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Intelligent Design, Creationism, Refutes evolution of antibiotic resistance as evidence of bacterial evolutionl
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Evolution in Action ? Bacteria can gain new genes
for resistance to antibiotics.
Evolution Proven
Case Closed
Or is it ?Where do these
new genes come from ???
Pssst!These new genes do not evolve but are supplied by other bacteria which already have the gene for resistance in what is known as lateral gene transfer
There is no better evidence supporting evolution.
National Geographic November 2004 p. 21
It is used to mock creationists in
newspapers and magazines across
America.
It is used to propagate the idea that to be a doctor you must accept
evolution.
Michael Dini at Texas Tech University
www.ttu.edu [email protected]
For years he refused to recommend medical and biology students for graduate and professional schooling if they did not believe in the evolution of the human species.
This letter has been removed from his website in recent years but he still practices this policy.
One reason he cites for this decision is the “current crisis in antibiotic resistance.” He even hints that it may have been caused by creationist doctors.
And one reference book he cites for this decision is “Evolution of Infectious Deseases”
Benjamin L. Aaron M.D. Paul Ackerman Ph.D. Psychology E. Theo Agard Ph.D. Medical PhysicsJames Allan Ph.D. GeneticsMark H. Armitage M.S. Biology Steven Austin Ph.D. GeologyS.E. Aw BiochemistInis J. Bardella M.D. Thomas Barnes Physicist Geoff Barnard Immunologist Don Batten Plant physiologist, tropical fruit
expert John R. Baumgardner Ph.D. Geophysics and Space Physics Otto E. Berg B.A. Physics/Chemistry Jerry Bergman Psychologist Kimberly Berrine Microbiology & Immunology Vladimir Betina Microbiology, Biochemistry &
BiologyRaymond G. Bohlin Ph.D. BiologyAndrew Bosanquet Biology, Microbiology
Benjamin L. Aaron M.D. Paul Ackerman Ph.D. Psychology E. Theo Agard Ph.D. Medical PhysicsJames Allan Ph.D. GeneticsMark H. Armitage M.S. Biology Steven Austin Ph.D. GeologyS.E. Aw BiochemistInis J. Bardella M.D. Thomas Barnes Physicist Geoff Barnard Immunologist Don Batten Plant physiologist, tropical fruit
expert John R. Baumgardner Ph.D. Geophysics and Space Physics Otto E. Berg B.A. Physics/Chemistry Jerry Bergman Psychologist Kimberly Berrine Microbiology & Immunology Vladimir Betina Microbiology, Biochemistry &
BiologyRaymond G. Bohlin Ph.D. BiologyAndrew Bosanquet Biology, Microbiology
Young Earth Creation Scientists
Andrew Bosanquet Biology, MicrobiologyEdward A. Boudreaux Ph.D. Chemistry David R. Boylan Chemical EngineerGregory J. Brewer Ph.D. Biology Les Bruce Ph.D. Linguistics John Byl Ph.D. AstronomyLinn E. Carothers Associate Professor of Statistics David Catchpoole Plant Physiologist Sung-Do Cha Physics Eugene Chaffin Ph.D. Nuclear PhysicsChoong-Kuk Chang Genetic Engineering Jeun-Sik Chang Aeronautical Engineering Donald Chittick Ph.D. Physical Chemistry Chung-Il Cho Biology Education John Cimbala Ph.D. AeronauticsHarold Coffin Palaeontologist Bob Compton DVM Dan Criswell Ph.D. Biochemistry/Microbiology Ken Cumming Ph.D. Biology Jack W. Cuozzo Dentist William M. Curtis III Th.D., Th.M., M.S.,
Aeronautics & Nuclear Physics
Andrew Bosanquet Biology, MicrobiologyEdward A. Boudreaux Ph.D. Chemistry David R. Boylan Chemical EngineerGregory J. Brewer Ph.D. Biology Les Bruce Ph.D. Linguistics John Byl Ph.D. AstronomyLinn E. Carothers Associate Professor of Statistics David Catchpoole Plant Physiologist Sung-Do Cha Physics Eugene Chaffin Ph.D. Nuclear PhysicsChoong-Kuk Chang Genetic Engineering Jeun-Sik Chang Aeronautical Engineering Donald Chittick Ph.D. Physical Chemistry Chung-Il Cho Biology Education John Cimbala Ph.D. AeronauticsHarold Coffin Palaeontologist Bob Compton DVM Dan Criswell Ph.D. Biochemistry/Microbiology Ken Cumming Ph.D. Biology Jack W. Cuozzo Dentist William M. Curtis III Th.D., Th.M., M.S.,
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Malcolm A. Cutchins Ph.D. Engineering MechanicsLionel Dahmer Analytical Chemist Raymond V. Damadian M.D.
Pioneer of magnetic resonance imaging
Chris Darnbrough Biochemist Nancy M. Darrall Botany Bryan Dawson Ph.D. Mathematics Stephen W. Deckard Assistant Professor of Education David A. Demick M.D. David A. DeWitt Ph.D. Biology Don DeYoung Ph.D. PhysicsDavid Down Field Archaeologist Geoff Downes Plant Physiologist James Dire Ph.D. AstrophysicsRobert H. Eckel Professor of Medicine
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Malcolm A. Cutchins Ph.D. Engineering MechanicsLionel Dahmer Analytical Chemist Raymond V. Damadian M.D.
Pioneer of magnetic resonance imaging
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Margaret Helder Science Editor, BotanistBarbara Helmkamp Ph.D. PhysicsHarold R. Henry Engineer Jonathan Henry Astronomy Joseph Henson EntomologistRobert Hermann Ph.D. Mathematics Robert A. Herrmann Professor of Mathematics,
US Naval Academy Andrew Hodge Head of the Cardiothoracic Surgical ServiceKelly Hollowell Ph.D. Molecular and Cell BiologyEdmond W. Holroyd, III Ph.D. Atmospheric Science Bill Hoesch M.S. Geology Bob Hosken Ph.D. BiochemistryGeorge F. Howe Ph.D. Botany Neil Huber Physical AnthropologistRussell Humphreys Ph.D. PhysicsJames A. Huggins Professor and Chair, Department of Biology Evan Jamieson Hydrometallurgy George T. Javor Biochemistry Pierre Jerlström Molecular Biologist
Margaret Helder Science Editor, BotanistBarbara Helmkamp Ph.D. PhysicsHarold R. Henry Engineer Jonathan Henry Astronomy Joseph Henson EntomologistRobert Hermann Ph.D. Mathematics Robert A. Herrmann Professor of Mathematics,
US Naval Academy Andrew Hodge Head of the Cardiothoracic Surgical ServiceKelly Hollowell Ph.D. Molecular and Cell BiologyEdmond W. Holroyd, III Ph.D. Atmospheric Science Bill Hoesch M.S. Geology Bob Hosken Ph.D. BiochemistryGeorge F. Howe Ph.D. Botany Neil Huber Physical AnthropologistRussell Humphreys Ph.D. PhysicsJames A. Huggins Professor and Chair, Department of Biology Evan Jamieson Hydrometallurgy George T. Javor Biochemistry Pierre Jerlström Molecular Biologist
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Neurobiology John K.G. Kramer Ph.D. Biochemistry Jin-Hyouk Kwon Physics Myung-Sang Kwon Immunology
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Neurobiology John K.G. Kramer Ph.D. Biochemistry Jin-Hyouk Kwon Physics Myung-Sang Kwon Immunology
Alexander V. Lalomov Ph.D. Geology John Leslie Ph.D. BiochemistryLane P. Lester Ph.D. Genetics Jason Lisle Ph.D. AstrophysicsDavid P. Livingston, Jr. Ph.D. Archaeology and Ancient History Gary Locklair Ph.D. Computer Science Raul E. Lopez Ph.D. Atmospheric Science Alan Love ChemistIan G. Macreadie Ph.D. Molecular Biology John Marcus Ph.D. Molecular Biology George Marshall Eye Disease ResearcherJoseph A. Mastropaolo Ph.D. Kinesiology/Physiology Ralph Matthews Radiation Chemist John McEwan ChemistAndrew McIntosh Ph.D. ThermodynamicsTom McMullen Ph.D. History and Philosophy of Science David R. McQueen M.S. Geology David Menton Ph.D. Cell Biology Angela Meyer Creationist Plant PhysiologistJohn R. Meyer Ph.D. Zoology Albert Mills Animal Embryologist
Reproductive Physiologist
Alexander V. Lalomov Ph.D. Geology John Leslie Ph.D. BiochemistryLane P. Lester Ph.D. Genetics Jason Lisle Ph.D. AstrophysicsDavid P. Livingston, Jr. Ph.D. Archaeology and Ancient History Gary Locklair Ph.D. Computer Science Raul E. Lopez Ph.D. Atmospheric Science Alan Love ChemistIan G. Macreadie Ph.D. Molecular Biology John Marcus Ph.D. Molecular Biology George Marshall Eye Disease ResearcherJoseph A. Mastropaolo Ph.D. Kinesiology/Physiology Ralph Matthews Radiation Chemist John McEwan ChemistAndrew McIntosh Ph.D. ThermodynamicsTom McMullen Ph.D. History and Philosophy of Science David R. McQueen M.S. Geology David Menton Ph.D. Cell Biology Angela Meyer Creationist Plant PhysiologistJohn R. Meyer Ph.D. Zoology Albert Mills Animal Embryologist
Reproductive Physiologist
Colin W. Mitchell Geography Arlo Moehlenpah D.Sc. Chemical Engineering John N. Moore Science Educator John W. Moreland Mechanical engineer and Dentist Arlton C. Murray Paleontologist John Morris Ph.D. Geological Engineering Len Morris Physiologist Graeme Mortimer Geologist Stanley A. Mumma Architectural EngineeringPatricia Lynnea Gathman Nason Ph.D. Hee-Choon No Ph.D. Nuclear Engineering Eric Norman Biomedical researcherMichael Oard M.S. Atmospheric Science Donna O'Daniel M.A. Biological Sciences Richard Oliver Ph.D. Biology John W. Oller, Jr. Ph.D. General Linguistics Chris D. Osborne Assistant Professor of Biology John Osgood Medical Practitioner Charles Pallaghy BotanistGary Parker Ed.D. Biology David Pennington Plastic Surgeon
Colin W. Mitchell Geography Arlo Moehlenpah D.Sc. Chemical Engineering John N. Moore Science Educator John W. Moreland Mechanical engineer and Dentist Arlton C. Murray Paleontologist John Morris Ph.D. Geological Engineering Len Morris Physiologist Graeme Mortimer Geologist Stanley A. Mumma Architectural EngineeringPatricia Lynnea Gathman Nason Ph.D. Hee-Choon No Ph.D. Nuclear Engineering Eric Norman Biomedical researcherMichael Oard M.S. Atmospheric Science Donna O'Daniel M.A. Biological Sciences Richard Oliver Ph.D. Biology John W. Oller, Jr. Ph.D. General Linguistics Chris D. Osborne Assistant Professor of Biology John Osgood Medical Practitioner Charles Pallaghy BotanistGary Parker Ed.D. Biology David Pennington Plastic Surgeon
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Keith Wanser Ph.D. Condensed Matter PhysicsNoel Weeks Ancient Historian, B.Sc. in Zoology A.J. Monty White Chemistry/Gas Kinetics John Whitmore Geologist/Paleontologist Carl Wieland Medical doctor Lara Wieland Medical doctor Jay Wile Ph.D. Nuclear ChemistryEmmett L. Williams Ph.D. Materials Engineering Clifford Wilson Psycholinguist and archaeologist Kurt P. Wise Ph.D. Geology Glen W. Wolfrom Ph.D. Animal Husbandry Todd C. Wood Archaeologist, Bryant Wood Ph.D. Biochemistry/Genomics Prof. Seoung-Hoon Yang Physics Dr. Thomas (Tong Y.) Yi Ph.D., Aerospace ,
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500,000 DNA Base Pairs
3,000,000,000 DNA Base Pairs
Along the way new information must be gathered to build;
Digestive SystemsExcretory Systems
Nervous Systems Skeletal SystemsMuscle Systems
Respiratory SystemsCirculatory Systems
Reproductive Systems
From Goo
By Way of the Zoo
To You
Specialized Complex Organs for;
Information Storage and ProcessingSight, Sound, Smell, Balance,
Pressure, Temperature Sensing Respiratory Gas Exchange
Processing FoodPumping Blood
Filtering Wastes
What they meanby Evolution
Where does the new information
come from?
Typos ??
New Information is not Blank pages Copies of existing pages Pages of gibberish Pages of repeating patterns
500,000 DNA Base Pairs
3,000,000,000 DNA Base Pairs
Along the way new information must be gathered to build;
Digestive SystemsExcretory Systems
Nervous Systems Skeletal SystemsMuscle Systems
Respiratory SystemsCirculatory Systems
Reproductive Systems
Specialized Complex Organs for;
Information Storage and ProcessingSight, Sound, Smell, Balance,
Pressure, Temperature Sensing Respiratory Gas Exchange
Processing FoodPumping Blood
Filtering Wastes
If this
We ought tosee it here
Laboratory colonies of 1012 individuals Generation times of 20 minutes
can evolve to this
in a billion years …
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Start withAll Red BacteriaBlue Bacteria Kill all
RedBacteria
Where did the blue gene come from?
Evolutionist : It evolved due to exposure to the toxin. This species evolved new trait by absorbing a new gene.
Creationist : The trait has always existed, although maybe in a different bacteria. The trait was transferred not created.You still need a creator.
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Red Bacteria
Blue Bacteria
Kill allRed
Bacteria
Where did the blue gene come from?
Evolutionist : It evolved from a mutation. The trait evolved to take over through natural selection.
Creationist : The trait has always existed. The trait was selected not created.You still need a creator.
Add dead or live bacteria from another species or the same
species containing the blue gene.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Remove all blue bacteria dead or alive
Evolution in ActionEvolution in Action
Start with
Three methods for lateral gene transfer
X
a+ a+
b+
c+ d+
e+
e+f+
f+
g+
g+d+ c+ b+
a-b-
c- d- e-g-
O Oa+
b-
c+ d-
e+
g-f+
XXX
XX
X
f+
f+
z+
z+
z+
f+
z+
z+
Bacterial Conjugation
Bacterial Transformation
Bacterial Transduction
How can the Orange Bacteria
Get the Blue DNA gene ?
Bacterial Conjugation
Ruptured bacteria leaking DNAIncluding plasmids which can be pickedup by other bacteria. (Transformation)
Viruses can inject DNA into bacteria (Transduction)
Some Common
Transposons
Resistance to: Length (BP’s)
Inverted repeat
Tn1 Ampicillin 4957 38
Tn4 Ampicillin
Streptomycin
Sulfonamide
20,500 short
Tn5 Kanamycin 5400 1500
Tn204 Chloramphenicol
Fusidic Acid
2457 18 / 23
Tn501 Mercuric Ions 7800 38
A B C
A’B’C’ X’Y’Z’ C B A
X Y Z C’B’A’
DNA
Transposon
IS IS
Insertion Sequence
Genes for resistance C
’B’A
’A B
CX Y Z
Inverted Repeat Sequence
Transposon
Resistance Transfer Function
PlasmidDNA
Has Word Processor
Lacks Word Processor
Anything good lefton this hard drive?
Virus
Data
Data
Will any of these processes lead to the
creation of a new type of program, not contained in
any of the computers already ?
How can the orange computer get
information from the blue computer ?
Most antibiotics used are substances naturally synthesized by other bacteria and fungi.
Most mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are the same ones used by the bacteria that synthesize these antibiotics.
The genes for resistance probably came from these bacteria.
Some common antibiotics and their targets.
Human cell components are different enough from
bacterial components so
as to not be effected.
Mutations of existing structures may also impart resistance
1. Produce too much of a normal enzyme, or produce a slightly modified enzyme, that destroys the antibiotic.
2. A mutation in a structure that prevents the antibiotic from binding. These structures are usually less efficient than the original. .
3. Produce too many structures such as transport pumps that remove the antibiotic.
1.
3.2. Excessive number of transport pumps
Mutation
Too much b-lactamase destroys penicillin
Corrupted Files andMissing subroutinesPrevents launching
virus. Runs most but not all user programs.
Locks up a lot.
Serial Port Broken
Floppy Drive Broken
Hard Drive full of multiple copies of the operating
system and all programs.continually run
anti-virus software.Very Slow.
Killer Virus
Killer Virus
Error606
Killer Virus
Please WaitPlease WaitPlease WaitPlease Wait
The new virus-resistant SUPER - COMPUTERS
Technology Progresses
OnwardAnd
Upward
The Franklin Expedition left London England in 1845 in search of the Northwest Passage to the Pacific.
Did the use of antibiotics cause the resistance to evolve ?
The expedition failed and all souls were lost.
Years later some of the bodies were recovered frozen in ice.
Antibiotic resistance before antibiotics?
“Scientists at the University of Alberta have revived bacteria from members of the historic Franklin expedition who mysteriously perished in the Arctic nearly 150 years ago.
Not only are the six strains of bacteria almost certainly the oldest ever revived, says medical microbiologist Dr. Kinga Kowalewska-Grochowska, three of them also happen to be resistant to antibiotics. In this case, the antibiotics clindamycin and cefoxitin, both of which developed more than a century after the men died, were among those used.”
– Ed Struzik, Ancient bacteria revived, Sunday Herald, September 16, 1990, A1.
Beta-GALACTOSIDAS
Evolved Beta-GALACTOSIDAS
3,500 bp Gene1000 aa Polypeptide4000 aa Tetramer Enzyme
Barry Hall, a biologist from the University of Rochester, deleted the gene for a lactose enzyme in E. Coli bacteria. Another gene for the lactose enzyme then evolved in in the bacteria after only 2 generations.
The Evolved Beta-GALACTOSIDAS gene
thousands of base-pairs long and with its own repressor already in place, which was stopping it from being transcribed, was already present in the bacteria’s DNA.
It required only two base pair mutations. (1) to make the repressor sensitive to the lactose inducer and (2) to make the enzyme produced react with lactose.
RepressorBlocks
Transcription
The Evolved Beta-GALACTOSIDAS gene
Sort of a spare tire:
this gene’s previous function is unknown, but that the gene and its repressor are conserved in E. coli bacteria means it must have some significance.
If this gene is deleted or if other bacteria used that do not have this gene; the lactose enzyme will not evolve even after thousands of generations.
The bacteria already had machinery to fold and assemble this new galactosidas enzyme.
))
Oh look, someone sent us a file in .exl format.Let’s see if my computer can open a file like that.
Error:Microsoft ExcelAddress; 2cb224(2) Files missing
Look! your computer is Evolving a program to read .exl files. It’s only 2 files away from evolving Microsoft Excel.
No, I think the computer once had an Excel program written by Microsoft programmers but 2 files were erased or corrupted.
www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/movs/synthase.mov
www.nanonet.go.jp/english/mailmag/2004/files/011a.wmv
No New Information was Created
1. The information (genes) for the antibiotic resistance pre-existed in the environment or the genome.
2. Any new information was transferred not created.3. Most mutations of existing genes lost information
and degraded function even if it provided resistance to a harmful substance.
4. Some mutations switched on functions that were already present or switched between two or more designs like a transformer toy.
5. Bacteria which contained certain information were selected for by killing all bacteria without this information.
6. For evolution to occur new information for new traits which did not previously exist must be created.
Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.
Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves:
Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.
Romans 1: 22 – 25
Given enough time bacteria will accumulate enough information to evolve into all the kinds of specialized
cells we see in plants and animals.FALSE
Why do the heathen rage,
and the people imagine a vain thing?
The kings of the earth set themselves,
and the rulers take counsel together,
against the LORD, and against his anointed, saying,
Let us break their bands asunder,
and cast away their cords from us.
He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh:
the Lord shall have them in derision. Psalm 2: 1- 4
(Rock + Rain + Heat + Lightning) x Time = LifeFALSE
