friendly names Extensibility with

discovery Easy inter-version wire

compatibility Messages, documents,

etc. use same syntax JSON syntax too

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CDA and FHIR

Similarities

Support profiling for specific use-cases

Human readability is minimum for interoperability

APIs, validation tooling, profile tooling

(See v3 similarities on prior slide)

FHIR Differences

Can use out of the box – no templates required

Not restricted to just documents

Implementer tooling generated with spec

(See v3 differences on prior slide)

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Migration – CDA

Made more complex by human-readable nature Need to ensure text <-> entry linkages are

retained Will best be handled on a template by

template basis Likely start with important ones like C-CDA

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For v3 CDA…

Documents MAY be communicated using REST: And stored as a single “blob” – the whole

document And disassembled into the contained resources But ftp, MLLP, e-mail, SOAP is all fine

There is a project underway mapping Green CDA to FHIR

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…and v3 mappings

Every Resource has v3 mappings specified, e.g.:http://www.hl7.org/fhir/patient-mappings.html#http://hl7.org/v3

Patient Patient    identifier ./id    name ./name    telecom ./telecom    gender ./administrativeGender    birthDate ./birthTime    deceased[x] ./deceasedInd    address ./addr    maritalStatus ./maritalStatus    multipleBirth[x] .multipleBirthInd

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FHIR and Services

Similarities

Encourage context neutral, re-usable structures with defined behavior

RESTful interface is a simple SOA interface

FHIR differences

Consistent data structures across services

Ease of transport across paradigms message <-> service <-> document <-> REST

Standard framework for defining/discovering services

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Market Sharev2

• De facto standard for in-institution communication

• Standard in many countries for cross-institution communication

CD

A

• High market penetration, particularly of CCD and CCDA variants due to meaningful use

• Significant on-going growth

v3

• Mandated use in a few jurisdictions

• Little uptake outside of those mandates

FH

IR• None

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Maturityv2

• In use for over 25 years• Broadly supported by industry

tools• Now on • Familiarity with both

capabilities and limitations (and work-arounds)

CD

A

• In use for over 12 years• Implemented in a variety of

settings all around the world

v3

• In development for over 13 years

• Some specifications have had multiple releases

• Limited uptake

FH

IR• First thought of less than 2

years ago• Just passed DSTU ballot• Won’t be a normative spec for

several more years, minimum

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So why use anything else?

FHIR is brand new No market share Only recently passed DSTU ballot Little track record

Business case No-one dumps existing working systems just

because something new is “better” Large projects committed to one standard won’t

change direction quickly (or even at all)

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Simple message

Yes, FHIR has the potential to supplant HL7 v3, CDA and even v2

However It’s not going to do so any time soon

No one's going to throw away their investment in older standards to use FHIR until

1. The specification has a good track record

2. It’s clear the new thing provides significant benefits HL7 will support existing product lines so

long as the market needs them

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(XDS) references

Document Reference Resources are used in document indexing systems, and are used to refer to:• CDA documents in FHIR systems• FHIR documents stored elsewhere (i.e. registry/repository following the

XDS model)• PDF documents, and even digital records of faxes where sufficient

information is available• Other kinds of documents, such as records of prescriptions.

A document reference resource is used to describe a document that is made available to a healthcare system.

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IHE MHD

“This winter (…) the Volume 2 part of Mobile Health Documents (MHD) will be replaced with the appropriate content describing  a profile of DocumentReference to meet the needs of MHD and the family of Document Sharing in XDS, XDR, and XCA.”

John Moehrke, august 16, 2013

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93

Balloting plans

First Draft Standard for Trial Use ballot (DSTU) complete Recently HL7 decided FHIR is now published as a DSTU Will provide a semi-stable platform for implementers while still

allowing non-backward-compatible change for Normative version if implementation experience dictates

Additional DSTU versions roughly annually to make fixes, introduce new resources

Normative is around 3 years out We want *lots* of implementation experience before committing to

backward compatibility

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Next Steps for you

Read the spec: http://hl7.org/fhir Try implementing it Come to a (European?) Connectathon!

[email protected] #FHIR Implementor’s Skype Channel FHIR Developer Days (November 24 – 26), Amsterdam StackOverflow: hl7 fhir tag

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The End – The big brake!

Questions?