20150915 apc pca-kyoto

PINE TREESDON’T WALK

Alex CUNNINGHAM [email protected]

areldorado.com.ar

2015 PCA International Conference September 2015 - Kyoto, JAPAN

Alex [email protected]

September 2015

Pine trees have develop a strategy to defendfrom their natural environmental enemies..

Pinus massoniana - Guangxi, CHINA


September 2015

The bark beetle is one of those enemies(fungus farming beetle).

http://www.barkbeetles.info/photos_target_species.php?lookUp=491&image=2103_dendroctonus_valens_lat_valley_5478381&curPage=0

http://www.barkbeetles.info/photos_target_species.php?lookUp=491&image=2103_dendroctonus_valens_lat_valley_5478381&curPage=0

Photosynthesis

H2O + nutrients

Evapotranspiration

CO2 O2

SunLight

Sugars


September 2015

Biosynthesis

PrimaryMetabolites

SecondaryMetabolites

Fornutrition,growth

andreproduction.

To influence theecologica

interactionbetween plant and

environment.

Sugars

Cost / BenefitRelation


September 2015

Secondary Metabolites

TERPENES (25.000 diferente compounds)Pinenes, abietic acid, taxol, limonene, carotenois,

essential oils, rubber, etc.

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS (12.000 compounds)Cafeine, nicotine, etc.

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (8.000 compounds)Tanins, flavonoids, ligning, salicilic acid, vainilline, etc.


September 2015

MONOTERPENES

SESQUITERPENES

DITERPENES

TERPENES derive from the union of two or more ISOPENTENYL DIPHOSPHATE

(IPP) molecules or its isomer DIMETHYL ALLIL DIPHOSPHATE

geranyldiphosphate

geranyl geranyldiphosphate

farnesyldiphosphate

Primary Metabolites

Secondary Metabolites

C02 + Photosynthesis

Eritrose-4-fosfate Fosfoenolpiruvate Piruvate 3-PGA

CA Route MA Route MVA Route MEP Route

Tricarbolxylic Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA

Aliphatic Aminoacids

Aromatic Aminoacids

NitrogenCompounds Phenolic

Compounds Terpenes

Source: Taiz, L. et al.; Vegetal Physiology (2004) :312

1 2

BiosyntheticRoutes


September 2015

IPP DMAPP

IPP DMAPP

FPP

GPP

GGPP

Sesquiterpenes (C15)

Monoterpenes (C10)

Diterpenes (C20)

Triterpenes (C30)

Tetraterpenes(C40)

CELULARCITOPLASM

PLASTIDS?

2.5.1.21

5.3.3.2

5.3.3.2

2.5.1.292.5.1.102.5.1.1

2.5.1.29 2.5.1.102.5.1.1

2.5.1.29

1

2

PRIMARY METAB.

PRIMARY METAB. SECONDARY METAB.

SECONDARY METAB.

SECONDARY METAB.

Where are TERPENES produced within the PLANT CELL?


September 2015


September 2015

LongitudinalResin Duct

Resin Duct

Epithelial Cell

Which are the plant cellsthat produce OLEORESIN?

The ones that cover internally the RESIN DUCTS

Eloise Gerry (1885 – 1970)

Researcher from the USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WC - USA, earn in 1921 her Doctorate with a dissertation about “Oleoresin Production: A Microscopic Study of the Effects Produced on Woody Tissues of Southern Pines by Different Methods of Turpentining” USDA Bulletin 1064.

PINE OLEORESIN is not SAP!

This generates CHEMICAL SIGNALSthat jump starts GENETIC EXPRESSION

for the production of ENZYMESthat biosynthesize TERPENES (OLEORESIN)

that are stored in RESIN DUCTS.

This pathway is know as OLEORESINOSIS.

The answers to those CHEMICAL SIGNALS are multiple,and also jump starts the biosynthesis of tanins

and lignification of the affected area.

What happens when a beetle (+fungus)attack the stem of a pine tree?


September 2015


September 2015

Beetle+

fungus

Genetic expression,enzymes,oleoresin biosynthesis.

Oleoresinstorage inresin ducts.

What happens when a beetle (+fungus)attack the stem of a pine tree?

Signal(wound /chemical)

DNA

3) TRANSPORT TO CITOPLASM

2) PROCESSING

1) TRANSCRIPTION

4) TRANSLATION

mRNA

ENZIME

CELLNUCLEUS

CELLCITOPLASM

GeneticExpression


September 2015

OleoresinosisCost / Benefit Strategy

BEFORE THE ATTACK

CONSTITUTIVE DEFENSE = FIX COST• BIOSYNTHESIS OF OLEORESIN• STORAGE IN RESIN DUCTS

AFTER THE ATTACK

INDUCED DEFENSE = VARIABLE COST• denovo BIOSYNTHESIS OF OLEORESIN • TRAUMATIC RESIN DUCTS FORMATION

SYSTEMIC DEFENCE = REALOCATION OF THE FIX COST


September 2015

• OLEORESINOSIS in conifers could have evolved as a strategy to defend from the beetle / fungi attack.

• PINE OLEORESIN is a mixture of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and neutral compounds.

• OLEORESIN in the stem of the pine tree is produced permanently by the epitelial cells that cover the internal walls of the resin ducts in the xylem.

• OLEORESIN is store under positive preassure.

• Some Pine species presente an induced responce in the floema (place of the invasion) to a patogenic attack.

Tesis: Faldt, Jenny (2000)Volatil constituents in conifers and conifer-related wood decaying fungi.

Oleoresinosis


September 2015

How does this view from the stand point of PLANT PHYSIOLOGY or PLANT ECOLOGYrelates with what we do when we TAP aPINE TREE to produce PINE OLEORESIN?


September 2015

Bark beetle

Associated fungus

STREAK TO REMOVE BARK(WOUND)

CHEMICAL STIMULATION(PASTE w/CEPA, SA, MeJa...)

PINE TAPPER PLANT ECOLOGIST


September 2015

PARALELISM !


September 2015

Technology

20150915 apc pca-kyoto