Golden Ages of Islamic civilization

Prepared by

shamjith km

? No great empire ever attempted to take the

Arabian peninsula !!

? Arabs were not part of history

? They were Bedouins, farmers, traders,...

? Mecca was the most important trade center

What changed Arabian peninsula??

The final Revelation from God to Humanity

The Glorious Quran...

“My choice of Muhammad to lead the list

of the world’s most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be

questioned by others, but he was the only

man in history who was supremely

successful in both religious and

secular levels.” - Micheal H Hart,` “The 100”

... and Life of Prophet Muhammed (saw)

Many people considers the Quran to be the greatest work of Muslim literature, but we must understand that Holy Qur’an is not a book written by Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) or his

followers. Instead it is the REVELATION from

THE ALMIGHTY GOD.

People without the

knowledge of their pasthistory, origin and

culture is like a tree without roots.

Read, in the name of your Lord; Who created. Created man

from a clot of congealed blood. Read, and your Lord is Most

Generous, Who taught knowledge by the pen. Taught

man what he did not know.

The first revealed verses in Holy Quran were

“The Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) said:

“God, His angels and all those in Heavens and on Earth, even ants in

their hills and fish in the water, call down blessings on those who

instruct others in beneficial knowledge.” (Al-Tirmidhi)

“We (Allah) will show you (mankind) our signs/patterns in the horizons/universe and in yourselvesuntil you are convinced that the revelation is the truth.” [Qur’an, 14:53]

History of science and civilization( 600 CE – 1600 CE )

Factors behind the knowledge explosion

Inspiration of Glorious Quran and prophetic teachings

Uplifted social background

Greek and Roman books were translated to Arabic

Caliphs promoted learning and seeking knowledge

Universities were established

Education

First known universities were in Damascus, Cordoba, Tunisia and Morocco.

Oldest university – University of Al-karouine, Morocco,859 CE

2nd oldest – Al Azhar university, Cairo, Egypt, 975 CE

Education

Daar al-Hikmah – House of Wisdom – Cairo –18,000 ancient books

Bayt al-Hikmah – House of Wisdom – Baghdad(Tartars destroyed books)

Al-Hakam – Spain - 400,000 books

Bani Ammaar – Tripoli – Libya - 1 million books

Contributions to

mathematics

Fore-father of Modern Algebra and Algorithm

Used algebraic laws to formulate the rules of

inheritance as linear equations, which would

allow calculation of inheritance shares

• The word “algorithm” is derived from his name

Al-Khawarizmi (780 CE)

Best work: Al jabar wa al mukaabila,

used as a reference text today also!!

Developed trigonometric tables containing sine functions

Developed the calculus of two errors, which led him to the concept of

differentiation.

His book on algebra “Hisab al-Jabr waal-Muqabalah” (The Calculation of Integration and

Equation) was used until the 16th century as

the principal textbook of European universities

Aided to announce arabic numerals, the decimal position system, and the concept of zero (6th century in India).

Leonardo pissano (fibonacci), an

Italian mathematician made a reference to an older text as

“algebre et almuchabale” by

maumeht (Latin name of Muhammed ibn

moosa al khawarizmi)

P - 406

Ghiyath al-Din al- Kashani (CE 1324)

Figured a value of 2pi to sixteen decimal digits of accuracy

“Miftah-ul-Hissab” or “The Calculators’ Key”; in

it he defined an algorithm for finding the fifth root of any number

Abu Wafa Muhammad al-Buzanji (CE 940)

Solution of geometrical problems with opening of the compass

Constructions of parabola by points

Geometrical solution of the equations x4 = a and x4+3a = b.

Penned rich commentaries on Euclid and al-Khwarizmi

A substantial part of today’s trigonometry can be copied back to him.

Al Battani (776 CE)

Called as Albategnius in western books

Calculated solar years as 365 days, 5 hrs ,46 min, and 24 sec is very close modern estimates

First to replace the Greek chords by sine's

Introduced concept of cotangents and

furnished their tables in degrees

Contributions to

chemistry

Jabir Ibn Haiyan (721-815 CE)

Father of Chemistry

Called as Geber in western texts

Best works:- Kitaanul kimya, kitaabu

ssabeen

(Translated to latin: The book of Alchemy)

Invented 25 + laboratory instruments

Introduced the term ‘Alkali’ Discovered Acids - Sulfuric acid, Hydrochloric acid

and Nitric acid Discovered elements Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth

Contributions to

Medical Science

"There is no disease that Allah has

created, except that He also has

created its treatment." (Sahih Al-Bukhari)

Al Zahrawi (11th century CE)

Called as Albucasis in western texts

Father of modern surgeryInvented many surgical instrumentsLived in Islamic Spain

Use of anesthesia in surgeryUse of cauterizing of wounds

The discovery that epidemics arise from contagion through touch and air

Al Razi (9th century CE)

Father of Pediatrics

First to differentiate smallpox from measles and chickenpox in his Kitabfi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah (The Book of Smallpox and Measles)

“His writings on smallpox and measles show originality and accuracy, and his essay on infectious diseases was the first scientific treatise on the subject.“

– The Bulletin of the World Health Organization (May 1970)

Wrote: The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field of medicine

Best work: ‘Hawi’ – 9 volumes

Ibn Seena (980-1037 CE)

Called as Aviccenna in western texts

Father of medicine and clinical pharmacology

The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb) is used by Medical Schools in East and West for 500 years

Mastered the natural sciences, mathematics, philosophy and law.

The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb) is the most famous single book in the history of medicine in both East and West. (Encyclopedia Britannica)

Describe the minute and graphic description of different parts of the eye

Discovered cerebellar vermis —which he named "vermis“ and the caudate nucleus

Hospitals starts to have separate wards forpatients of contagious diseases

داء إاله أنزل له شفاء ما أنزل الله

The Prophet (ملسو هيلع هللا ىلص) said, "There is no disease that Allah has

created, except that He also has created its treatment."

Ibn Rushd (12th century CE)

Known as Averroesgenius of encyclopaedic scope known in the West for being the grand

commentator on the philosophy of Aristotle

Ibn Al Naafis (12th century CE)

Reputed physician and a renowned expert on shafi'i

school of jurisprudence

Discover pulmonary blood circulation, which was

rediscovered three centuries later

Ibn Al-Nafis’ Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb was an encyclopediacomprising 300 volumes, but it could not becompleted as planned due to his death.

First to describe the constitution of lungs, bronchi, and the coronary arteries

Elaborated the function of the coronary arteries as feeding the cardiac muscle

Contributions to

Geology and history

Al Idrisi (1100 CE)

Expert in geology

Plotted maps

‘The compilation of Al-Idrisi marks an era in the history of science… (Idrisis’s) descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterwards…’

[S. P. Scott (1904), History of the Moorish Empire, pp. 461-2]

Ibn Battuta(1304-1369 CE)

Covered over seventy five thousand miles. Turkey, Bulgaria, Russia, Persia, central Asia,...

Rihla (journey), is filled with information on the

politics, social conditions, and economics of the places he visited.

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 CE)

Father of Modern Sociology Did his work in Economy,

Anthropology and Political Science

Al-Muqaddamah- An Introduction to History

Contributions to

Physics

Sinan ibn Thabit

Mathematician, astronomer, physician and historian

Al-Jazari

Laid basis of automated devices and mechanics

Father of Robotics

work : Al-Jâmi‘ Bayna'l-Ilm va'l-‘Amali An-nâfi fî Sinâ'ati 'l-Hiyal(The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices)

Automat arbiter for dispensing liquids

for drinking

Steam engines and internal combustion engines, paving the way for automatic control and other modern machinery.

Elephant water ClockPump

Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039 CE)

Founder of Optics Wrote - Book of Optics

Explained rainbow scientifically

Excellent studeies on reflection and

refraction of light

World’s First Scientist!!

Formulated modern scientific method• Observation• Statement of problem• Hypothesis• Testing, Analysis, Interpretation • conclusion, Publication of findings

“Scientific method and scientific skepticism as the most influential idea of the second millennium! “(1000 CE – 1999 CE)

- Powers, Richard (April 18, 1999), "Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open” [New York Times]

• We can say the idea behind camera is from Ibn al-Haytham

Abual-Rihan Al-Beruni

Determined the specific density of 18 types of precious stones

He established the rule which stated that the specific density of a body suits the volume of the water which makes it move

He also interpreted the exit of water from geysers and artesian wells in light of the theory of communicating vessels

Shadow observations for the solution of various astronomical problems

al-Khazini

1. Theory of Obliquity and Inclination 2. Theory of Impulse

Developed two theories in kinetics

Developed a device to determine the specific gravity of liquids

Al-Khazini pointed out that air had weight and power to boost things like air, adding that the weight of the object in the air weighs less than its actual weight and its condensed weight depends on the density of air. It is worth of note that these studies concreted the way for the inventions of the

barometer (pressure measurement), air vacuums and pumps among others.

DISCOVERING THE LAWS OF MOTION

This fact acknowledged in the whole world and in all scientific references till the beginning of the twentieth century when a group of contemporary physicists, most prominent Professors of Mathematics examined these laws.

They checked the accessible body of Islamic manuscripts in this field and came up with the fact that Muslim scientists were the first to discover these laws.

Is Isaac Newton laid laws of motion ???

All what Newton did was to collect what had been written on these laws and formulated them in a mathematical form.

Setting bias and mere theoretical speech aside, the efforts of Muslim scientists are crystal clear. They are recognized in their manuscripts which

had been written seven centuries before the birth of Newton.

THE FIRST LAW OF MOTION

Avicenna in his book “Insinuations and Notices”

(Isharat wa Tanbihat) identified the same law in his

own words “You know if the object is left unaffected by external influence, it remains as it is”.

“In the absence of force, a body either is at rest or moves in a straight line with constant speed”.

- Newton

THE SECOND LAW OF MOTION

“A body experiencing a force F experiences an acceleration a related to F by F = ma, where m is the mass of the body. Alternatively, force is proportional to the time derivative of momentum”.

- Newton

“The solidest power transfers fast and takes a short time. The stronger power leads to the faster the power and the shorter the time. If the power does not decrease, the speed does not decrease, either”.

“The Considered in Wisdom” (Al-Moatabar fil Hikma).

- Hebattullah bin Malaka Al-Baghdadi

THE THIRD LAW OF MOTION

“Every action has a reaction which is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction”.

- Newton

“In the wrestling arena, everyone has a force practiced against the other. If one of them retreated, this does not mean that his power disappears, but this retreated power still exists, because without it the second one would not need it to influence the first one”.

- Hebattullah bin Malaka Al-Baghdadi

“The circle pulled by two equal forces until it stops in the middle, it is taken for granted that each

forces has practiced an action that obstructs the other”.

Imam Fakhr El-Din Al-RaziThe Eastern Disciplines in Theology and Natural Sciences (Al-Mabaheth Al-Mashrikayyah fi Illm Al-Illaheyyat wa Al-Tabi’yyat)

"The moving object is encountered by an obstruction, and if this forces remains, this moving object retreats in the opposite direction in the same speed practiced by the first object and according to the power of obstruction”

Ibn Al-Hayytham, “The Scenes”

Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg

In 15th century Gutenberg devise a printing press, firstly. but printing itself, that is, making multiple copies of a text by transferring it from one raised surface to other portable surfaces (especially paper) is much older.

The Chinese were doing it as early as the 4th century, and the oldest dated printed text known to us is from 868: the Diamond Sutra, a Chinese translation of a Buddhist text now preserved in the British Library[1]

What is much less well knownis that, little more than 100years later, Arab Muslims werealso printing texts, includingpassages from the Qur'an. Theyhad already embraced theChinese craft of paper making,developed it and adopted itwidely in the Muslim lands [2].

Astronomical Clock of Taqi Al-Din

Before the 16th century, clocks were considered

too inaccurate for measuring celestial movements. Where Ptolemy failed to succeed in, Taqī al-Dīn planned to build an astronomical clock that would measure time with great regularity in fulfillment of the wish of the Sultan at the time.

Using mathematics, he designed three dials which showed the hours, degrees and minutes. In his clock, he incorporated the use of several escapements, an alarm, the striking trains that sounded at every hour, the visual relationship between the sun and the moon, the different phases of the moon, the devices that indicated the time for prayers and the dials that showed the first day of the Gregorian months.

Our past was brightWake up, Start learning Guide the presentDo dua

Change the Ummah through education

ISLAMIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE

To create Awareness in the Ummah of the

crisis of ideas. This involves enlighten the Ummah about the place and methodologies of the crisis of Islamic thought in the perspective of

its cultural and civilizational existence.

Islamization of Knowledge is the correct solution for our problem. It seems Islamization of Knowledge is very much essential to be established because it will dirt free the contemporary corrupted

knowledge which is believed as the main reasons of Muslims’ fall.

،ما نافعا أللهم إن أسـئـلك عل بال طيبا، وعمال متـق ورزقا

O Allah, I ask You for beneficial knowledge,

goodly provision and acceptable deeds

(Sunan Ibn Majah, English reference : Vol. 1, Book 5, Hadith 925)

After subah prayer

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