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ECHOCARDIOGRAPHYCARDIOSONOGRAPHY
CARDIAC ULTRASOUND
- a noninvasive electronically driven cardio- vascular diagnostic examination utilizing ultrasonics in displaying, recording, and calculating cardiac structures and events.
rrguzman
ADVANTAGES OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHYOVER OTHER DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
1. Painless and more convenient for the patient.2. Safe; no known environmental hazard.3. Equipment is usually mobile.4. Short examination time.
5. Valuable screening device for early diagnosis.6. Useful for following serial cardiac changes over extended period of time.7.Diagnosis can be made in an instant.-
MODALITIES OF CARDIOSONOGRAPHY
1. M-mode-
2. Real time; 2-Dimensional; 2D-
3. Doppler-
Utilizes a narrow ultrasonic beam to displayan “ice-pick one dimensional view” of the heart.Image displayed does not resemble actual cardiac structures.
- yields a panoramic view of the heart that results in cross- sectional images that are anatomically recognizable, moving in real time.
Used to record and calculate blood flows and pressures within the heart.
FREQUENCY
RESOLUTION
PENETRATION
- number of sound wave cycles in a given time.
-ability to discriminate the interfacebetween 2 very close objects.
- ability to transmit sufficient ultra-sonic energy through the chest toprovide a satisfactory image.
↑ Frequency → ↑ Resolution, ↓ Penetration
↓ Frequency → ↓ Resolution, ↑ Penetration
ATTENUATION
SIDE LOBE
NEAR FIELD CLUTTER
ACOUSTIC SHADOW
-loss of ultrasound as it traverses a medium due toboth scattering and absorption
- artefactual ultrasonic beam generated from the sideedges of individual transducer elements which are nowin the direction of the main beam
- acoustic noise seen near the transducer due to highamplitude oscillations of the piezoelectric elements
- weakened echoes from structures behind or beyond high intensity materials (e.g. calcifications, prosthetics)
TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS/ SCANNERS
MECHANICAL SECTOR SCANNER
ELECTRONIC PHASED ARRAY SCANNER
- moves the ultrasonic beam by way of an electricmotor (either rotating or oscillating)- usually bigger, vibrations maybe felt- less side lobes, greater attenuation
- uses multiple small elements electronically firedindividually to create a single focused electronic beam- usually much smaller in size, no vibrations- more side lobes, less attenuation
TRANSDUCER POSITIONING
1
23
4
1. Parasternal
2. Apical
3. Subcostal
4. Suprasternal
RVIVS
LVPW
AO
LA
RA
RV
LA
LV
2D-IMAGE
RV
RA
LV
LA
RV
RA LA
LV
AO
LA
RV
LV
RVOT
PA
LA
AORA
RV
RA LA
LV
