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The Water:Power Nexus Rajesh Kumar Chairman Central Water Commission

Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

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Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

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Page 1: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

The Water:Power Nexus

Rajesh Kumar

ChairmanCentral Water Commission

Page 2: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

INTRODUCTION

Interdependence between water and power.

The relationship can be mutually constraining.

It presents an opportunity to address both power and water issues together, because conserving one leads to conservation of the other.

The way we manage the delicate relationship between the two will have major implications on the future of our water and power crises.

Page 3: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

WATER AND POWER RELATIONSHIP

Power Process needs water

• Hydropower• Thermal • Extraction and

mining

Water Processneeds power

• Transport• Pumping• Treatment

Page 4: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER AND POWER

Page 5: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

WATER SCENARIO IN INDIA

Page 6: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

2.45% of World’s Land Area

4% of World’s Renewable Water Resources

17% of World’s Population

Indian Scenario

Page 7: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

7

Water – A vital Resource

Essential for:• Life• Livelihood• Ecology

Vital for Economic Development

Crucial for:• Food Security• Energy security• National Security

Page 8: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Water Availability - INDIA

Total utilizable water resources1121 BCM

Ground Water 431 BCM

Presently meets the demand but is Inadequate for future demand

Surface water 690 BCM

Current utilizationof SW

450 BCM ( 65% )

Current utilizationOf GW

231 BCM (58%)

Total water availability1869 BCM

Total Precipitation (rainfall + snowfall)4000 BCM

Page 9: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

PER CAPITA WATER AVAILABILITY (NATIONAL AVERAGE)

Water Scarcity Line1000 cu. m. per person per year

Water stress Line1700 cu. m. per person per year

5177

2200

1340 11401545

1820

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1951 1991 2001 2011 2025 2050

Wa

ter

Av

ail

ibil

ty (

Cu

bic

me

tre

pe

r

ca

pit

a p

er

ye

ar)

Page 10: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Sector-wise Future Demand (BCM)

Sector Probable Water Demand as Projected by NCIWRD (1999) (High Demand)

2010 2025 2050

Irrigation 557 611 807

Domestic 43 62 111

Industry 37 67 81

Energy 19 33 70

Others 54 70 111

Total 710 843 1180

Page 11: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECTS

No. of projects

Plan period Major Medium ERM

Pre-plan period

74 143 0

Upto X Plan(2002-2007)

186 813 121

Reported completed during XI Plan

35 62 19

Page 12: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF WATER

Under the Indian Constitution, water comes under the State List (Item 17 in List II of the Seventh Schedule or the State List).

There has been an increasing debate about studying water in a holistic manner with a national perspective in mind.

Water is being handled by many Ministries in the Centre.

Page 13: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

INTER STATE WATER DISPUTES

Interstate water disputes in India often prolong over long periods and tend to recur.

These long delays are partly due to elaborate

judicial proceedings and deliberations. But more importantly, the adjudication proceedings are often circumvented and impeded by variety of political interests.

Page 14: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

CURRENT INTER STATE RIVER WATER DISPUTES AND TRIBUNALS

Ravi & Beas Waters Tribunal

Vamsadhara River Water Dispute

Mahadeyi/ Mandovi River

Krishna River Water Dispute Tribunal

Cauvery Water Disputes

Page 15: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Planning, development and management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives. 

Water resources development and management will have to be planned for a hydrological unit.

Appropriate river basin organisations should be established for the planned development and management of the river basins. 

Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfer from one river basin to another, after taking into account the requirements of the areas/basins. 

Planning of water resources development projects should, as far as possible, be for multi- purpose with an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach having regard to human and ecological aspects including those of disadvantaged sections of the society.  

National Water Policy 2012

Page 16: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

There is need to ensure that the water charges for various uses should be fixed such as to cover at least the operation and maintenance charges initially and a part of the capital costs subsequently. 

Management of the water resources for diverse uses should incorporate a participatory approach by involving users and other stakeholders alongwith various governmental agencies.  

Both surface water and ground water should be regularly monitored for quality. 

Effluents should be treated to acceptable levels and standards before discharging them into natural streams.

Minimum flow should be ensured in the perennial streams for maintaining ecology. 

Efficiency of utilization should be improved in all the diverse uses of water and conservation consciousness promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives. 

National Water Policy 2012

Page 17: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

Page 18: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

Growth in production of electricity has led to its extensive use in all the sectors of economy in the successive five years plans.

Over the years the installed capacity of Power Plants (Utilities) has increased to about 1,86,655 MW (by December, 2011) from a meagre 1713 MW in 1950.

Similarly, the electricity generation increased from about 5.1 Billion kwh to 789 Billion kwh in 2010-11.

Page 19: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

GROWTH OF POWER SECTOR

Per capita consumption of electricity in the country increased from 15 kWh in 1950 to about 814 kWh in 2011.

About 90% of the villages have been electrified.

However, the country continues to have mismatch between demand and supply.

Energy and peak shortages to the tune of 8.5% and 10.3% respectively during the year 2010-11.

Page 20: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

During the 11th Five Year Plan (2007—12), nearly 55,000 MW of new generation capacity was created.

Yet, there continues to be a peak shortage of about 9 per cent.

Peak power shortage is shortfall in generation capacity when electricity consumption is maximum.

GROWTH OF POWER SECTOR

Page 21: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

WATER- POWER NEXUS

There exists an inter-twining relationship between water and power.

Water is often regarded as an input for generating power in case of thermal and hydro-electric power stations.

However, when it comes to usage, the situation is reversed, particularly when it is used for extracting and distributing water.

Urban and rural water supply systems need power to distribute water through pipe networks and farmers need power to run pump sets and irrigate their fields.

Page 22: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Given that agriculture is the largest user of water (80% in India), it is imperative that it is one of the focus areas of research in order to fully unravel the water-energy nexus.

WATER- POWER NEXUS: IRRIGATION SECTOR

Page 23: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Gradual shift to ground water as dependable source of water even in the areas covered under canal irrigation due to

In-adequate supply of canal water

Poor surface irrigation infrastructure

Today, ground water meets nearly 55% of irrigation requirements in the country.

Over-exploitation of ground water compounded by subsidized power for pumping in many states.

Excessive exploitation may lead to reduction in well yield, drying up of shallow wells, deterioration of water quality, increased energy required to lift water from greater depth and its consequent high cost.

WATER- POWER NEXUS: EXCESSIVE DEPENDENCE ON GROUND WATER FOR IRRIGATION

Page 24: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Energy efficiency could help address the adverse impact on small farmers due to increase in power tariff.

Innovative approaches are called for to better understand the water-energy nexus particularly from the farmer’s perspective.

Such research would help in scenario planning and take into account drivers such as demographics, consumption and production patterns, technology, globalization and environmental issues.

WATER- POWER NEXUS: IRRIGATION SECTOR

Page 25: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Another area, where water and energy are most visibly connected is the hydroelectric sector.

Further in-depth research and analysis could help identify the potential sites for hydroelectric projects taking into consideration resettlement and rehabilitation, submergence, social and cultural losses.

WATER- POWER NEXUS: HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR

Page 26: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

Capacity building is required to bridge knowledge gaps, particularly at the local level. Awareness regarding the efficient use of energy and water is also crucial.

School and college curricula need to include these aspects which are a glaring gap that needs to be filled by developing suitable courses for the youth and training modules for teachers.

WAY FORWARD

Page 27: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

WAY FORWARD Some observers feel that in addition to the

knowledge gap and paucity of research, there is no single source where information on water and energy is readily available in India.

There are now several knowledge platforms on water, energy and climate change but they view these themes in isolation.

It may be possible for some of these knowledge platforms to find common sub-sets and present it to the public in a more coherent manner.

Page 28: Day-4, Mr. Rajesh Kumar water power nexus

WATER : POWER NEXUSBOTH CHALLENGES MUST BE ADDRESSED

TOGETHER