2. History of Studying Thinking Tied to philosophy in the past
Rene Descartes 1st truth I think, therefore Iam No way to really
measure or assess thinking atall in the past, now MRI, CT Scans,
etc Thinking Sometimes called Cognition inthe research 3. Thinking
Units of ThoughtImage visual mental representationSymbol abstract
unit of thoughtConcept label for a class of related
objects/eventsPrototype representative exampleRule statement of
relation between objects 4. Symbols abstract unit of thoughtthat
represents an object or quality 5. Prototype a representative
example of a concept differs from person to personEx Someone in
good shape; fun games, cutegirl, car, athlete, etc 6. Kinds of
Thinking Directed (Convergent) systematic/logicalthinking to reach
a specific goal or answer Nondirected (Divergent) free flow of
thoughtswith no particular plan; depends more onimages
Metacognition thinking about thinking, yourawareness of your own
cognitive processes 7. 2 minutes in a womans head 8. Problem
SolvingStrategies specific methods for approaching problems to deal
with them Subgoals, working forward/backward Algorithms step by
step procedure for solving a problem Heuristics (3) rule of thumb
strategy (299)1. Availability prominent/easily recalled info isthe
answer-ex lottery, overestimate2. Representativeness use
probability andassociations to make guess3. Anchoring ideas or
standards used to answer 9. 9 dots puzzle connect all, 4 lines,
cant pick up your pencil 10. Obstacles to Problem Solving Mental
Set habitualpattern of problemsolving Rigidity when amental set
gets in theway of solving aproblem newspaperex Functional Fixedness
unable to imaginenew uses for someobject 11. Creativity ability to
generate novel and valuable ideas. Flexibility- ability toovercome
rigidity Recombination newapproaches/combination of oldapproaches
in a newway Insight-light bulbsuddenly realize theanswer. 12.
Language a system of symbols and rules used for meaningful
communication. 13. Structure of Language Phonemes smallest parts
(sounds) Morphemes smallest units of meaning Syntax rules of
arrangement in a language 14. Language Development Behavioralists
(B.F. Skinner) OperantConditioning Social Learning theorists
modeling Biological theorists (Chomsky) other factorsplay a role,
but children inherit capacity/pre-programming for language LAD
Language Acquisition Device 15. How Language Develops Cooing 2
months Babbling 4 months Single worlds 12 months 2 years two words
toexpress meaning 2-3 telegraphic speech 5 languagedevelopment
complete,continue to acquirevocabulary throughout life 16. Gender
and Cultural Factors Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis language andthought are
connected, language in factshapes thinking Semantic Slanting making
statements sothey evoke a specific emotional response.e.g. Pro
Choice Abortion Name calling labeling people in order toinfluence
their thinkinge.g. Only an idiot would not go to college 17. The
Manslater 3min
