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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION from

PROCESS INDUSTRIES

Lecture Lecture -- 11 11

In this lecture

� Pollution and Pollutants

� Types of Pollution

� Effects of Pollution� Managing Pollution

Pollution -

Introduction by man, waste matter or surplusenergy into the environment, which directly orindirectly causes damage to man and hisenvironment

id16469109 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com

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Pollutant - A substance or effect whichadversely alters the environment by changingthe growth rate of species, interferes with thefood chain, is toxic, or interferes with health,comfort amenities or property values of people

The Issue

� We use Resources extensively

and then are NOTNOT responsible for

� The ConsequencesConsequences !!!

Aral SeaAral Sea

Man made environmental Man made environmental disasterdisaster

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EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE

1. Damage to human health by specificchemical substances present in the air, food,water and radioactive material

2.2. DamageDamage toto naturalnatural environmentenvironment affectingvegetation, animals, crops, soil and water

3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes,dust, noise and waste

4. Damage by carcinogens, radioactivematerials and excessive noise

Pollution and effects

Minamata Disease

(Jinzu river, Japan)

Learning from the Past � Japan

� Fueling consumerism �. Doubling income �� three basic consumer items �..

Bioaccumulation

waterzooplankton

0.04 ppmsmall fish0.5 ppm

large fish2 ppm

birds25 ppm

e.g DDT

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Storyof Bold eagleIn USA

from Paracelsus ....

Anything and Everything is toxic if the dose is made so !!

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Toxicity is Quantity related ..

Drinking water and death ! ..

� Woman dies after water-drinking contest

SACRAMENTO, Calif. �

A woman who competed in a radio station�s contest to see how much how much water she could drink without going water she could drink without going to the bathroomto the bathroom died of water intoxication, the coroner�s office said Saturday.

2007 !

Waste takes many formsWaste takes many forms

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TYPES OF POLLUTION

� Water Pollution� Air Pollution� Land Pollution� Noise Pollution� Thermal Pollution� Electro Pollution� Visual Pollution

Water Pollution

Water Pollution Water Pollution �� with what?with what?

� Water ( about 99%)� Solids� Carbohydrates� Proteins� Fats � Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus)� Microorganisms.

(On average there are about 10 million per ml of wastewater. Many are pathogens)

These are referred to as �organic material�

Water Pollution

Inorganic materials - alkalis, acids, inorganic salts, ammonia, phosphates, etc.

Heavy metals - chromium, mercury, nickel, copper,cadmium etc.

Disinfection byproducts - trihalomethanesOther harmful substances - organochlorides etc.Physical factors - turbidity, colour, temperature etc.

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Organic PollutantsOrganic Pollutants

Inorganic PollutantsInorganic Pollutants

Heavy metal PollutantsHeavy metal Pollutants

Pathogenic PollutantsPathogenic Pollutants

Industrial Sources Responsible for Organic Pollution

Distillery

Canningorganic Depletion of DO

Sugar matter

Cheese Making

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Dissolved Oxygen

Industrial Sources Responsible for Inorganic

Pollution

Fertilizer algal bloomsreduced light

Soap and detergent penetrationammonia and

Rubber and latex re-aerationphosphates (eutrophication)

Agricultural farms

Sources Effluent Problems

Fertiliser ApplicationEutrophication

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Industrial Sources Responsible for Heavy Metal Pollution

Paper and pulp Mercury - Minamata diseaseChromium toxic to aquatic life

Tanneries Iron and self purifyingNickel organisms

Textile LeadZinc Toxic to humans

Coke-oven ArsenicCadmium - Itai-itai disease

Metal plating Copper Bio accumulateSilver

Sources Effluent Problems

Sources Discharging Pathogenic Organisms

Sewage Cholera, typhoid,Bacteria dysentery,

Farm slurry gastroenteritisdiarrhea, salmonellosis

Hospital waste Viruses polio, hepatitis,Protozoa Diarrhea, dysentery,

Medical laboratory (Giardia, amebiasis Cryptosporidium)

Food processing Helminths Roundworm infestation, pinworm, beef tapeworm,pork tapeworm

Sources Organism Diseases

b) Air Pollution

Air is considered safe when it contains no

harmful dust and gases.

Polluted air affects:

Humans

Animals

Vegetation

Materials

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Effects from Air Pollution

� Global warming

� Ozone depletion(Ozone hole)

� Acid Rain

� Various respiratory illnesses

Air PollutionAir PollutionhashasNoNo

Boundaries Boundaries

Metal foundry refining in early industrial Germany, 1870sMetal foundry refining in early industrial Germany, 1870sPollution of air

Particulate Matter PM10 (<10ìm)

- Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse, foundry dust and wind blown solid dust)

- Mist

- Smoke

- Carbon black

- Aerosols

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TheProblemofDUST

SPMPM 10PM 2.5etc.

Radioactivenucleids

Air Pollution and Health

Some Polluting Process Industries

Sulfuric Acid PlantsThermal Power Stations

Nitric Acid Plants

Cement PlantsFoundariesPlastic Industries

TRANSPORTATION

Three modes of transport� Air ( airplanes etc.)

� Sea (ships, boats etc.)� Land (automotive & locomotive)

Products of combustion of fuels are CO, CO2, NOx, hydrocarbons, particulate matter and traces of SO2, formaldehyde and Pb.

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c) Land PollutionUrbanization and Concentration of Population

Municipal Solid Waste

Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste

Uncontrolled �Land Treatment�

Burning open dumps and forest fires

Deforestation

Mining and Erosion

This is within our university

d) Noise Pollution

Exposure to prolong noise affects speech,hearing, general health and behaviour.

Noise Levels � dBIntensity frequencyperiods of exposure and duration

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Human hearing and Frequency

0 16 Hz 20 kHz 5 MHz

Intensity (Loudness)

� Measure of acoustic energy of the sound vibrations

� Expressed in terms of sound pressure

� Decibels (dB) are the unit of measurement on the Loudness scale

Physical Characteristics of Sound

� Measurement and human perception of Sound involves three basic physical characteristics:

� Intensity

� Frequency

� Duration

How sound is measured

�Pressure, P, usually Pascals

�Frequency, f, usually Hertz

�Intensity, I, usually W/m2

�Bels, L�, derived from logarithmic ratio

�Decibels, L, derived from bels

P = 1/f

I = W/A

L� = log (Q/Qo)

L = 10*log (Q/Qo)

E.g. Implications of the decibel scale: doubling sound levelwould mean that the sound will increase by 10*log2 = +3dBTen times the sound level = 10*log10 = +10dB

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Adding decibelsComparative Noise Levels (dB)

Walkman (1/2 volume) 94

Telephone Dial tone 80

Talking at Three Feet 65

Quiet Urban Daytime 50

Quiet Urban Nighttime 40

Quiet Rural Nighttime 25

Industrial Noise Sources�Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)�High pressure burners in furnaces� Turbines� Compressors� Pumps�Welding machines� Cranes and other vehicles� Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids�Vibrating and grinding equipment

Electropollution !

- a growing problem

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Power Lines and Leukemia

� �..children living in proximity to high voltage powerlines are at increased risk of childhood leukaemia, but in finding effects up to 600 metres away, they invoke electric field corona ion effects as a possible causal mechanism.

Prof. Denis Henshaw, Professor of Human Radiation Effects at the University of Bristol

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3967073.stm

http://www.electric-fields.bris.ac.uk/

Pollution Management

Pollution can be controlled by Pollution can be controlled by proper choice of preventive proper choice of preventive

and remedial measuresand remedial measures

Techniques are changing �Techniques are changing �

Dispersion

Pollution Control

Recycling

Pollution Prevention

Sustainable Development

1960 1980 1990

Complexity of Environmental Issue

Cleaner Production

Wastewater Treatment

Volume reduction Strength reduction

Preventive

Physical Chemical Biological

Curative

Waste water treatment

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Typical Wastewater Processing

PrimaryTreatment

SecondaryTreatment

TertiaryTreatment

WastewaterWastewater

Primary sludge Secondary Sludge Tertiary Sludge

Air emissions

Water

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Physical Methods

Objective

Remove solid or liquid pollutants based on density difference or other physical property (eg. SS or floating solids)

� Solvent extraction

� Evaporation

� Distillation

� Filtration

� Reverse Osmosis

� Electrodialysis

� Adsorption

Biological waste water treatment

Aerobic treatmentAnaerobic treatment

The organic load is defined by the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).

In aerobic systems the water is aerated with compressed air (in some cases oxygen).

Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free conditions � biogas is a useful product.

� Metabolism:

Organic Nitrogen NH3

NH3 + O2 NO2- + Energy

NO2- + O2 NO3

- + Energy

Bacterial decomposition and

hydrolysis

Nitrification

Activated Sludge SystemActivated Sludge System

Anaerobic Zone Aerobic Zone

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Chemical Wastewater Treatment

� Neutralization - NaOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl, H2SO4

� Coagulation and

Flocculation - Alum, FeSO4,

� Oxidation - Sodium hypochlorite

� Disinfection - Cl2, O3, NaOCl

OzonationOzonation�...�...

Dye Solutionssubjected to ozonation

Air Pollution Control� Use tall stacks

� Source reduction by process and raw material changes (eg. Improved furnace design and low S fuel)

� Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)

� Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone separators

� Absorption, adsorption, combustion and catalytic reaction

Air Pollution and Control

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Blue Skies over PuttalamBlue Skies over Puttalam 80% of the air pollution load is 80% of the air pollution load is contributed by the transport sectorcontributed by the transport sector

Land Pollution Control

� Integrated Solid Waste Management� Good agricultural practices� Remediation of polluted soils� Prevention of erosion and silting� Containment of hazardous waste and

waste water treatment using land treatment techniques

3R Principle

�Reduce�Reuse�Recycle

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CompostProduction

Paper

Deaf and Blind School

Abans Env Services / Paper collection

Glass Factory

Glass ( 3 types)

Plastics (all types)

Different plastic recyclers

University Colour Code University Colour Code �� Solid WasteSolid Waste

Blue � waste paperOrange � Plastics (milk cartons , cups)Green � Food waste

Noise Pollution Control

� Control noise at source by proper choice of equipment, design modification, mounting and proper layout

� Isolation or use of baffles

� Use of ear protection devices

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Desiccated Coconut IndustryDC industry

Sri Lanka

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Some additional slides for information Materials,

Energy,

Water,

Labour,

Capital

Products,By-Products

Solid Waste Waste Energy, Wastewater

Air Emissions

Waste takes many formsWaste takes many forms

fertiliserssewage

(liquid domesticand industrial waste)

mineralsesp. nitrates

mineralsesp. phosphates

eutrophication

algal bloom

competitionfor light

consumers can't consume fast enough

dead plants dead algae

detritus

organic material

Th

e p

ro

ce

ss o

f

Eu

tro

ph

ica

tio

n

Harmful Substances

Disinfection byproducts trihelomethanes carcinogenic

Agricultural organochlorides persistentPesticides (DDT) bio accumulate

Acids and alkalis inorganic minerals affect biologicallife, affect toxicity of CN-, S-

Plastic, lubricant, PCB persistent, lethalrubber, paper even at low level

Pharmaceutical, Phenols toxic to fish,MO &Petrochemical aquatic life

Sources Substances Problems

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Physical Effects

Suspended Solids china clay, peroxide, settlement, turbiditymetal salts reduce light, photosynthesisorganic solids reduce DO

Temperature Cooling water from lower DO, speed up organicpower plants matter degradation

Oil and grease Refineries, terminals Prevents O2 exchange, storage tanks lethal to birds

Colour pigments, dyes aesthetics, toxic, reduce lightpenetration

Foaming anionic detergents, aesthetics, carry SS &surfactants pathogens, affects aeration

Physical Parameter Causative Problem

Occupational Health & Safety

Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees of the industry and the general public.

Safety in process design can be considered under the following broad headings.

1. Identification and assessment of the hazard2. Control of hazards3. Control of the process4. Limitation of the loss.