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ALGAE BASED BIODIESEL Ahmed Mohamed Marzouqi Hasan Salem Yalyali Ali Mousa Al Masri Essa Al Muallemi

Algae based biodiesel (1)

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Page 1: Algae based biodiesel (1)

ALGAE BASED BIODIESEL

Ahmed Mohamed Marzouqi Hasan Salem Yalyali Ali Mousa Al Masri Essa Al Muallemi

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INTRODUCTION

Goals: produce biodiesel from microalgae

Saving the environment from CO2 emissions

Using sewage water

Produce a renewable and new energy source

Biodiesel: a biodegradable, clean-burning combustible fuel derived from new or used vegetable oils or animal fats and microalgae

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INTRODUCTION

Why biodiesel?

Produces less harmful emissions

Creates jobs

Substitute the fossil fuel

Why Algae?

Lower cost

High oil content

Can grow in everyplace

beneficial by-product

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RESEARCH SUMMARY

The type of microalgae is Ankistrodesmus braunii

Visiting UAQ research Centre

Chlorella, Nannochloropesis and Tetraselmis

Cultivated in small beakers (light + aeration)

Transferred to 100 L

Transferring to 1 Ton …….. 15 ton of algae

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RESEARCH SUMMARY

The reactor should be aseptic

Scaling up decreasing the density

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PROJECT OVERVIEW

Sub culturing the algae

in bottles

•Ordering Algae From UAQ•Ordering Algae from USA•Building cultivation reactor•Preparing perfect media

Cultivating micro

algae in photobior

eactor

Cultivating microalgae using

diesel engine emissions

Cultivating microalgae in sewage

water

Separating algae cells from water by:

•Drying•Filters•Centrifuging

Crushing algae cells by:•SonicationExtracting oil

from algae cells by hexane

Doing Transteterification to

get biodiesel

Testing the biodiesel

•Getting 1 ton of algae from UAQ•Building the open pond

•Building the bioreactor•Testing diesel engine's emissions

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DAILY MEDIA PREPARATION

NaNO3 300 ml/L

]

CaCl 100 ml/L

]MgSO4 100 ml/L

]

P (4) metal solution 60 ml/L

]

Soil water (not for

Nannochloropesis) 400 ml/L

]K2HPO4 100 ml/L

]KH2PO4 100 ml/L

]

NaCl 100 ml/L

]

Vitamins 10 ml/L for each

]

10 L

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ORDERING ALGAE FROM UNIVERSITY OF

TEXAS

The selected type of microalgae which is Ankistrodesmus braunii has been ordered from the University of Texas

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ORDERING ALGAE FROM UAQ RESEARCH CENTRE

After finishing the tour in UAQ research centre, we were provided with 1.5 liter of three types of microalgae which are:

Chlorella

Nannochloropesis

Tetraselmis

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BUILDING THE CULTIVATION REACTOR

Design specifications •Material of PVC with thickness of 6, 8 and 10 mm•Neon tubes •Fittings and connections•Hoses and pipes

Dimensions Four Rooms (40 X 40 X 75 cm)

Offset to install the neon lights (5 cm) from all sides

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Analysis

The outer case of the cultivation reactor is made of 6mm thickness plastic with 10mm base. The offset will be filled with neon lights. The amount of light supported to the culture has a proportional effect with the algae growth rate.

The cultivation reactor is divided to four rooms, where each room is 40cm X 40cm.

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The bottom case of the reactor has been drilled to feed the culture with CO2 and to drain the water if needed. Water and nutrients will be fed from the upper cover of the room. CO2 are being used in cylinders, and it is connected to the reactor with tubes which will bubble the CO2 in the reactor, and the bubbling

will help the media to be mixed at the same time.

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The base of the reactor has been manufactured to keep the reactor with a suitable height from the ground and to be moved easily with four wheels from its bottom, with considering the high volume of the cultivation reactor, which will lead for a high mass of it, the base has been manufactured with a thick iron material to avoid any fracture

or cracks.

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PREPARING THE PERFECT MEDIA

Once algae has been ordered from University of Texas, the manual of the media that will help algae growing

efficiently was provided, where the media name is Bristol, which consists of many chemical components and

Proteose Peptone with 6.8 pH. The components of Bristol medium are:

•Sodium nitrate NaNO3

•Calcium chloride CaCl2·2H2O•Magnesium sulfate MgSO4·7H2O•Dipotassium phosphate K2HPO4

•Sodium chloride NaCl

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BUILDING THE BIOREACTOR

A bioreactor which has a shape near to the cultivation reactor will be used to grow microalgae strain with feeding it from the diesel engine's exhaust gases.

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Design specifications:•The outer case of the cultivation reactor is made from 6mm thick plastic with 10 mm to fill it with neon lights as shown in •The cultivation reactor is one square, where each square is 54 cm X 54 cm.•The base of the reactor has been manufactured to keep the reactor with a suitable height from the ground and to be moved easily with four wheels from its bottom, with considering the volume of the reactor, the base has been manufactured with a thick iron material to avoid any fracture or cracks.

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LEAKAGE PROBLEMThe leakage problem occurred for the cultivation reactor happened for the bioreactor also. Therefore, it was covered by double plastic layer to prevent the leakage.

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TESTING DIESEL ENGINE EMISSIONS

There are many methods for determining total organic carbon (TOC). TOC analyzer is one of the most important analytical methods to know how much the TOC in the sample. Four samples have been taken to test their TOC using the TOC analyzer in the civil engineering department. These samples are:

•Sample one: Tap water

•Sample two: water bubbled by diesel engine's exhaust gases for 30 minutes.

•Sample three: water bubbled by diesel engine's exhaust gases for 60 minutes.

•Sample four: water bubbled by diesel engine's exhaust gases for 120 minutes.

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The steps of using the device:

-inject sample.

-burn it at 800 c.

-Detect TOC.

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THE TOC TEST FOR FOUR SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT FEEDING

TIMESample # TOC

Sample 1 10.34 mg/L

Sample 2 31.9 mg/L

Sample 3 126.7 mg/L

Sample 4 832.4 mg/L

It is observed that while the output of the diesel engine increases, the TOC will increase.

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CULTIVATING THE MICROALGAE

Sub culturing microalgae in bottles To grow the microalgae under the perfect

conditions (Temp., Perfect media, PH, Lighting)

10 L bottles were used.

Two types of microalgae were cultivated in the lab. (chlorella and Ankistrodesmus braunii).

Sub culturing will double the original amount.

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SUB CULTURING MICROALGAE IN

BOTTLES

10 L Bottles were in use.

Prepare ten liters of the perfect media.

Take five liters of microalgae from the bottle which needs to be break.

Mix the five liters of microalgae with liters liters of the perfect media.

Also add five liters of perfect media to the broken one.

After three to four days we will have twenty liters of microalgae.

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SUB CULTURING MICROALGAE IN

BOTTLES

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

BIOREACTOR

After growing the chlorella microalgae in 10 L bottles, it was dumped in the bioreactor.

Diesel engine output as feeding to the microalgae 30 minutes everyday.

Monitoring the density of the microalgae in consistent time.

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

BIOREACTOR

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND

Open pond or raceway pond is a shallow artificial pond used in the cultivation of algae.

The pond is divided into a rectangular grid, with each rectangle containing one channel in the shape of an oval, like an automotive raceway circuit.

Each rectangle contains a paddle wheel to make the water flow continuously around the circuit .

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND

Benefits: -

Cheaper to construct compared with other types of reactors.

Largest production capacities relative to other systems of comparable size and cost.

Natural lighting.

Using the sewage water/Power Stations Output.

A small amount of power needed to run the motor.

Easy to maintain.

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND Design of the open pond

Location: - Al Ain Main Unit for treating the wastewater

Length: - 8 m, Width: - 2 m, Depth: - 30 cm

Area: - 3 m2

Distal end, hydraulic radius

Ground infrastructure prepared for no leakage

Pond lining (concrete)

Liquid flow with paddle wheel

Flow velocity (laminar liquid flow velocity, 5-40 cm/sec)

Pond accessories (drainage, cleaning, pumps, pipes)

Water tank with ball valve for compensation

Temperature range from 30 to 50 C

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND

CAD Drawing

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND

Pond Start up

1 ton of sea water

1 ton of microalgae (Nannochloropesis)

500 liters of fresh water

500 liters of treated water

Properties of the treated water are

TOC = 5 ppm

Ammonia = 3 ppm

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND

TOC Monitoring First day TOC= 420 ppm

After 48 Hours TOC= 210 ppm

After 72 Hours TOC= 103 ppm

Cells Density Monitoring (after the addition of 120 L of raw sewage TOC 300 ppm, Ammonia 38 ppm) After 24 hours it was 2.47 x 105 cells/ml

After 48 hours it was 4.12 x 106 cells/ml

After 72 hours it was 2.00 x 108 cells/ml

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND

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CULTIVATING MICROALGAE IN THE

OPEN POND

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SEPARATION OF MICROALGAE FROM

WATER

Methods

Filtration

Filtration is carried out commonly on membranes of modified Cellulose with the aid of a suction pump.

Drying

In this method the algae are kept in low height containers under the sun light.

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SEPARATION OF MICROALGAE FROM

WATER

Flocculation

Flocculation is a method of separating algae from the medium by using chemicals to force the algae to form lumps.

Flotation

Usually flotation is used in combination with flocculation for Algae Harvesting in waste water. It is a simple method by which algae can be made to float on the surface of the medium and removed as scum.

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SEPARATION OF MICROALGAE FROM

WATER

Centrifugation

Centrifugation is a method of separating algae from the medium by using a centrifuge to cause the algae to settle to the bottom of a flask or tank.

Three methods were used in the project to separate microalgae from water: -

Drying

Centrifuging

Filtering

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SEPARATION OF MICROALGAE FROM

WATER

Drying

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SEPARATION OF MICROALGAE FROM

WATER

Centrifuging

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COST ANALYSIS

Cost of the open pond building

Total Volume of the open pond = 1.547 m3

Concrete cost = total concrete volume (m3) x Price of concrete per m3.

= 1.547 m3 x 1000 AED/ m3 = 1547 AED

Cost of 3 labors to build the pond = 3 labors x 100 AED/labor = 300 AED

Cost of the compensating tank with ball valve = 495 AED

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COST ANALYSIS

Cost of the paddle wheel with motor = 1300 AED

• Total Cost of the pond = 1547 + 300 + 495 + 1300 = 3642 AED

The Chemical Process Cost

Building Chemical Lab = 10000 AED

Chemicals = 3000 AED

Sonicator = 7340 AED

Centrifuging Machine = 5000 AED

Distiller = 8000 AED

Importing Algae Sample = 500 AED

Fridge = 630 AED

40 Pans or low depth containers to dry the Algae = 1500 AED

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COST ANALYSIS

Total Initial Cost for the chemical process = 10000 + 3000 + 7340 + 5000 + 8000 + 500 + 630 + 1500 = 35970 AED

Maintenance & Delivery = 1500 AED/Month

Lab Specialist = 5000 AED/Month