Byer talk fnl afosr oct 26 2011

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Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA

Lasers and Nonlinear Optics

AFOSR 60th Anniversary 26 October 2011

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Fifty Years Lasers and Nonlinear Optics

Robert L. Byer Applied Physics

Stanford University [email protected]

Abstract

A look back at the early days of the laser and nonlinear optics will be contrasted to the recent breakthroughs in solid state lasers and the applications.

AFOSR sponsored research in lasers has led often to un-anticipated applications

that have important consequences to the future of the Air Force.

Air Force Office of Scientific Research 950 North Glebe Rd #210

26 October 2011

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Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves

Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves

Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves

Lightwaves

Charlie is still contributing to Science at The University of California at Berkeley He celebrates his 95th birthday this year. Francis and Charlie 2010

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Peter Franken – Frequency Doubling of the Ruby Laser 1961

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Early advances in Lasers and Nonlinear Optics

Concept of Optical Maser Schawlow & Townes 1958 Ruby Laser Ted Maiman 1960 Nobel Prize awarded in 1964 Townes, Prokhorov and Basov Hg+ Ion Laser Earl Bell 1965 Argon Ion Laser Bill Bridges Tunable cw parametric Laser Harris 1968 Diode bar 1Watt Laser Scifres 1978 Diode Pumped Nd:YAG (NPRO) Byer & Kane 1984 2009 a special year 105kW cw Nd:YAG Slab Laser NGST January 4 MJ IR, 2MJ UV NIF Laser LLNL March 1mJ 10Hz 1A Coh X-ray Laser SLAC April

2010 LaserFest 2011 50 years of Nonlinear Optics

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The Ruby Laser

Art Schawlow with Mickey Mouse Balloon and Ruby Laser

Retinal Attachment “If I had set out to invent a method of re-attaching the retina, I would not have invented the laser”

Laser Eraser “The “Laser Eraser” may not find any near term application, but it is interesting.”

The first Ruby laser was demonstrated in May 1960 by Ted Maiman Hughes Research Labs in Los Angeles

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Professor Elsa Garmire and husband Bob Russell at Laserfest 2010

Student of Charlie Townes – first nonlinear optics experiments-1963 Inventor: Laser removal of graffiti- 1996 Garmire, Russell and Liu “Automated Apparatus for Removal of Laser Graffiti”

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Arrived in Berkeley Autumn 1960

I met with young Assistant Professor Sumner P. Davis and asked if I could work in his laboratory. His reply: “Go read this book and when you understand everything in it, come back and see me.”

I returned six months later. I was asked to take some chalk and derive the grating equation and dispersion relations. I worked with Sumner through my senior year.

Sumner P. Davis

Upon graduation, Sumner suggested that I visit a small company in Mnt. View..

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Spectra Physics 1964 – 1st successful commercial laser company

Earl Bell 1965 Mercury Ion Laser

I arrived at a small start-up company in Mountain View, CA for an interview.

I waited in the lobby but no one came to say hello. After what seemed like a half an hour I walked into the back where there was loud cheering and celebration.

Earl Bell had just operated the first Ion laser that generated orange light.

I took the job at Spectra Physics

and worked with Earl Bell,

Arnold Bloom, Herb Dwight for

one year, then….

“If a laser can operate at 5% efficiency, it can do real work.” Earl Bell 1965

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Introduction to Nonlinear Optics - Stanford 1964

Tony Siegman held brown bag lunches to discuss research topics of interest such as Second Harmonic Generation

John Bjorkholm and Tony Siegman

A Helium Neon laser visible across „Silicon Valley‟ from the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton

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Professor Anthony E. Siegman

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Stephen E. Harris ~1963

Stanford University

Accepted at Stanford! Assigned to work with Professor S. E. Harris

Learn about Nonlinear Optics read Bloembergen Boyd and Ashkin Calculate OPO threshold Locate suitable nonlinear crystals LiNbO3 1cm3 from Bell Labs ADP, KDP and others Build Argon Ion Laser for pump (Spectra Physics helped) RF induction coupled ion laser

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Stephen E. Harris ~1963

Stanford University

Now at Stanford! working with Professor S. E. Harris

Learn about Nonlinear Optics read Bloembergen Boyd and Ashkin Calculated threshold Locate suitable nonlinear crystal LiNbO3 1cm3 from Bell Labs

Oops! Dropped the LiNbO3 Crystal. Now what?

The path to physics is neither paved nor well marked… Lev Kulevski – visitor from Moscow 1978

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Decade of 70s – 80s: develop new nonlinear materials and test in OPOs and Harmonic Conversion devices

LiNbO3 and variations congruent MgO doped LiTaO3

BaNaNbO15

SBN

Infrared Nonlinear Materials CdSe IR OPO CdGeAs2 chalcopyrite IR xtal AgGaS2

AgGaSe2 IR Mixer Xtal Visible and UV crystals LiO3

KDP, ADP and isomorphs BBO LBO

Bob Feigelson

single crystal fiber - periodic poled Waver scale fabrication

Marty Fejer

Quasi Phasematching

LiNbO3 boule

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Optical Parametric Oscillators

Stanford research 1965 – 1969 - The Harris Lab Larry Osterink and the FM argon ion laser Ken Oshman – OPO pumped by yellow Ion Laser Bob Byer and Jim Young Sync pumped LiNbO3 OPO Materials development (Bob Feigelson) *Parametric Fluorescence *CW OPO pumped by Argon Ion Laser Richard Wallace – studied the AO Q-switched

Nd:YAG Laser OPO technology transferred to Chromatix - 1970

Stephen E. Harris – Stanford University

Path forward: study Parametric Fluorescence, improve crystals, then attempt cw OPO in LiNbO3.

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Kodachrome images of Parametric Fluorescence in LiNbO3

Measured nonlinear coefficient Derived parametric gain Measured tuning curve Confirmed quality of the LiNbO3 crystals grown at Stanford (Feigelson)

Observed Quantum Noise by eye!

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“I see red!” Ben Yoshizumi May 11, 1968

Argon Ion Laser pump

OPO cavity

LiNbO3 crystal in the oven

Red tunable Output ~1mW

Threshold 430mW. Available power at 514.5nm 470mW

Visible Tunable Parametric Oscillator in LiNbO3 ( 17mm crystal, 150 C, DRO pumped at 514.5nm)

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Chromatix Nd:YAG Laser and Tunable OPO product ~1970

Richard Wallace with Q-switched Chromatix Nd:YAG Laser

Doubled YAG pumped LiNbO3 OPO First tunable laser product

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Spectra Physics – the world‟s first commercial laser company

Spectra Physics – 1962 Herb Dwight Jr. CEO

Bob Remple, Ken Ruddick Earl Bell, Arnold Bloom

(Bob Byer 13th employee)

Coherent – 1966 Jim Hobart CEO

Gene Watson

Chromatix – 1969

Bob Remple CEO Steve Harris Dick Wallace

Quanta Ray – 1974 Gene Watson & Earl Bell

Bob Mortensen CEO (Bob Byer)

Molectron Bruce McCall CEO Gary Klaumnitzer

Newport Milton Chang CEO

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Lightwaves

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Motivation: Scientific Applications of Lasers

“Don‟t undertake a project unless it is manifestly important and nearly impossible.” Edwin Land - 1982

Scientific Applications of Lasers Atmospheric Remote Sensing

Quanta Ray Laser 1J Unstable resonator 1.4 to 4.3 micron Tunable LiNbO3 OPO Global Wind Sensing Diode pumped Nd:YAG Frequency stable local oscillator - NPRO Search for Gravitational Waves 10 W Nd:YAG slab MOPA LIGO 200W fiber laser MOPA Adv LIGO 1W Iodine Stabilized Nd:YAG LISA Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays TeV energy scale particle physics Coherent X-rays for attosecond science

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Monitoring Air Pollution

Helge Kildal and R. L. Byer “Comparison of Laser Methods for The Remote Detection of Atmospheric Pollutants” Proc. IEEE 59,1644 1971 (invited)

Henningsen, Garbuny and Byer - 1974

Vibrational-Rotational overtone spectrum of Carbon Monoxide by tunable OPO.

(Chromatix Nd:YAG pumped LiNbO3 OPO Product introduced as product in 1969)

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Atmospheric Remote Sensing

Motivation for tunable lasers at Stanford

Atmospheric Remote sensing beginning in 1971 Unstable resonator Nd:YAG -- Quanta Ray Laser 1.4 - 4.4 micron tunable LiNbO3 OPO -- computer controlled Remote sensing of CH4, SO2 and H2O and temperature

Early Remote Sensing 1960 - 1975 LIDAR Laser Detection and Ranging Inaba, Kobayashi and H. Ito Detection of Molecules Kidal and Byer Comparison of Detection Methods DIAL Differential Absorption Lidar Menzies CO2 laser Direct and Coherent Detection Walther & Rothe Remote sensing of pollutants Svanberg Remote sensing pollution monitoring

Humio Inaba

Sune Svanberg

Herbert Walther

Research in tunable lasers, laser spectroscopy and remote sensing - International

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Remote Sensing Telescope at Stanford - 1980

Atmospheric Remote Sensing using a Nd:YAG Pumped LiNbO3 Tunable IR OPO. The OPO was tuned under Computer control continuously From 1.4 to 4.3 microns Atmospheric measurements Were made of CO2, SO2, CH4, H2O and Temperature.

Sixteen inch diameter telescope on the roof of the Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford

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1.4 to 4.3 micron Computer Tuned LiNbO3 OPO

Stephen J. Brosnan, R. L. Byer “Optical Parametric Oscillator Threshold and Linewidth Studies” Proc. IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-15,415,1979

Steve Brosnan observing atmospheric spectrum with OPO tuning under PDP-11 computer control

Fig 19. LiNbO3 OPO Angle Tuning curve ( 45-50 deg) 1.4 – 4.3 microns

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Required ~1J 10nsec 10Hz Nd;YAG Laser Pump for OPO Unstable Resonator Concept – Siegman 1965

A. E. Siegman “Unstable optical resonators for laser applications” Proc. IEEE 53, 277-287, 1965

R. L. Herbst, H. Komine, R. L. Byer “A 200mJ unstable resonator Nd:YAG Oscillator” Optics Commun. 21, 5, 1977

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Unstable Resonator Nd:YAG Oscillator

R. L. Herbst, H. Komine, and R. L. Byer

“A 200mJ Unstable Resonator Nd:YAG Oscillator”

Opt. Commun. 21, 5, 1977

Quanta Ray 532nm output after SHG in KD*P crystal. Note “hole” in beam.

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Quanta Ray pumped BBO OPO Spectra Physics

My „optimistic‟ projection in 1975 was a total market of about 75 lasers. More than 10,000 Quanta Ray Lasers sold to date.

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Efficient Single Pass Harmonic Generation in KDP

KDP second, third and fourth Harmonic generation ~ 60% efficient

Type I and Type II SHG in KDP

We will return to KDP later in this story. Extensive commercial use is a benefit.

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Quanta-Ray sold to Spectra Physics in 1982 All employee party held annually to celebrate a great small company

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Global Wind Concept - Huffaker 1984

Global wind sensing

Milton Huffaker proposed coherent detection of wind using eye-safe lasers. Applied Optics 22 1984

Led to diode pumped solid state laser studies to meet laser in space requirements

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Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers – 1984

Laser Diode Pumped Nd:YAG - 1984

Binkun Zhou, Tom Kane, Jeff Dixon and R. L. Byer “Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser” Opt. Lett. 10, 62, 1985

5mm Nd:YAG Monolithic Oscillator < 2mW output power for 8mw Pump 25% slope efficiency

Nd;YAG < 2mW at 25% slope efficiency - 1984

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Coherent Laser Radar

Coherent Laser Radar Local Oscillator Invention of the Nonplanar Ring Oscillator Power Amplifier Multipass 60 dB gain slab amplifier Heterodyne Receiver Fiber coupled heterodyne detection

Goal: wind sensing from the laboratory using a coherent Nd:YAG laser transmitter-receiver

Today coherent laser radar is a mature field with many applications including Hyperspectral analysis and 3D imaging capabilities.

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The Non-Planar Ring Oscillator - 1984

Tom Kane, R. L. Byer “Monolithic, unidirectional Single-mode Nd:YAG ring laser” Opt. Lett. 10,65,1985

NonPlanar Ring Oscillator Single frequency: <10kHz

Single axial mode, narrow linewidth, Nd:YAG local oscillator

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The Non-Planar Ring Oscillator - 1984

Tom Kane, R. L. Byer “Monolithic, unidirectional Single-mode Nd:YAG ring laser” Opt. Lett. 10,65,1985

NonPlanar Ring Oscillator Single frequency: <10kHz

Single axial mode, narrow linewidth, Nd:YAG local oscillator

Invention motivated by science and global wind sensing goals Applications show up later

Peter Lorraine, General Electric – Joint Strike Fighter composite inspection Visited Fort Worth TX NPRO increased inspection rate of composite panels by 2x NPRO finds application in US submarines 30 lasers per each sub for sensitive sonar systems NPRO selected to support LIGO project Goal: detect gravitational waves

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From Concept (Bloembergen 1962) Demonstration in the Lab (Stanford 1988)

To Green Laser Pointers and Laser TV (2005 – 2010)

Mitsubishi green laser for TV using PPLN for second harmonic generation

IEEE Spectrum March 2010

Green Laser invention – question by student in class

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Green Laser Pointer – from a question in class to invention and patent (1984)

Question in class from Jeff Dixon: Professor Byer, can we frequency double the cw diode pumped Nd:YAG laser with good efficiency?

Answer: I don‟t know. If you do the calculations, I will do them as well and we can discuss the possibility of a green laser at class on Tuesday.

Result: Demonstration of internal SHG of a diode pumped Nd:YAG laser with cw 532nm green output. (Patent issued in 1986 to Stanford)

Applications: Lecture pointer (for color challenged males) Green laser pointer for astronomy Rescue flare for sailors at sea Green laser for color TV

My favorite invention and laser legacy because of widespread use by amateur astronomers

Stanford takes green laser invention seriously!

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Hail Stanford Hail – the Laser

Hail Stanford Hail – The Laser

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Lightwave Electronics – the world‟s first Diode pumped Solid State Laser Company

Spectra Diode Labs 1983 Don Scifres CEO

Ralph Jacobs, David Welch

Newport Milton Chang CEO

Lightwave Electronics - 1984 Bob Mortensen CEO Bob Byer Tom Kane, Dick Wallace

Coherent Technologies – 1984 Milton Huffaker CEO Boulder, CO

New Focus 1990 Milton Chang CEO Tim Day, R. Marsland Frank Luecke

Xerox PARC Spectra Physics (Herb Dwight)

JDS

Uniphase

New Wave Research

SRS

MSNW

Silicon Light Machine

Sony

SLAC Lawrence Berkeley Lab Lawrence Livermore Lab

TRW

Growing ecosystem of laser companies across the globe

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Lightwave Electronics start-up to commercialize Diode pumped solid state Laser technology

Tom Kane and Bob Mortensen

Milton Chang and Bob

Precise Light for manufacturing semiconductor and circuit electronics

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Ginzton Lab Alums in the real world

John Willison, CEO 1980 Stanford Research Systems

Kurt Weingarten and Ursi Keller Co-founders of Time Bandwidth Inc 1994 Zurich, Switzerland

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Ginzton Lab Alumni Reunion May 17, 2010

More than 250 Phds graduated from Ginzton Lab 1957 - 2011

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Commercial Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves


Lightwaves

Lasers – the STEALTH UTILITY Not visible to the general public but lasers are critical to every day life. What if all lasers stopped working NOW? What applications serve Air Force needs?

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The Laser – a Stealth Utility

Laser Cutting and Welding glass, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, LED manufacturing 20 different lasers are used to manufacture an automobile

Laser sintering new materials laser sintering of metals, alloys, ceramics – 3D fabrication of „impossible‟ of objects from powders

Laser strengthened materials laser peening – jet engine blades - Metal Improvement Company laser hardening leading edges of wings

Laser ablation (laser eraser of Art Schawlow) laser de-painting of aircraft for inspection (FAA certified for Al skinned aircraft)

laser removal of sealants in wing fuel tanks laser removal of mold release coating for 787 aircraft laser cleaning of composite materials for bonding laser cure of epoxies

laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert dirt without damage to the turbine blades

Example: 5kW laser can de-paint a 747 in one week – eyesafe and allows other work

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Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers – 1984




Nd;YAG < 2mW at 25% slope efficiency - 1984

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How did we progress from 2mW in 1984 to > 100kW in 2009? Where are we going in the future?




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Innovation: Progress in Laser Diodes - 1978

Don Scifres, Ralph Burnham, and Bill Streifer - 1978 This was the first Watt level power output from a linear Laser Diode Array. Within one decade the output power would increase to greater than 100W from a one centimeter LD bar.

1980: 1 Watt at 25% efficiency – 1cm bar Palo Alto Xerox PARC Invention

2010: >100 Watt 70% efficiency – 1cm bar – competitive industry

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Laser Diode Cost & Output Power vs Year Moore‟s Law applied to Solid State Lasers

Byer‟s version of Moore‟s Law (1988 – 2004) Predicted $1/Watt in 2004 Delayed by 2 years – by Telecom boom and bust (Today diode bars cost $0.1/W)

Moore noted that the number of transistors per chip was doubling every 18 months. He attributed this to experience and learning from improved production. The corollary was that the cost decreased as market size and production volume grew. Moore‟s Law was born.

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Diode Laser Cost vs Production Volume

Diode Electrical efficiency increases from 50% to 70%

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Diode pumped Slab Lasers – 1990s

TRW DAPKL* Nd:YAG Laser (1988 - 1993) Three stage MOPA with Phase Conjugation 10 J Q-switched pulses at 100 Hz 1 kW near diffraction limited laser SHG to green

*Diode Array Pumped Kilowatt Laser 1 kW of average power –a 1st step.

R. J. Shine, A. J. Alfrey, R. L. Byer “40W cw, TEMoo-mode, Diode-laser-pumped, Nd:YAG miniature Slab laser” Opt. Lett. 20, 459, 1995 Face pumped, water cooled 25 - 10W fiber coupled laser diodes 250 W pump power Cost: $280k in 1995

Stanford University

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Innovation: Edge-Pumped, Conduction Cooled Slab Laser – 2000 (Predicted Power scaling to >100 kW with High Coherence)

T.S. Rutherford, W.M. Tulloch, E.K. Gustafson, R.L. Byer “Edge-Pumped Quasi-Three-Level Slab Lasers: Design and Power Scaling” IEEE J. Quant. Elec., vol. 36, 2000

Predicted 100kW output based on single crystal Yb:YAG – need sizes > 20 cm Difficult with single xtals, but possible with polycrystalline ceramic YAG!

Conduction cooled, low doping, TIR guided pump, power scaling as Area

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Ceramic Research Group at JFCC - 2007

We initiated joint work on advanced laser ceramics with Dr. Akio Ikesue JFCC, Japan in 2004. This is photo of AFOSR sponsored Ceramic research Program joint with Japan.

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Progress in Ceramic Fabrication and Characterization

JTO Multi-Disciplinary Research Initiative Review October 11 - 13, 2011 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Professor Romain Gaume,

University of Central Florida.

Romain is now leading the ceramic

program at the UCF

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105 kW Nd:YAG laser demonstrated at DoD High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility (Helstf)

Solid State Laser Test Experiment (SSLTE) to be set up in 2011

Establishing the SSLTE is a “monumental event” says Col James Jaworksi, Helstf Director. “But solid-state lasers are the way of the future. They will eventually generate megawatts.”

Northrop Grumman diode-pumped Nd:YAG solid state laser - 2009

105kw cw output with M2 ~ 1.5 >4 hr operation to date ~ 20% electrical efficiency Adaptive Optics enabled coh beams < 1 sec turn-on time MOPA architecture for power scaling

Solid State Lasers – a path to megawatt power with high efficiency

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Realized & Projected Laser Power “Livingston Plot” for Diode pumped Solid State Lasers

“It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future.” Neils Bohr

•* 120W Adv LIGO •Nd:YAG slab MOPA

* 1 kW TRW DAPKL Slab Laser MOPA - 1995

* 25 kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA - 2006

* 100kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA – 2009

* 1 MW Slab Laser MOPA??

100 kW

1 MW

-----10----------------------20

Ceramic Gain Media

Why the interest in MW average power Lasers?

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100 kW

1 MW

-----10----------------------20

Ceramic Gain Media

Photon Weapons - for cutting metal at a distance – 1MW protects 10km2

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100 kW

1 MW

-----10----------------------20

Ceramic Gain Media

Laser Accelerators for TeV scale physics and coherent X-rays – 10MW/km

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100 kW

1 MW

-----10----------------------20

Ceramic Gain Media

And LIFE: Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy Generation – 35MW for energy

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Commercial Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves


Lightwaves

Lasers – the STEALTH UTILITY Not visible to the general public but lasers are critical to every day life. What if all lasers stopped working NOW? What applications serve Air Force needs?

The path to Directed Energy Weapons (at a cost that can be afforded) is through the widespread commercial use of Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers

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“Going where no laser has gone before…”

Lasers can cut metal at a distance - warfighter goal: Mach 300,000 photon torpedo

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The Laser – a Stealth Utility

Laser Cutting and Welding

glass, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, LED manufacturing

20 different lasers are used to manufacture an automobile

Laser sintering new materials

laser sintering of metals, alloys, ceramics –

3D fabrication of „impossible‟ of objects from powders

Laser strengthened materials

laser peening – jet engine blades - Metal Improvement Company

laser hardening leading edges of wings

Laser ablation (laser eraser of Art Schawlow)

laser de-painting of aircraft for inspection (FAA certified - Aluminum skinned aircraft)

laser removal of sealants in wing fuel tanks

laser removal of mold release coating for 787 aircraft

laser cleaning of composite materials for bonding

laser cure of epoxies

laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert dirt without damage to the turbine blades

Example: 5kW laser can de-paint a 747 in one week – eyesafe and allows other work

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Federal building - Philadelphia

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Laser removal of rust and dirt from the Eagle Federal building - Philadelphia

Q-switched Nd:YAG laser Used by an artist to Clean rust and dirt from the eagle. He worked over the summer and Completed the project. The laser operated reliably. A non-technical artist “laser de-painted” the statue.

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Laser hardening of the leading edge of the wing

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Coating Removal

Contouring Cleaning & Texturizing

Surface Treatments

Selective Layering

Laser Surface Treatments applied to Aircraft

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Aircraft and helicopters need fixing

laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert dirt without damage to the turbine blades laser cleaning of helicopter blades – No damage to composite blade material laser paint removal for inspection Certified procedure for aluminum skinned Aircraft – key is short pulse of light and color recognition

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Robotic Integration

Automated Rotor Blade Stripping System Triple-laser ablation system for CH-53 fiberglass rotor blades

Operational at Fleet Readiness Center-East, Cherry Point

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Lasers can remove composite low observable coatings with precision

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Figure 1 - Typical Stripping Requirements

Typical Stripping Setbacks: 0.5”

0.25” 1.0” 0.25”

Top Coat Layer 2

Substrate

Epoxy Primer Layer 3

Figure 2 - SBIR- Developed Workhead

• USAF SBIR AF011-123 in support of F-22

• Goal: Replace hand sanding for specialty coating maintenance

• Phase I - 2001, Phase II- 2002 - 2004, US Patent Application - 2004

Color Selectivity Put to Use

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Typical Stripping Requirements

Stripping Setbacks: 0.25” to 1.00”

Top Coat

Layer 2

Substrate

Layer 3 Epoxy Layers

Results

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On the Flightline

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Results: Coating stripped

leaving zero artifacts on the

aluminum fuselage

Requirement: Rapidly strip

coatings to inspect for

scribe marks or fractures

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

FAA directs 100% classic

Boeing 737 lap

joint inspections

Solution: GLC Color-

Selective Stripper

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Federal Aviation Administration Transport Airplane Directorate

Aircraft Certification Services

Approves the GLC Laser Process Initial Approval for B-737 July 21, 2006,

ZA Process Approval for B-737 August 26 2009

Global Approval for ALL airframe structures May 2010

2006 - FAA approves the GLC Laser Process as Alternative Method of Compliance (AMOC) to

sealant stripping procedures specified in Boeing Alert SB 737-53A1262 Appendix A required by

paragraph (f) of AD (Airworthiness Directive) 2006-0712 - for Boeing 737 Classic aircraft.

2008 - FAA approves the use of the GLC Laser Process for the removal of paint, sealant, corrosion

and rust on metal substrates listed in SAE MA4872 Annex D:

2024 T3 clad Aluminum 7140 T351 and T7351 T1 6AI-4V Titanium

2024 T3 bare Aluminum AZ31B Magnesium 4340 Steel

2009 - FAA approves the use of the improved GLC ZA Laser Process as an AMOC for the same AD

“…since the GLC ZA Laser Process has demonstrated outstanding results in critical aerospace coating

removal and surface-prep applications … “

2010 - FAA clarifies and extends approval to all metallic aircraft structures, regardless of

manufacturer, “… the Seattle Aircraft Certification Office has no objections to the use of the GLC ZA

Laser Process Specification … on airframe structure.

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Lightwaves

Prelude From Radio to Microwaves

Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays TeV energy scale particle physics Coherent X-rays for attosecond science Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy (LIFE) Current Status of NIF Fusion Laser design parameters

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SLAC: The two-mile accelerator

• $100M proposal • numerous studies and reports • > 10 years of effort

“Project M”

1955 first brainstorming and informal discussions

First beam at SLAC, 1966

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The “Microwave” Lab (Now HEPL and Ginzton Labs) played a crucial

role on the development of particle accelerators and the

corresponding RF technology

The Klystron tube

Ed Ginzton

W. W. Hansen – back right Marvin Chodorow & Klystron

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SSRL

undulator

3 km

120 m

accelerator

Experiment

lines

LCLS

injector

T ~ 230 1 fsec

~ 1.5 – 15 Å

~ 1012 / pulse

SASE-FEL14 GeV

• materials science

• chemistry

• atomic physics

100 m

T ~ 230 1 fsec

~ 1.5 – 15 Å

~ 1012 / pulse

SASE-FEL14 GeV

• materials science

• chemistry

• atomic physics

100 m

April 10 2009 - LCLS: Coherent 8KeV X-ray source- 1mJ at 10Hz !!

• 1 km-size facility

• microwave accelerator

• RF ~ 10 cm

• 4-14 GeV e-beam

• 120 m undulator

• 23 cm period

• 15-1.5 A radiation

• 0.8-8 keV photons

• 1014 photons/sec

• ~77 fsec

• SUCCESS – April 09

• 1mJ per pulse

• 10 Hz

• 8 keV X-ray photons

LCLS properties

TTF: Tesla Test Facility; fsec EUV SASE FEL facility

XFEL: Proposed future coherent X-ray source in Europe…

TTF: Tesla Test Facility; fsec EUV SASE FEL facility

XFEL: Proposed future coherent X-ray source in Europe…

RF-accelerator driven SASE FEL at SLAC - April 2009

http://www.slac.stanford.edu/slac/media-info/photos/aerial.tif

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The Linac Coherent Light Source - SLAC's X-Ray Laser

John N. Galayda Director, Strategic Projects Division

Director, LCLS Construction September 14, 2009

E. Muybridge, Animals in Motion

ed. L. S. Brown

(Dover Pub. Co., New York 1957).

E. Muybridge

From seconds to attoseconds … < 1/100 the light cycle From 10,000 atoms to < 1 atom in resolution scale

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Cavity BPM (<0.5 m)

Quadrupole

magnet

3.4-m

undulator

magnet

Beam Finder Wire (BFW)

cam-based 5-DOF

motion control –

0.7 micron

backlash

X-translation

(in/out)

Wire Position

Monitor

Hydraulic Level

System

sand-filled,

thermally

isolated

supports

Undulator Girder with 5-DOF Motion Control + IN/OUT

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Single Undulator Tests in February First Attempt to Observe Gain 10 April 2009

Note time

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LCLS generates coherent hard X-rays – dawn of a new era

Note time

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Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science (AMO)

This instrument, designed for photons in the 0.8-2.0 keV range, will investigate the effects of

the x-ray beam on atoms and molecules: absorption, ionization and subsequent evolution of

the electronic structure on femtosecond time scales, and also to investigate the behavior of

atoms in excitation states previously impossible to study (e.g., stripped of all K-shell

electrons).

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Emergence of new technologies make Laser Acceleration Possible

NUFERN

ALABAMA

LASER

high power

fiber lasers

ultrafast laser

technology

nanotechnology

60 W/bar, 50%

electr. efficiency

efficient pump

diode lasers

< 10 fs IMRA mJ 500

fsec laser

new materials

high

strength

magnets

New ceramics

Nd:Fe

nano-

tubes

high purity optical materials

and high strength coatings

84

sodium

yellow

Leveraging

investment in

telecom

30 W/bundle, 40%

electr. efficiency

http://www.kjmagnetics.com/proddetail.asp?prod=B42Y1&cat=11

Byer

Group


2. Low bunch charge

problem

• Take advantage of high laser

repetition rate

• Multiple accelerator array architecture

Laser pulse structure that leads to high electron bunch repetition rate

10 laser pulses

per laser pulse

train

104 laser pulse trains per second

laser pulselaser pulse train

laser pulse

optical cycle

electron bunch

10 laser pulses

per laser pulse

train

104 laser pulse trains per second

laser pulselaser pulse train

laser pulse

optical cycle

electron bunch

SLC NLC SCA-FEL TESLAlaser-

accelerator

2.856 11.424 1.3 1.3 3×104

120 120 10 4 10 4

1 95 10 4 4886 10

- 2.8 84.7 176 3×10-6

1.2×102

1.1×104

1×105

1.6×104

3×106

3.5×1010

8×109

3.1×107

1.4×1010

10 4

4×1012

9×1013

3×1012

2×1019

3×1010

mf

bN

RFf

bt

eN

bf

(Hz)

(nsec)

(GHz)

(Hz)

eI (sec-1)

SLC NLC SCA-FEL TESLAlaser-

accelerator

2.856 11.424 1.3 1.3 3×104

120 120 10 4 10 4

1 95 10 4 4886 10

- 2.8 84.7 176 3×10-6

1.2×102

1.1×104

1×105

1.6×104

3×106

3.5×1010

8×109

3.1×107

1.4×1010

10 4

4×1012

9×1013

3×1012

2×1019

3×1010

mf

bN

RFf

bt

eN

bf

(Hz)

(nsec)

(GHz)

(Hz)

eI (sec-1)

Dramatic increase of •electric field cycle frequency ~1014 Hz

•macro pulse repetition rate ~1GHz

Laser beam parameters for TeV scale accelerator

Requires 10kW/meter or 10MW/km and ~40% efficiency Laser Source! (~ 10 microjoules in 100fsec per micropulse)

Byer

Group


FW

HM

en

erg

y sp

rea

d (

keV

)

laser timing (psec)

FW

HM

en

erg

y sp

rea

d (

keV

)

laser timing (psec)

laser on

laser off

Laser driven particle acceleration

collaborators

ARDB, SLAC

Bob Siemann*, Bob Noble†, Eric Colby†, Jim Spencer†, Rasmus Ischebeck†, Melissa Lincoln‡, Ben Cowan‡, Chris Sears‡, D. Walz†,

D.T. Palmer†, Neil Na‡, C.D Barnes‡, M Javanmarad‡, X.E. Lin†

Stanford University

Bob Byer*, T.I. Smith*, Y.C. Huang*, T. Plettner†, P. Lu‡, J.A. Wisdom‡

ARDA, SLAC

Zhiu Zhang†, Sami Tantawi†

Techion Israeli Institute of Technology

Levi Schächter*

UCLA

J. Rosenzweig*

‡ grad students † postdocs and staff * faculty

Laser Electron Accelerator Project – LEAP Goal: demonstrate physics of laser acceleration

Byer

Group


Participants in the LEAP Experiment

1 E.L. Ginzton Laboratories, Stanford University

2 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)

3 Department of Physics, Stanford University

Bob Byer1

Bob Siemann2 Chris Sears2 Jim Spencer2

Tomas Plettner1 Eric Colby2

Ben Cowan2

•Chris McGuinness2

•Melissa Lincoln2

•Patrick Lu1

•Mark Kasevich3

•Peter Hommelhoff3

•Catherine Kealhofer3

Atomic Physics collaboration

New students

Byer

Group


electron

beam

laser

beam

8 m thick gold-

coated Kapton tape

stepper motors

accelerating

phase

decelerating

phase

laser

beam electron

beam

Inverse

FEL

tape

drive

LEAP Experimental Success- November 2004

The simplified single stage Accelerator cell that uses gold coated Kapton tape to terminate the Electric field.

The LEAP experimental apparatus that Includes the LEAP single stage accelerator cell and the inverse FEL.

We have accelerated electrons with visible light!

Byer

Group


Tomas Plettner and LEAP Accelerator Cell

The key was to operate the cell above damage threshold to generate energy modulation in excess of the noise level.

Byer

Group


Move Experiment to SLAC: 1984 - 86

SLAC provided access to the NLCTA test accelerator – 360MeV

Byer

Group


60 MeV

10 pC

~ 1psec

= 800 nm

U ~ ½ mJ/pulse

~ 200 fsec

Byer

Group


The E163 experiment at SLAC

The new E163 experiment hall

The NLCTA

Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator 360MeV

Byer

Group


Hollow core PBG fibers 3-D photonic bandgap structures

B. M. Cowan, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams , 6, 101301 (2003). X.E. Lin, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 051301 (2001)

Z. Zhang et al. Phys. Rev. ST AB 8, 071302 (2005)

xy

z

laser

beam

cylindrical

lensvacuum

channel

electron

beam

cylindrical

lens

top view

/2

xy

z

laser

beam

cylindrical

lensvacuum

channel

electron

beam

cylindrical

lens

top view

/2

top view

/2

Periodic phase reset structures

T. Plettner et al, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 051301 (2006)

Goal: Invent and Test Dielectric Laser Accelerator Microstructures Key: move to photonic bandgap structures

Planar waveguide structures

1D

2D 3D

http://tesla.desy.de/%7Erasmus/media/pbg fiber accelerator/Photos/slides/end of fiber.html

Byer

Group


Example:Transverse pumped bi-grating phase-reset structure Similar to Quasi-phasematching

T. Plettner et al, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 051301 (2006)

Main concept: periodic phase-reset of the EM field

/2

/2

/2

/2

/2

/2

e

e

0t

2

lasert

x y

z

perspective view

dielectric

structure

vacuum

channel

laser beam

electron

beam

top view

traveling electron experiences

accelerating force at all times

Reset the phase every ~330 microns in grating structure

Byer

Group


||E

dielectric

structure

electron

beam

vacuum

channel

input laser

wavefront

EM field map in one unit

0F

laserEE21

|| ~

Transverse pumped phase-reset structure

vacuum channel width <

1 J/cm2 fluence ~10 fsec pulses

GeV/m 4~unloadedG

Gloaded ~ 2 GeV/m

Byer

Group


source of free

particles

accelerator

section undulator

dielectric structure, laser driven

dielectric structure based laser-driven particle

accelerators

SSRL

undulator

3 km

120 m

accelerator

Experiment

lines

LCLS

injector

SSRL

undulator

3 km

120 m

accelerator

Experiment

lines

LCLS

injector

laser-driven high rep. rate very compact

The Key Components of the SASE-FEL architecture SASE – Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission

GOAL: use Direct Laser Accelerator to build table top X-ray Laser

Byer

Group


Source of free

particles

Accelerator

section undulator

Architecture of a laser-driven free-electron X-ray source

~ 2 m

• sub-kW of electrical power • no radiation or electrical hazards • MHz repetition rates

solid state,

tabletop

laser system

Laser-driven field emission sources

MEMs-based laser-driven dielectric

accelerator structure

MEMs-based laser-driven dielectric

deflection structure

x-rays

ultra short pulses high peak electric fields

total length on the order 1 m

optically bunched electrons

Byer

Group


fsec 5 m, 5.1

attosec 14

nm, 15

t

x

1 degree of optical phase

laser

beam

electron

bunch

~104 e-/bunch

Atto Second Electron Bunches

Byer

Group


source of free

particles

accelerator

section undulator

Investigate approaches for the FEL Undulator

Short Period Undulator with periodic magnets

First Idea:

Periodic Magnetic Undulator

Field strength ~ 1 Tesla

Modulation Period ~ 0.1mm

Length ~ 30cm

Byer

Group


Magnetic Undulator based X-ray FEL Source Plettner - Summer 2008

100

~10-9 m-rad

qb ~ 1 fC

LG ~ 1 cm

Lsat ~ 30 cm

LFODO ~ 1 cm

oxy ~ 3 m

frep ~ 1 MHz

hacc ~ 1%

Pacc ~ 10 W laser power

hlaser ~ 10 % wallplug efficiency

Pe ~ 100 W electrical power

1% of Ub = 10-7 J

U ~ 107 Photons

~ 1 nJ/pulse

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

be a m e ne rgy (Me V)

wa

ve

;en

gth

(n

m)

E = 100 MeV

q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)

u = 100 mDe = 3 m

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5


wa

ve

;en

gth

(n

m)

E = 100 MeV

q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)

u = 100 mDe = 3 m

1

2

3

4

5

wavele

ngth

(nm

)

60 80 100 120 140

beam energy (MeV)

u ~ 100 m

r ~ 1 nm

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

2

4

6

8

10

12

electron beam size (microns)

length

(m

m)

length

(m

m)

2

6

10

1 2 3

electron beam size (m)

LG

LRL LR G

E = 100 MeV

q = 1 fC /bunch

u = 100 m

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500


energ

y s

pre

ad (

keV

)

EE

100

200

300

400

1 2 3


energ

y s

pre

ad (

keV

)

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

beam energy (GeV)

min

imum

FE

L w

avele

ngth

(nm

)

70 Å

100 MeV

~10-3 m-rad

u ~ 28 m

4

r

0.1 1 10 0.01

beam energy (GeV)

min

,. F

EL w

avele

ngth

(nm

)

1

10

0.1

0.01

1-D FEL model Design parameters

must satisfy these

conditions

Starting point

b ~ 18 attosec

Ub ~ 10-7 J

~ 30 cm ~ 1 cm ~ 3 m

Undulator design

Laser power required

1% conversion efficiency

Byer

Group


Magnetic Undulator based X-ray FEL Source Not practical! Magnetic field to weak, structure too long

101

~10-9 m-rad

qb ~ 1 fC

LG ~ 1 cm

Lsat ~ 30 cm

LFODO ~ 1 cm

oxy ~ 3 m

frep ~ 1 MHz

hacc ~ 1%

Pacc ~ 10 W laser power

hlaser ~ 10 % wallplug efficiency

Pe ~ 100 W electrical power

1% of Ub = 10-7 J

U ~ 107 Photons

~ 1 nJ/pulse

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5


wa

ve

;en

gth

(n

m)

E = 100 MeV

q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)

u = 100 mDe = 3 m

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 1500.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5


wa

ve

;en

gth

(n

m)

E = 100 MeV

q = 6250 e/bunch (1 fC)

u = 100 mDe = 3 m

1

2

3

4

5

wavele

ngth

(nm

)

60 80 100 120 140

beam energy (MeV)

u ~ 100 m

r ~ 1 nm

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

2

4

6

8

10

12


length

(m

m)

length

(m

m)

2

6

10

1 2 3


LG

LRL LR G

E = 100 MeV

q = 1 fC /bunch

u = 100 m

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500


energ

y s

pre

ad (

keV

)

EE

100

200

300

400

1 2 3


energ

y s

pre

ad (

keV

)

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

beam energy (GeV)

min

imum

FE

L w

avele

ngth

(nm

)

70 Å

100 MeV

~10-3 m-rad

u ~ 28 m

4

r

0.1 1 10 0.01

beam energy (GeV)

min

,. F

EL w

avele

ngth

(nm

)

1

10

0.1

0.01

1-D FEL model Design parameters

must satisfy these

conditions

Starting point

b ~ 18 attosec

Ub ~ 10-7 J

~ 30 cm ~ 1 cm ~ 3 m

Undulator design

Laser power required

1% conversion efficiency

Byer

Group


accelerator structure deflection structure

0 BvE

0 BvE

GeV/m 4~ ~21

|| laserEE

GeV/m 2 ~ ~51 laserEqF

T. Plettner, “Phase-synchronicity conditions from pulse-front tilted laser beams on one-dimensional

periodic structures and proposed laser-driven deflection”, submitted to Phys. Rev. ST AB

key idea Extended phase-synchronicity between the EM field and the particle

Use modelocked laser to generate periodic deflection field

New Idea: Laser-Driven Dielectric Undulator for FEL

End of Story? NO! Plettner went away and thought real hard -

Byer

Group


-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 60

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 100

10

20

30

40

50

60

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 90010

1

102

103

104

105

106

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 200

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

200 400 600 800

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

101

102

103

104

105

106

time (attosec)

time (attosec)

time (attosec)

undulator period

nu

mbe

r of

ph

oto

ns

po

we

r (G

W)

po

we

r (G

W)

po

we

r (G

W)

a) b)

c) d)

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 60

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 100

10

20

30

40

50

60

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 90010

1

102

103

104

105

106

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 200

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

200 400 600 800

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

101

102

103

104

105

106

time (attosec)

time (attosec)

time (attosec)

undulator period

nu

mbe

r of

ph

oto

ns

po

we

r (G

W)

po

we

r (G

W)

po

we

r (G

W)

a) b)

c) d)

rcL 21~

rb 136~

6~cb L brsGG NLL 31~ 0

4105~ beamFELeff UU

G. Dattoli, L. Giannessi, P.L. Ottaviani, C. Ronsivalle, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 3206 (2004)

cm 4

nm 200

0.1%

fC 20

rad-m 10

GeV 2

*

9

r

b

N

b

Q

U400 500

900

Calculated FEL Performance – 0.1 Angstrom X-rays (Pulse duration of X-rays – 5 attoseconds)

Byer

Group


Proposed Laser driven Undulator concept has been published (and patented)

Byer

Group


Monolithic Fabrication of an Integrated Accelerator Structure on a Chip

Undulator Accelerator Structures

SiO2 wafer

Z

X

y

Etched Channel

Electron Source

Fiber Couplers

Goals; accelerator on a Chip --- X-ray laser on the table top!

Byer

Group





Lightwaves

Prelude From Radio to Microwaves

Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays TeV energy scale particle physics Coherent X-rays for attosecond science Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy (LIFE) Current Status of NIF Fusion Laser design parameters

Byer

Group


Proposal for Laser Inertial Fusion - 1972

John Emmett

John Nuckols

Byer

Group


Who Invented This Crazy Idea, Anyway?

Art Schawlow

John Holzrichter John Emmett

The Shiva Laser, predecessor to the NOVA and NIF Fusion Lasers

Shortly after the demonstration of the Ruby laser John Nuckols at Livermore Labs suggested that lasers could drive matter to extreme density and temperature

and achieve a fusion burn in the laboratory.

Byer

Group


Byer

Group


Target Chamber being installed into NIF Facility

Byer

Group


Byer

Group


NIF Highlights

Byer

Group


The NIF Laser Performance Review Committee – Feb 24 2009 NIF Laser met or exceeded all of its requirements

Byer

Group


On March 15, 2009 the NIF Laser is Certified as Complete

The next steps (The National Ignition Campaign) are to study

ignition for 36 months culminating in an

Ignition shot scheduled for late 2012

Byer

Group


NIF Target Holder and Cryo-Target

Byer

Group


Cryo holder at Center of Target Chamber

Byer

Group


NIF Achieves Implosion Symmetry with Indirect Drive Science Magazine 5th March 2010 p 1208

Experiments show that beam control (wavelength and pointing) can shape implosion symmetry

Targets illuminated by 192 beams at 355nm in UV with > 1MJ of energy

Byer

Group


X-ray images of compressed Target Shots 1MJ UV Laser Energy – Sept 2, 3, 4, 5, 2009

Byer

Group


Progress on NIF – July 19, 2011 Ed Moses letter to DOE Chris Deeney

78 shots in 10 weeks – 36 shots on targets

Byer

Group


Progress on NIF con‟t - ~7 x 1014 neutrons (1.6kJ)

Byer

Group


1.8 MegaJoules of UV Energy exceeds Ignition Point by 2x

A series of target compression studies are planned for 2011 - 12 Goal: confirm all aspects of target performance prior to a fusion burn shot

Byer

Group


NIF Weekly Highlights on Progress toward Ignition

Byer

Group


Ed Moses Reviews NIF Progress – All Hands Meeting Oct 5, 2011

Byer

Group


Laser Inertial Fusion Energy - LIFE 35MW 2.2MJ at 15Hz in UV

Photograph of actual Hohlraum with illustration of UV laser illumination to Generate 300eV X-rays that drive the target Compression.

Power Plant Schematic with 384 laser boxes that combine to illuminate the target at 15Hz rep rate for Inertial Fusion Energy generation -35MW power

Mike Dunne

Byer

Group


KDP: 600 plates of 41 x 41cm for THG of the 1.8 MJ NIF Laser

The NIF laser system with its 192 beams produces 1.8 MJ,

In the UV at one shot per day for fusion research.

The NIF laser beams each have an aperture of approximately 41 cm x 41 cm .

The 192 beams require about 600 crystal plates of both KDP and its analog DKDP..

The crystals are used in Pockels cells, and also in nonlinear frequency conversion

of Type I using KDP. and Type II using DKDP.

Laser Inertial Fusion Energy LIFE

Harmonic Conversion

4 to 6 plates of KDP,

25 x 25cm by 1cm thick plates

flowing helium gas cooled

IR: 135kW, 9kJ at 15Hz,

UV: 94kW, 6.3kJ at 15Hz

LIFE LASER OUTPUT 384 beam lines yield

36 MW , 2.4MJ at 15Hz

Laser Diode Pumped

Electrical Efficiency 18%

http://www.llnl.gov/nif/nifworks/pulse.html

Byer

Group


Continuous pour of Nd:Glass allowed lower cost for NIF (However, low thermal conductivity of glass requires thermal engineering)

Yb:Ceramic gain media has properties of a crystal but lower cost

Next Generation Fusion Laser Driver may upgrade to Ceramic gain media for 15 Hz operation

Byer

Group

NIF-0107-13317.ppt NIF Directorate Review Committee

LLNL‟s diode laser array technology is the key to increased laser repetition rate and efficiency

Current diodes are 70% efficient

Byer

Group


Schematic Layout for 15Hz LIFE Laser

LIFE Laser – 15 Hz Diode Pumped Nd:Glass 25 x 25cm x 1cm – Helium gas cooled Two oscillator gain modules – 20 slabs in each module Pockels cell switch – 4 pass oscillator Birefringence compensation using Quartz rotator KDP SHG and THG using 4 x 1cm thick crystals Fits into 10m x 2m x 1.5m Box – can be shipped by truck 384 gain modules – hot swap capability

Byer

Group


LIFE IFE Reactor Concept – 384 Lasers 2.2MJ in UV

6m diameter Reactor Chamber 384 3w Laser Modules KD*P Nonlinear Conversion

LIFE Laser Module 10 x 1.5 x 2.3m Diode Pumped APG Glass 25 x 25cm aperture

Byer

Group

Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA CPJ Barty 070516

Slide title

• text

Fusion Ignition at the NIF

in 2012 will be a “lunar”

moment

Ignition will lead to

serious consideration of

inertial fusion as an

future energy source

Byer

Group


Laser Inertial Fusion Energy

Byer

Group


Total Eclipse of the Sun, July 22, 2009

After nearly 50 years of determined effort,

we should see a “sun” in the laboratory for ~10 psec duration in 2012

Byer

Group


2011 – and beyond – Lasers and Nonlinear Optics Essential for Progress

• Introduction

• Recent Innovations Making Lightwaves

• Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves • The Future – continued innovation Surfing Lightwaves

Post Script - Hello from the Stanford Photonics Research Center (SPRC)

2009 – A Special year in Lasers

Jan - 105kw cw near diff limited Nd:YAG slab laser Mar - NIF certified as completed - 4MJ IR laser Apr – LCLS Coherent 8keV X-ray FEL Laser at SLAC

2012 – Successful fusion burn?

2016 – 15Hz 8kJ single arm of LIFE Laser

2025 – 15Hz 2MJ LIFE Laser Fusion Energy – Engineering Test Facility

2035 – Fusion Energy Power Plant – carbon free, low radiation

Byer

Group


Stanford Photonics Student Group Retreat April 3 - 4, 2009, Monterey, CA

Byer

Group


Thanks to my family for allowing me time to pursue my passion

Byer

Group


Surfing Ocean Waves – Poipu Beach, Kauai

Byer

Group


M31 Galaxy in Andromeda

Byer

Group


• BACK UP SLIDES

Byer

Group


Surfing at Shipwrecks Beach, Poipu Beach, Kauai

What is the largest wave to hit the Hawiian Islands?

Byer

Group


Byer

Group


Byer

Group


Byer

Group


Laser Technology Books for Reference

Published 2011

Byer

Group


Selective Laser Ablation: Closed Loop Controls

Surface Detection Prior to Every Pulse

Optimized Scanning

Optimized Waste Collection

Fail Safe Operation