FEB. 4th,2010

DR ARVIND KAPURCEOVEGETABLE SEED DIVISIONRASI SEEDS (P) LTD

CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SEED INDUSTRY-TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS

AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE WILL

CONTINUOUSELY IMPACTED BY

HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITHOUT

WAITING FOR THE COPENHAGEN

DEBATE TO BE CONCLUSIVE

FACTS OF AGRICULTURE

FOOD PRODUCTION TARGETS AND ISSUES

BY 2020 India needs more than 320 mn Ton of food

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

• Land and water resources are shrinking

• Productivity is still low in many crops

• Productive agricultural land is still under less productive seed

• Heavy dependence on Monsoon and optimum weather conditions

• Comprehensive agricultural policies are inadequate

• Combined effort of public and private sector in agriculture is still lacking

THE WORLD SEED MARKET (billions $)

Total Seed

Field SeedsVegetable

Flower

CommercialSeeds

15

15

15

33%

33%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

5050 Billion

Including Farmers Saved SeedTotal SeedField SeedsVegetableFlower

Commercial seed market6.8 b$ Vegetable Seed27.2 b $ Cereal Seed(20.3 non GM+6.9 GM)

20% vegetable seed

80% Field & other seed

34 Billion

Indian Seed IndustryIndian Seed Industry

Indian seed market is one of the largest seed market, dominated by open pollinated seeds

Hybridization gaining pace

There are around 200 private players & 14 Government organizations

Public sector is mainly handling high volume-low value seeds of cereals, pulses & oilseeds

INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY

•Total Seed Industry is worth about 7500-8000 crore

• Cereal industry is worth 6000 crore approximately

• About 1/3 rd is contributed by cotton worth 2000crores

• Rice OP and hybrids contribute about 1000crores

• Millet hybrids contribute 500 Crore

• corn contributes around 800 crore

• Vegetable seed industry is worth 1500 crore

The Seed Industry - a Time Line• 1740 - 1850: First companies specialising in horticultural crops

established

• 1850 - 1900: Modern Plant Breeding begins

• Public sector involvement in plant breeding and protection

of farmer & consumer interests

• New companies established for numerous crops

• First National Seed Associations established

• 1900-1970s: Transition and Modernization

• Growth of the seed sector, private and public

Sector

The Seed Industry –a Time Line1970s -First wave of consolidation

•Chemical & oil industry acquire seed companies

–1980s -Biotechnology in plant breeding

•DNA marker assisted selection, genetic engineering

–1990s -Second wave of consolidation•Birth of ‘life-science’ companies

–International Treaties and Conventions with impact on the seed industry (UPOV, CBD, CPB, IT-PGRFA)

The Seed Industry Today

1.Increasing global seed market

2.Growing use of hybrid seed with several technological components(e.g. seed coatings)

3.Growing international seed trade

4.Increasing number of regulations

5.Increasing number of multinational companies

Area in Million hectare

Seed Production in FY-2009CROPS Qty. in M.TMaize 80000Sunflower 8000Pearl Millet 20000Hybrid Rice 20000-25000Sorghum 12000cotton 32 mn packetReasearch varietiesOP of Rice

60,000

Global Seed Market Split

Cotton 3%

Canola 5%

Vegetables 18%

Corn 32%

Rice 10%

Other 6%

Potato 4% Sunflower 2%

Barley 2%

Sugar Beet 2%

Wheat 4%

Soybean 12%Tomato fresh indet. 11%

Cabbage 7%

Sweet pepper 7%

Lettuce 7%

Watermelon 5 %

Onion 5%

Seed Vegetable seed

Melon 5 %Chinese cabbage 5 %

Hot pepper 5%Carrot 4%

Tomato fresh set. 3%

Internal assessment

Eggplant1% (115 MT)

Okra10%(3000MT)

Onion10%(4000 MT) Chilli

1%(400 MT)

Tomato1%(250 MT)

Cauliflower1%(400 MT)

Cabbage0%(80 MT)

Muskmelon1%(220MT)

Watermelon0%(180MT)Cucumber

2%(1000MT)

Bittergourd1%(300MT)

Bottlegourd1%(500MT)Other gourds1%(624MT)

Beet0%(40MT)

Radish10%(4000MT)

Pumpkin0%(50MT)

Carrot2%(800MT)

Peas14%(5500MT)

Knolkhol0%(70MT)

Coriander20%(8000MT)

Capsicum0%(25MT)

Beans24%(9850MT)

Total Seed potential = 39855 MT (Approx.)

Okra1200 MT)

Eggplant(61 MT)

Tomato(70 MT)

Chilli(75 MT)

Capsicum(4 MT)

Cabbage(55 MT)

Cauliflower(20 MT)

Cucumber(11 MT)

Melons(10 MT)

Watermelon(80 MT)

Gourds(250 MT)

F1 Seed Availability = 2000 MT (Approx)

CRADLE

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED MUST BE CARRIED FROM

TO

GRAVE

Investments

Value Recovery

FOOD SAFETY MUST BE ENSURED FROM

FARM

TO

FORK

Without toxic compounds

Contributions of Plant Breeding

Yield

Contributions of Plant Breeding

Yield• Winter wheat yields: trebled over the past 60 years

• 2.5 tonnes/ha (mid-1940s) to 8 tonnes/ha today.

• NIAB study 2008: wheat, barley, oats

• 300 varieties (>3 yrs), 3600 trials, 53.000 data points

• 1947-1986: 50% of increase in yield attributed to plant breeding. • Rest to fertilizers, crop protection products, crop husbandry and machinery (Silvey, 1986)

• Since 1982: 90% of all yield increase due to introduction of new varieties (yield : 5t/ha =>8t/ha)

Contributions of Plant Breeding

Contributions of Plant Breeding

Biotic stress resistance

Plant Breeding has provided 10.000s of resistant varieties to:

•Fungi•Insects•Viruses•Bacteria•Nematodes•Water molds

Contributions of Plant Breeding

•Yield •Resistance to biotic stress•Tolerance to abiotic stress

•Earliness •Shelf-Life•Size •Taste•Quality •Labour cost• Firmness •Harvest ability •Plant type •Dwarfness

Annual global level of lost food production

$85 billion caused by pathogens

$46 billion caused by insects

UK: disease resistance alone saves 100 million GBP/yr in crop protection products

Gemini viruses in tomato•Tomato YellowLeafCurlVirus •1990s: Destroyed 95% of tomato harvest in Dom. Rep.

•In 1991/1992: 140 million USD damage in Florida. •Now resistant varieties

Contributions of Plant Breeding

Abiotic stress tolerance

Plant Breeders focus on tolerance for:

•Herbicides (95 billion USD / yr lost on weeds 380 million tonnes of wheat)

•Drought(90 million people affected/yr)

•Flood (106 million people affected/yr)

•Salt (900 million ha affected)

•Better nutrient uptake

124 million people / yr in 118 countries affected by Vit. A deficiency (1-2 million deaths)•Rice: staple crop for half of mankind•Rice varieties developed with higher levels of carotenoids=> ‘Golden rice’•Market release 2011?•70 IP rights from 32 companies relinquished

Contributions of Plant Breeding Nutritional quality

Contributions of Plant Breeding Responding to the challenges

•Food security& Hunger alleviation•Increase nutritional values•Reduction of pesticides / fossil fuels •Reduction GHG emissions•Land saving/ Decrease deforestation•Conserve biodiversity•Increase carbon sequestration

CROP IMPROVEMENT

EVOLUTION vs. REVOLUTION

Slow RandomStability ?Focus ?Environment

GERMPLASM BASE

VARIETAL BREEDING

PEDIGREE BREEDING

G x E INTERACTION

ACCESSION OF GENES

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION

ACCELERATED INTROGRESSION

THROUGH MAB

Fast SpecificStableFocused

GENE HUNTING

Discovery research

Lab research (REFINEMENT)

Transformation Protocol Development

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

GENE CLONING

GENE FUNCTIONS

GENEMODIFICATI

ON

GENE CONSTRUCT

Regeneration protocol developmentof target plant species Transformation stabilization

Selection of best transformationfor fertilizationProduct development with

trait

THREE LEGGED STOOL MODELTHREE LEGGED STOOL MODEL

TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS

TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS

BIO

TE

CH

NO

LO

GY

PRODUCTPRODUCT

GE

RM

PL

AS

M

GE

RM

PL

AS

M

GE

RM

PL

AS

M

BR

EE

DIN

G

BREEDING

PRODUCT

• Growth rate in area under HYVs and hybrids to remain the same till 2015

• No wheat hybrid with good acceptability and significant advantage will be developed before 2015

• Rice area under hybrid to grow at significant rate due to considerable yield advantage and small existing base

• Corn area to grow in line with increasing demand and area under single crosses will increase

• Crop area for grain sorghum reducing in line with reducing demand

• Area under millet & coarse cereals assumed to remain constant•• No further scope for Increased area under hybrids in sunflower

• Yield advantage due to Bt cotton is established. Hybridization to be driven by increasing demand for fiber quality and superiority of Bt Cotton

• Vegetable area increasing in line with significant increase in demand

• Productivity improvement due to increased SRR considered

Supply Projections for Major CropsBaseline Scenario: Assumptions

SEED PRODUCTION ISSUES

• Large area for seed production to achieve the SRR targets

• Seed production systems have to be improved

• Seed production contract should be legal to avoid cross purchases

• Seed production per unit area needs improvement

• CMS or other systems to be introduced in some crops like cotton and many vegetable crops

• Seed production areas should be ear marked as seed valleys

Contributions of Plant Breeding

Conclusion:

Enormous contribution so far

Tremendous potential

BEST STILL TO COME

THANKS