66
CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians Chris Freeland – MBG Web and Digitization Project Coordinator Doug Holland – MBG Administrative Librarian Heather Rolen – NYBG Digitization Specialist

A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

CBHL 2002, San Francisco

Citation preview

Page 1: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural

Librarians

• Chris Freeland – MBG Web and Digitization Project

Coordinator

• Doug Holland – MBG Administrative Librarian

• Heather Rolen – NYBG Digitization Specialist

Page 2: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Why Digitize?

• Makes resources broadly available while preserving original.

• 24/7 worldwide availability.• Capitalize on investment in resources and

technology (Collections, storage curation)• Assimilate disparate resources • Learn something new (It’s Fun!!)• Pressure from above (Everyone is doing it!)

Page 3: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Survey Summary

13 Humble Responses!– Little to no experience with projects– Some with Scanning/Photoshop

• Types of materials– Slides and glass plates 6– Photos (Electrophoresis gels?) 7– Printed material [loose, bound (rare books!)],

newspaper clippings, maps, architectural drawings, seed and nursery catalogs] 10

– Herbarium Specimens 2

• Inhouse image database (Annie Malley)

Page 4: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

What we will be covering

• Audience and Users• Goals• Ownership• Preservation• Access • Metadata• Scanning• Sustainability

Page 5: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

A Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections

http://www.imls.gov/pubs/forumframework.htm

• Interoperability• Reusability (Repurposing) • Persistence• Verification• Documentation• Respecting copyright and intellectual property law• Think a little bigger and think about the future.

Page 6: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Audience and Users

• Who are your users– Today– Future

• Lifelong Learners• Scholar/researcher• Students• Business Community

Page 7: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Why is it important to define users?

• Guide selection process• Determines complexity and type of

metadata• Determines image resolution• Determines web-site design

(Database or exhibit format)• Determines equipment needs

Page 8: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

How can you retain users and keep them coming back?

• Keep adding new content

• Creating value-added content after the initial rollout– Lesson plans, etc.

• Create an e-mail newsletter

Page 9: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

User Comments

• Should include a way to solicit, retain, and respond to user comments and suggestions. – Can tell you if you’re reaching your intended

audience– Can provide you with wonderful comments to include in

grant proposals or to show your administration:• “Thanks so much for sharing this. This is the internet

at its best.”

• “This is fantastic. I am most enjoying these rare books, especially the illustrations. I hope to use this with teachers in the future.”

Page 10: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Planning and Goals

• Have clear project goals and objectives• Be aware that funding agencies may influence

the scope of your project• Designate a project manager.• Identify key departments or staff• Stay realistic (perhaps conservative) in your

production promises. • Document all changes and evolution in your

project.

Page 11: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Ownership

• Copyright needs to be considered• Holding doesn’t mean owning

• Is item in public domain? http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/public-d.htmhttp://cidc.library.cornell.edu/copyright/

• Modify your deed of gift to include digital distribution

• Controlling intellectual property after digitization

Page 12: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Selection

• Audience needs• Good Collections• Condition • One or many collections or mainstreaming• Item formats and sizes • Metadata available or Collection condition

(Activities other than scanning require 75% or project time)

• Rights• Sensitive Issues (Skeletons??)• Who else is doing the same or similar items?

Page 13: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Preservation and Digitization

• Digitization is NOT preservation • Do not discard originals.• Why not?

– Media longevity

– Software and hardware obsolescence

• Digitization does preserve original through reduced exposure and handling.

Page 14: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Preserving the Original

• Handle Items Once (Scan high!)• Consider rehousing either before or

after scanning.• Appropriate long term storage• Remember 2/3 of project time has

nothing to do with scanning.

Page 15: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Discovery and Access(or Scanned and Deliver)

• Online Catalog or Database– Subject Heading or keyword search

• Finding Aids for archival collections • Exhibit style educational page• Don’t forget metatags and visibility to

Web search engines. (If that is one of your goals!)

Page 16: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Web Access and Display

• Exhibit Approach

• Database Approach

• Both

Page 17: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Exhibit Approach

• Pull together text, images, maps, documents, etc. to tell a story

• Value added information enhances the scanned images

• Appealing to a wide audience

Page 18: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Example of Exhibit Approach

• Private Passions, Public Legacy: Paul Mellon's Personal Library at the University of Virginia

Page 19: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Database Approach

• Give access to images through a search mechanism– Generally have to know something about

the collection to find what you’re looking for

• Appealing to a more focused audience– Scholars, professionals

Page 20: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Example of Database Approach

• Making of America

• Google Image Search

Page 21: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Both Approaches

• Provide value added information to reach a wider audience

• Also give full access to the data for people who know what they want to view.

Page 22: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Example – MBG Rare Book Site

Page 23: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Design vs. Development

• Usually spend too much time discussing background colors and layout– Too subjective

• Should focus on– Search engine placement– Successful searches for key phrases– Usage statistics

Page 24: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

“If you build it, they may not come”

• Indexing by search engines is not a given

• Great images + great metadata does not equal a popular site

• You must consider how search engines work

Page 25: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Indexing tips

Page 26: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Indexing tips – <meta> tag

• <meta name="description" content="The Missouri Botanical Garden Library presents its Rare Book Digitization Project.">• <meta name="keywords" content="botanical illustration,rare books, herbals, engravings, illustrations, botany, botanical

illustrations, medicinal plants, Desktop Wallpaper, images of medicinal plants, plant images, Jaume, Kohler">• <META NAME="DC.Title" CONTENT="Plate 1 - Cinchona officinalis; <i>Cinchona officinalis</i> L.; quinine">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#title">• <META NAME="DC.Creator" CONTENT="Lambert, Aylmer Bourke">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#creator">• <META NAME="DC.Subject" CONTENT="(SCHEME=LCSH) Cinchona.|Hyaenanche.|Rubiaceae.|Euphorbiaceae.|Graphic media : --

Copper engraving -- Uncolored -- 1797 -- England.|">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#subject">• <META NAME="DC.Subject" CONTENT="(SCHEME=LCCS) QK495 .F270 L35 1797">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#subject">• <META NAME="DC.Description" CONTENT="Plate 1 - Cinchona officinalis; <i>Cinchona officinalis</i> L.; quinine">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#description">• <META NAME="DC.Publisher" CONTENT="Missouri Botanical Garden">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#publisher">• <META NAME="DC.Contributor.CorporateName" CONTENT="Missouri Botanical Garden">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#contributor">• <META NAME="DC.Date" CONTENT="(SCHEME=ISO8601)1998-10-01">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#date">• <META NAME="DC.Type" CONTENT="Image.Illustration">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#type">• <META NAME="DC.Format" CONTENT="(SCHEME=IMT) text/html">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#format">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.imt HREF="http://sunsite.auc.dk/RFC/rfc/rfc2046.html">• <META NAME="DC.Identifier" CONTENT="http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/mobot/rarebooks?

referencenumber=QK495F270L351797">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#identifier">• <META NAME="DC.Language" CONTENT="(SCHEME=ISO639-1) en">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#language">• <META NAME="DC.Relation" CONTENT="QK495F270L351797">• <LINK REL=SCHEMA.dc HREF="http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core_elements#relation">

Page 27: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Indexing tips - <title> tag

• Use descriptive <title> tags:

– <title>MBG Rare Books: Plate 1 - Cinchona officinalis</title>

Page 28: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Indexing tips - <body> text

• Use text in your page:

– A Description of the Genus Cinchona by Lambert, Aylmer Bourke

– Description of Page: Plate 1 - Cinchona officinalis  (Cinchona officinalis L., quinine) 

Page 29: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

More indexing tips

• Having key phrase in all 3 (<meta>, <title>, and body text) increases your search engine rank

• Indexing robots follow links on pages– They will follow the hierarchy of your site

• Robots don’t:– Click on buttons– Use dropdown menus– Natively navigate or index Flash/multimedia

content

Page 30: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Case Study: Köhler’s Medizinal Pflanzen

• Published 1883 – 1914

• Digitized in 1997

• Images were heavily edited and cropped

• Text was added to images

Page 31: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Case Study: Köhler’s Medizinal Pflanzen

• Created static HTML pages with links through site

• Created a list of current botanical names with links to illustration

• NOT technically sophisticated

• Used an Exhibit Approach

Page 32: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Case Study: Köhler’s Medizinal Pflanzen

• Receive more user feedback and image requests for this site than any other

• Reasons:– Popular content with interesting images– Has been online for several years– Simple web display that can be indexed

by all search engines

Page 33: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Lessons learned

• DON’T:– spend too much time bickering over

color schemes, fonts, and layout

– confuse users and indexing robots with irregular navigation

– ignore importance of search engine results for your content

Page 34: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Lessons learned

• DO:– spend time creating rich <meta> and

<title> tags and body text

– Learn how search engines index content

– Consider display, but focus on development

Page 35: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Metadata and Electronic Resources

• Vast amount of information, increasing at a faster rate than is manageable

• Standards developing and evolving, using best practices

• Web enabled search engines—many, varied in retrieval success

• Everyone’s a publisher, everyone’s a librarian• HTML Metatags structure and content limited,

inhibits reliable searching• Lack of subject rich terms

Page 36: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Metadata and Standards

• Metadata definition: data about data; data that aids in identification, description and location of networked resources

• Standard Generalized Mark-up Language (SGML)--1986– Structure for producing documents– Document Type Definition (DTD) created for

each type of material or individual publication– SGML’s support of encoding text AND

description of document in the header

Page 37: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Dublin Core Basics

• http://purl.oclc.org/dc/• How it began• Why it is important

– Simple to create– Easy to understand– International – Flexible

• Descriptive, Structural and Administrative metadata• All elements repeatable, all optional

Page 38: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Dublin Core Elements

• Title• Creator• Publisher• Contributor• Description• Identifier• Date• Format

• Subject terms/classification

• Rights Management• Source• Type• Language• Relation• Coverage

Page 39: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

How MBG uses DC for a book

• Title: Icones pictae plantarum rariorum descriptionibus et observationibus illustratae / Auctore J.E. Smith, M.D. Fasc. 1-3.

• Creator: Smith, James Edward• Subject_LCSH: Botany -- Pictorial works.• Subject_LCCS: QK98 .S657• Description: 2 p.l., 18 numb. 1. : 18 col. pl. ; 50 cm.• Publisher: London, 1790-93, Missouri Botanical Garden• Contributor: Photography and Web design by Debbie Windus.• Date: 1998-09-01• Identifier:

http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/mobot/rarebooks/title.asp?relation=QK98S657

• Relation: QK98S657• Rights:

http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/mobot/rarebooks/copyright.asp

Page 40: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

How MBG uses DC for a page/image

• Title: QK495F270L351797_0060.jpg• Creator: Lambert, Aylmer Bourke, 1761-1842

Subject: Cinchona.|Hyaenanche.|Rubiaceae.|Euphorbiaceae.|Graphic media : --Copper engraving -- Uncolored -- 1797 -- England.|

• Description: Plate 9 - Cinchona angustifolia• Publisher: Missouri Botanical Garden• Contributor: Missouri Botanical Garden• Date: 1998-10-01• Type: Image• Format: jpeg• Identifier: 0060• Source: QK495.F270 L35 1797

Page 41: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Subject Access

• Controlled vocabularies

– Vocabularies and thesauri– Taxonomies– Access

Page 42: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• METADATA– descriptive

– facilitate discovery• OAI• MARC• EAD• Dublin Core

– administrative– identify/manage/preserve digital object(s) over time

• info on where pieces reside• info on how to view digital object• info on scanning process

XML

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Page 43: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• METADATA cont.– structural

– storage/presentation of digital object(s)• METS (metadata encoding and transmission standard)

» http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets

• TEI (text encoding initiative) http://www.tei-c.org• TEI for Libraries (5 levels of encoding)• http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/tei/

• METAe -automatic metadata creation • http://meta-e.uibk.ac.at

Page 44: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• SGML/HTML/XML– Standard Generalized Markup Language (1986)– Hypertext Markup Language (1989)– eXtensible Markup Language (1996)

• XML– a document markup language for defining

structured information– a language used by computers to define hidden

information about the structure of a document

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Page 45: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• XML cont. -best of both worlds– storage

• can store any kind of structured info/not limited to Web delivery

– presentation• flexible development/design

Page 46: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• XML is a lot simpler than SGML and is sometimes described as an 80/20 solution: you get 80% of the power of SGML for 20% of the effort

• You can use XML without thinking ahead and make up your elements en route as long as they nest within each other. This is called writing "well-formed" rather than "valid" XML. Purists discourage this but people will do it anyhow.

• XML is specifically designed to work easily with the Web. – http://facultyweb.at.nwu.edu/english/mmueller/ariadne/teixintro/

index.htm

Page 47: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• XML and NYBG digitization project

Public use

Public access server

XML text files

Images

GSDL software suite

Page 48: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• XML/NYBG project– lack of adopted standards– nature of the data– delivery mechanisms

• Research!

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Page 49: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

XML

• XML sites– http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/sgml-xml.html– http://www.w3.org/XML/– http://www.ucc.ie/xml/#exec– http://www.xml.com/

• SGML sites– http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/general.html– http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/SGML/

• Listservs– http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/XML4Lib/– http://www.oasis-open.org/cover/lists.html

Page 50: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Scanning

• Principles for Scanning

• Access (not preservation)

• Storage• Outsource options

Page 51: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Howard Besser’s Principles

• Scan at the highest resolution appropriate to the informational content of the originals

• Scan at an appropriate level of quality to avoid rescanning and re-handling of the originals in the future--scan once

• Create and store a master image file that can be used to produce derivative image files and serve a variety of current and future user needs

• Use system components that are non-proprietary

Page 52: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Besser’s Principles Cont.

• Use image file formats and compression techniques that conform to industry standards

• Create backup copies of all files on a stable medium

• Create meaningful metadata for image files or collections

• Store media in an appropriate environment • Monitor and recopy data as necessary • Outline a migration strategy for transferring data

across generations of technology • Anticipate and plan for future technological

developments

Page 53: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Scan Basics

• Digital formats—Master/Archival, access, thumbnail

• Always keep a facsimile master• Minimum recommended

standards-NARA/LC/CPD• Hardware requirements:

– Scanner that exceeds your standards– Workstation—At least Pentium III, 650mhz,

storage (20+gigabyte)– Server for display and archiving

Page 54: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

MBG Imaging Lab Specs

• See handout

Page 55: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Scanning

• Your requirements may be different than the accepted norm– Maybe 600 dpi is too low for your project

• Should be aware of generally accepted guidelines– Have to know the rules before you break

them

Page 56: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Scanning Guidelines

• Review handout

Page 57: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Scanning

• Software—Scanners come with some basic software, Adobe Photoshop Lite

• Keep current on software• Physical facilities for scanning• When to outsource/special materials

Page 58: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Outsourcing

• What?– Contract work to service providers – Off-site, on-site, imaging only, image/content

display/management provider, ASP (application service provider)

• Why?– Factors to consider

• Project size • project expectations • staff size

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Page 59: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Outsourcing

• Why? Cont.• staff expertise • available resources (funding for staff training and

equipment, physical space)• deadlines

Page 60: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Outsourcing

• NYBG/Mellon Digitization Project– 3 titles from RB collection– conservation efforts necessary– 21 month grant, no lab, no allocated space to

build lab, no staff, no expertise, no extra funding for equipment or staff training, project expectations (grant stipulates archival quality imaging, hard deadline)

– image capture outsourced to east coast vendor, quality checks performed in-house

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Page 61: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Outsourcing

• Weighing the pros and cons– fragile/rare materials under supervised control

vs. equipment costs and updates/staff/expertise/time/ physical space

• Worth consideration– …”For digitization projects, institutions and service providers

are working with developing technologies and a new vocabulary, creating new quality and production benchmarks, and trying to determine best practices. All the while, digital technology continues to evolve. Both parties must collaborate to determine capture requirements, costs, and deliverables;

manage the process; and agree on criteria.” -Meg Bellinger, President, Preservation Resources, Moving Theory into Practice, 2000.

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Page 62: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Outsourcing

• Vendors– Octavo http://www.octavo.com/

– Systems Integration Group http://www.sigi.com/

– Preservation Resources http://www.oclc.org/oclc/presres/

– Saztec http://www.saztec.com

– Innodata http://www.innodata.com/

– Northern Micrographics http://www.normicro.com/northern_micrographics.htm

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Page 63: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Sustainability

• Digitization shouldn’t be a fling, (when others are paying the bills) It is a marriage and more.

• Time = Money • Permanence • Data Migration and Emulation• Review and schedule upgrades• Documentation

Page 64: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Cost

• Not cheap, but consider the value of objects, the investment already made on your collections and your organizational mission .

• Prices range from $7 - $35 per image• Most projects are funded on soft money.

Attempt to incorporate scanning into normal operating budgets.

• Scanning is 1/3 of total cost. • Largest cost is in research and time invested

in creation of metadata or organization of collections.

Page 65: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Staffing

• Staff with tolerance for ambiguity• Staff with creativity• Training in metadata, scanning• Photographic skills (artistic eye)

microcomputer skills, web design skills• Staff with risk taking attitude

Page 66: A Digitization Primer for Botanical and Horticultural Librarians

CBHL 2002: A Digitization Primer

Concluding Thoughts

• Create digital products worth preserving• Collaborate!• Adhere to standards• Refresh/migrate your data• Don’t forget preservation metadata-

digital products are not copies, but new artifacts