Ahmad Bin Hanbal

Ahmad bin HanbalAhmad bin Hanbalحنبل بن حنبل أحمد بن أحمد

164-241 H164-241 H

األربعة األئمة حياة عن األربعة نبذة األئمة حياة عن نبذة

Lives of The Great Four ImamsLives of The Great Four Imams

70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250

Abu Hanifah 80-150 H

Malik 93-179 H

Shafe’i 150-204 H

Ahmad 164-241 H

Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)

His Birth in BaghdadHis Birth in Baghdad

His upbringing and youthHis upbringing and youth

Seeking knowledgeSeeking knowledge

TravelsTravels


Started teaching at the age of 40Started teaching at the age of 40

Characteristics of his HalaqaCharacteristics of his Halaqa– SeriousnessSeriousness– AccuracyAccuracy– Documentation of Hadith, not opinionDocumentation of Hadith, not opinion– Avoiding argumentations and debatesAvoiding argumentations and debates


His life styleHis life style

His relationship with Authority (Khilafa)His relationship with Authority (Khilafa)– Refused donations and giftsRefused donations and gifts– The OrdealThe Ordeal

Knowledge of Imam AhmadKnowledge of Imam Ahmad


His Personal AttributesHis Personal Attributes

His Teachers and MentorsHis Teachers and Mentors

His Life ExperiencesHis Life Experiences

His TimeHis Time


His Personal Attributes:His Personal Attributes:– Strong Memory and understanding of Strong Memory and understanding of

HadithHadith– Patience and PerseverancePatience and Perseverance– Honesty Honesty – Adherence to Sunnah and Avoiding Adherence to Sunnah and Avoiding

ArgumentsArguments– Sincerity Sincerity – Presence and CharacterPresence and Character


His Teachers and Mentors:His Teachers and Mentors:– Direct Teachers (among many)Direct Teachers (among many)

Hushaym bin BashirHushaym bin Bashir الواسطي بشير بن يم الواسطي ُه�ش� بشير بن يم ُه�ش�

Imam Shafe’I Imam Shafe’I الشافعي ادريس بن الشافعي محمد ادريس بن محمد

– Influencing TeachersInfluencing TeachersSufian Al-Thawri Sufian Al-Thawri الثوري سعيد بن الثوري سفيان سعيد بن سفيان

Abdullah bin Al-Mubarak Abdullah bin Al-Mubarak المبارك بن الله المبارك عبد بن الله عبد


His Teachers and Mentors:His Teachers and Mentors:

– Sufian bin Uyaynah Sufian bin Uyaynah عيينة بن عيينة سفيان بن سفيان– Waki’ bin Al-Jarrah Waki’ bin Al-Jarrah الجراح بن الجراح وكيع بن وكيع– Abdur-Razzaq Abdur-Razzaq ُهمام بن الرزاق ُهمام عبد بن الرزاق عبدالصنعانيالصنعاني

– Yahya Al-Qattan Yahya Al-Qattan القطان سعيد بن القطان يحيى سعيد بن يحيى


His TimeHis Time– Political: Political:

Abbasids DominanceAbbasids Dominance

Conflicts within Abbasid familyConflicts within Abbasid family

Strength of Persian and Turks (Ma’moon)Strength of Persian and Turks (Ma’moon)

– Maturation of Fiqh and Knowledge of Maturation of Fiqh and Knowledge of Hadith. Compilation of HadithHadith. Compilation of Hadith

– Creed Divisions (Mu’tazilah and others)Creed Divisions (Mu’tazilah and others)

Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and Conflict– Faith (Iman)Faith (Iman)

Belief, words, and deeds?Belief, words, and deeds?

Increases and decreases?Increases and decreases?

– Capital SinCapital SinDoes it lead to Kufr and eternity in Hell?Does it lead to Kufr and eternity in Hell?

– Destiny and Free WillDestiny and Free WillAre we free to choose our actions or is it our Are we free to choose our actions or is it our fate? Is it our prerogative to ask this question?fate? Is it our prerogative to ask this question?

– Attributes of AllahAttributes of AllahWhat can a human being understand about the What can a human being understand about the Creator?Creator?








Imam AhmadImam AhmadMurji’ah Murji’ah المرجئةالمرجئة

Belief, Words and Belief, Words and DeedsDeeds

Belief onlyBelief only

Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and Conflict– Faith (Iman)Faith (Iman)



Imam AhmadImam AhmadMu’tazilah Mu’tazilah المعتزلةالمعتزلة

Kawarej Kawarej الخوارجالخوارج

Increases and Increases and DecreasesDecreases

One station, does not One station, does not change.change.

Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and Conflict– Faith (Iman)Faith (Iman)


JannahJannahObedient Muslim Obedient Muslim

مؤمن مؤمن مسلم مسلم

ImanIman

إيماإيمانن

Muslim who commits Muslim who commits capital sins.capital sins.

مرتكب ( فاسق مرتكب ( مسلم فاسق مسلمالكبائر)الكبائر)

HellfireHellfire

Rejecter of BeliefRejecter of Belief

كافركافركفركفر

KufrKufr

Shahadahالشهادة

Tawbahالتوبة


WorshipWorshipSunnahSunnah

Hopeالرجاء

Fearالخوف

Loveالحب



Hopeالرجاء

Fearالخوف

Loveالحب

اإلسراء



Hopeالرجاء

Fearالخوف

Loveالحب

Extreme Sufismالصوفية غالة

Murji’ahالمرجئة

Khawarejالخوارج







Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and Conflict– Capital SinCapital Sin


مؤمن مؤمن مسلم مسلم

ImanIman



مرتكب ( فاسق مرتكب ( مسلم فاسق مسلمالكبائر)الكبائر)

HellfireHellfire



KufrKufr


Tawbahالتوبة

Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and Conflict– Capital SinCapital Sin Khawarej Khawarej الخوارج


مؤمن مؤمن مسلم مسلمImanIman



مرتكب“ ( ” ” مرتكب“ ( كافر كافرالكبائر)الكبائر)

HellfireHellfire



KufrKufr


Tawbahالتوبة

Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and Conflict– Capital SinCapital Sin Mu’tazilah Mu’tazilah المعتزلةالمعتزلة


مؤمن مؤمن مسلم مسلمImanIman


Muslim who commits capital Muslim who commits capital sins.sins.

” ” “ المنزلتين بين “ منزلة المنزلتين بين منزلة( الكبائر( )مرتكب الكبائر( مرتكب

““in-in-between”between”

منزلة منزلة ””بين بين المنزلتيالمنزلتي““نن

HellfireHellfire



KufrKufr


Tawbahالتوبة







Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and ConflictDestiny and Free WillDestiny and Free Will– Principles:Principles:

Avoid Discussions and Arguments about trying Avoid Discussions and Arguments about trying to reach a universal and complete understanding to reach a universal and complete understanding regarding matters pertaining to regarding matters pertaining to Allah’s Wisdom Allah’s Wisdom and Determination for His Creationand Determination for His Creation..

Knowledge about Deviated Sects are only Knowledge about Deviated Sects are only important to important to avoid Deviation in Creedavoid Deviation in Creed..

Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and ConflictDestiny and Free WillDestiny and Free Will– Principles:Principles:

STOP at the Text of the Quran and STOP at the Text of the Quran and Sunnah! Sunnah! التوقيفية التوقيفية السنة السنة

The Text does not have to conform with The Text does not have to conform with Philosophy and Study of Human Logic. Philosophy and Study of Human Logic.

We cannot understand many details that are We cannot understand many details that are related to Allah Himself, His Decree, His Wisdom related to Allah Himself, His Decree, His Wisdom and His Knowledge.and His Knowledge.

Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and ConflictDestiny and Free WillDestiny and Free Will– Principles of Sunnah:Principles of Sunnah:

Belief in the Belief in the Eternal and Unlimited Knowledge of Eternal and Unlimited Knowledge of Allah.Allah.

Belief in the Belief in the Pre-Recording of All Events and Deeds Pre-Recording of All Events and Deeds in The Book of Allah. (Al-Lawh in The Book of Allah. (Al-Lawh المحفوظ المحفوظ اللوح ((اللوح

Belief in the Belief in the Absolute Will and Determination of Absolute Will and Determination of Allah.Allah.

Belief that Allah has Belief that Allah has Created Everything, The Created Everything, The Servants and Their DeedsServants and Their Deeds. . Allah has given His Allah has given His Servants the Free Choice, by which they are taken Servants the Free Choice, by which they are taken to Accountability.to Accountability.



Belief in the Belief in the Eternal and Unlimited Knowledge of Eternal and Unlimited Knowledge of Allah.Allah.


األحزاب

األنعام


Belief in the Belief in the Pre-Recording of All Events and Pre-Recording of All Events and Deeds in The Book of Allah. (Al-Lawh Deeds in The Book of Allah. (Al-Lawh اللوح اللوح((المحفوظالمحفوظ


الحديد

Matters of Division and Matters of Division and ConflictConflictDestiny and Free WillDestiny and Free Will– Principles of Sunnah:Principles of Sunnah:

Belief in the Belief in the Absolute Will Absolute Will and Determination of and Determination of Allah.Allah.


طه البقره


Belief that Allah has Belief that Allah has Created Created everythingeverything, The , The Servants and Their DeedsServants and Their Deeds. .

Allah has given His Servants the Free Choice, by Allah has given His Servants the Free Choice, by which they are taken to Accountability.which they are taken to Accountability.

Servants’ will cannot be independent and higher Servants’ will cannot be independent and higher that Allah’s Willthat Allah’s Will



Belief that Allah has Belief that Allah has Created Created everythingeverything, The , The Servants and Their DeedsServants and Their Deeds. .


الصافات

Matters of Division Matters of Division and Conflictand ConflictDestiny and Free WillDestiny and Free Will– Principles of Principles of

Sunnah:Sunnah:Allah has given His Allah has given His Servants the Free Servants the Free Choice, by which they Choice, by which they are taken to are taken to Accountability.Accountability.


الكهف


Servants’ will cannot be independent and higher Servants’ will cannot be independent and higher that Allah’s Willthat Allah’s Will


التكوير

Destiny and Free WillDestiny and Free Will

– Allah’s Universal Will Allah’s Universal Will الكونية الكونية اإلرادة اإلرادةAllah’s undeniable power and will over Allah’s undeniable power and will over everything and being in Heaven and Earth. everything and being in Heaven and Earth.

All events, good or bad, occur due to the Will All events, good or bad, occur due to the Will and Permission of Allah’s alone.and Permission of Allah’s alone.

– Allah’s Legislative WillAllah’s Legislative Will الشرعية الشرعية اإلرادة اإلرادةAllah’s commands and instructions to His Allah’s commands and instructions to His Creation regarding His Will in regards to what Creation regarding His Will in regards to what they should do to please Him.they should do to please Him.


Universal WillUniversal Willالكونية الكونية اإلرادة اإلرادة

Legislative WillLegislative Willالشرعية الشرعية اإلرادة اإلرادة

البقره

النحل



البقره

النحل

Allah Allowed The Choice and Accountability for His Servants


DeedsDeedsالعباد العباد افعال افعال

التكليفيةالتكليفيةLegislative WillLegislative Will

الشرعية الشرعية اإلرادة اإلرادة


ChoiceChoiceDeedsDeeds

العباد العباد افعال افعالالتكليفيةالتكليفية


الطاعةالطاعةObedienceObedience المعصيةالمعصية

DisobedienceDisobedience

التوقيفية التوقيفية السنة السنةSunnah ofSunnah of

AcceptanceAcceptance



SunnahSunnahBelief in QadarBelief in Qadar

بالقدر بالقدر اإليمان اإليمان

QadaryahQadaryahالقدريةالقدرية

Denial of the Universal Will of creating Good and Evil and claiming Servants “create” their own Deeds and Evil

Denial of the Legislative Will and denying Servants the choice to follow Good vs. Evil. “Compulsion to do Evil”

JabryahJabryahالجبريةالجبرية


ChoiceChoiceDeedsDeeds




DisobedienceDisobedience




Allah’s WillAllah’s Will““Independent WillIndependent Will””


التكليفيةالتكليفية

الطاعةالطاعةObedienceObedience

المعصيةالمعصيةDisobedienceDisobedience

Qadaryah/Mu’tazilahQadaryah/Mu’tazilahالمعتزلة المعتزلة القدرية القدرية

““Created” by ServantsCreated” by Servants

Absolute Free WillAbsolute Free Will


Allah’s WillAllah’s Will““Independent WillIndependent Will””


التكليفيةالتكليفية

الطاعةالطاعةObedienceObedience

المعصيةالمعصيةDisobedienceDisobedience

Qadaryah/Mu’tazilahQadaryah/Mu’tazilahالمعتزلة المعتزلة القدرية القدرية

““Created” by ServantsCreated” by Servants

الصافات

Absolute Free WillAbsolute Free Will

Negates:القدير الخالق

شيء لكلAbsolute

Will of Allah


““No ChoiceNo Choice””DeedsDeeds



DisobedienceDisobedienceNo Choice for servants in their own deedsNo Choice for servants in their own deeds

Jabryah/JahmyahJabryah/Jahmyahالجهمية الجهمية الجبرية الجبرية

Negates Negates justice and justice and fairness in fairness in regards to regards to accountability accountability before Allahbefore Allah

DeterminismDeterminism







Negates Negates justice and justice and fairness in fairness in regards to regards to accountability accountability before Allahbefore Allah العدلالعدل

الكهف








Negates Negates justice and justice and fairness in fairness in regards to regards to accountability accountability before Allahbefore Allah

األعراف


Destiny and Free WillDestiny and Free Will– Arguments in Qadar are dislikedArguments in Qadar are disliked, it is better to be , it is better to be

occupied with achieving Good and avoiding Evil rather occupied with achieving Good and avoiding Evil rather that engaging in endless, fruitless, and misguiding that engaging in endless, fruitless, and misguiding discussions.discussions.

– Actions of Servants cannot be independent of Allah's Actions of Servants cannot be independent of Allah's Will and Knowledge. Will and Knowledge. القدير القدير العليم العليم

– Allah is All-Just, no injustice or unfairness can come Allah is All-Just, no injustice or unfairness can come from His Wisdom. from His Wisdom. الحكيم الحكيم العدل العدل

– Allah takes us to accountability only on actions that we Allah takes us to accountability only on actions that we choose to do or not do. choose to do or not do. وسعها إال نفسا الله يكلف وسعها ال إال نفسا الله يكلف ال

– Do not use Philosophy premises and Human Logic in Do not use Philosophy premises and Human Logic in trying to understand Devine Wisdom and Will. trying to understand Devine Wisdom and Will.



– Islam is about submission to AllahIslam is about submission to Allah. Submitting to . Submitting to Allah’s will does not always have to conform with Allah’s will does not always have to conform with human wisdom and logic. (e.g. Drinking Alcohol in human wisdom and logic. (e.g. Drinking Alcohol in moderation)moderation)


عمران آلمحمد


– Islam encourages thinking Islam encourages thinking and intellectual and intellectual methodology. methodology. Allah Allah encourages us to think encourages us to think about about His Creation and His Creation and His SignsHis Signs, not about , not about matters that are beyond matters that are beyond our human ability. our human ability. Matters that are related to Matters that are related to Allah’s Attributes. Allah’s Attributes.


عمران آل







Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Attributes of AllahAttributes of Allah

– Sunnah’s Principles:Sunnah’s Principles:Affirm and believe in all Attributes of AllahAffirm and believe in all Attributes of Allah as as confirmed in Quran and Sunnahconfirmed in Quran and Sunnah

Respect the Names and Attributes Respect the Names and Attributes without without concluding any changes or modificationsconcluding any changes or modifications

Avoid drawing similaritiesAvoid drawing similarities and common traits and common traits between Allah’s Attributes and any other by the between Allah’s Attributes and any other by the same name in the language.same name in the language.

Belief in the Belief in the impossibility of knowing or impossibility of knowing or understanding the full meaningunderstanding the full meaning of these of these AttributesAttributes

Never ask “How?”Never ask “How?” about Attributes of Allah about Attributes of Allah

Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Imam Ahmad (164-241 H)Matters of Division and ConflictMatters of Division and Conflict

Attributes of AllahAttributes of Allah– Principles:Principles:

STOP at the Text of the Quran and STOP at the Text of the Quran and Sunnah! Sunnah! التوقيفية التوقيفية السنة السنة


Attributes of AllahAttributes of Allah

الشورى

األعراف

األعراف

عمران آل



Allah warned against Allah warned against unwarranted and unwarranted and pointless arguments pointless arguments that lead to that lead to deviation.deviation.



الشورى

األعراف

األعراف



المعطلةالمعطلةDeniersDeniers

InterpretersInterpreters

المشبهةالمشبهةFigurativeFigurative--

UnderstandingUnderstanding

Mu’tazilahMu’tazilah

Principles of Al-Mu’tazilahPrinciples of Al-Mu’tazilahTawheed Tawheed التوحيدالتوحيد– Denying and Interpreting Attributes of Allah. (Rejecting Speech Denying and Interpreting Attributes of Allah. (Rejecting Speech

and Seeing Allah in Hereafter)and Seeing Allah in Hereafter)

Justice Justice العدلالعدل– Qadaryah: Humans “create” their own deeds and responsible Qadaryah: Humans “create” their own deeds and responsible

for that creation.for that creation.

Promise and Warning Promise and Warning الوعيد و الوعيد الوعد و الوعد– Committer of Enormity or Capital Sin is condemned to Eternity Committer of Enormity or Capital Sin is condemned to Eternity

in Hellfire. in Hellfire.

The Station In-Between The Station In-Between المنزلتين بين المنزلتين المنزلة بين المنزلة– Committer of Enormities is not a Believer nor a Kafir.Committer of Enormities is not a Believer nor a Kafir.

Ordering Good/Prohibiting Vice Ordering Good/Prohibiting Vice النهي و بالمعروف النهي األمر و بالمعروف األمرالمنكر المنكر عن عن

– Coercive methods: Torture, Jailing, and Executions.Coercive methods: Torture, Jailing, and Executions.

Opinions of Imam Ahmad:Opinions of Imam Ahmad:– Avoidance of PhilosophyAvoidance of Philosophy– Accepting Attributes of Allah “as is” from Accepting Attributes of Allah “as is” from

Quran and SunnahQuran and SunnahThe Hearing, The Vision, The Hand, The Face, The The Hearing, The Vision, The Hand, The Face, The Elevation, The Speech, and The Knowledge, The Elevation, The Speech, and The Knowledge, The Will, The Anger, and The Pleasure of Allah. Will, The Anger, and The Pleasure of Allah.

– Iman is Faith, Words, and Deeds.Iman is Faith, Words, and Deeds.– Allah is seen in the Hereafter by the believersAllah is seen in the Hereafter by the believers– Avoid discussions about conflicts among the Avoid discussions about conflicts among the

SahabaSahaba


The Tribulation regarding QuranThe Tribulation regarding Quran– Introduction and HistoryIntroduction and History– The Position of Imams and Predecessors. The Position of Imams and Predecessors.

The Beginning: Al-Ma’mun The Beginning: Al-Ma’mun المأمونالمأمون


The Tribulation regarding Quran The Tribulation regarding Quran (218-234 H)(218-234 H)

– Al-Ma’mun’s Phase (218 H) Al-Ma’mun’s Phase (218 H) مرحلة مرحلة المأمون المأمونThe Inquisition: Coercion and Arrest.The Inquisition: Coercion and Arrest.

– Al-Mu’tasem’s Phase (218-227H) Al-Mu’tasem’s Phase (218-227H) المعتصم المعتصم مرحلة مرحلةPrison and Torture.Prison and Torture.

– Al-Watheq’s Phase (227-232 H) Al-Watheq’s Phase (227-232 H) مرحلة مرحلة الواثق الواثقHouse Arrest.House Arrest.

– Al-Mutawakel’s Phase (232-234 H) Al-Mutawakel’s Phase (232-234 H) مرحلة مرحلة المتوكل المتوكلEnd of Tribulation. Trial by wealth and position.End of Tribulation. Trial by wealth and position.


Works of Imam AhmadWorks of Imam Ahmad

– Al-Musnad: Al-Musnad: المسندالمسند30,000 Hadith30,000 Hadith

Unique categorization: according to narrator of Unique categorization: according to narrator of Hadith.Hadith.

A book of Hadith, not Fiqh, with emphasis on critical A book of Hadith, not Fiqh, with emphasis on critical examination of narration (Isnad).examination of narration (Isnad).

– Articles of Fiqh and AqeedahArticles of Fiqh and Aqeedah


Students of Imam AhmadStudents of Imam Ahmad– Saleh ibn Imam Ahmad Saleh ibn Imam Ahmad حنبل بن أحمد بن حنبل صالح بن أحمد بن صالح– Abdullah ibn Imam Ahmad Abdullah ibn Imam Ahmad بن أحمد بن الله بن عبد أحمد بن الله عبدحنبلحنبل

– Abdul-Malik Al-Maymuni Abdul-Malik Al-Maymuni الميموني الملك الميموني عبد الملك عبد– Abu Bakr Al-Maruzi Abu Bakr Al-Maruzi المروزي بكر المروزي أبو بكر أبو– Harb Al-Karmani Harb Al-Karmani الكرماني الكرماني حرب حرب– Ibraheem Al-Harbi Ibraheem Al-Harbi الحربي الحربي ابراهيم ابراهيم

– Abu Bakr Al-Khalal Abu Bakr Al-Khalal الخالل بكر الخالل أبو بكر أبو


Sources of Hanbali SchoolSources of Hanbali School الحنبلي المذُهب في الفقهية الحنبلي األدلة المذُهب في الفقهية األدلة

SahabaSahabaالصحابي الصحابي قول قول

PreservingPreserving Status QuoStatus Quoاالستصحاباالستصحاب

QuranQuranالقرآن القرآن

SunnahSunnahالسنةالسنة

ComparisonComparisonالقياسالقياس

General BenefitGeneral Benefitالمرسلة المرسلة المصالح المصالح

Prevention ofPrevention of ViceViceالذرائع الذرائع سد سد

Sources of Hanbali SchoolSources of Hanbali School الحنبلي المذُهب في الفقهية الحنبلي األدلة المذُهب في الفقهية األدلة

SahabaSahabaالصحابي الصحابي قول قول

PreservingPreserving Status QuoStatus Quoاالستصحاباالستصحاب

QuranQuranالقرآن القرآن




Prevention ofPrevention of ViceViceالذرائع الذرائع سد سد

Textالنص

Opinion الرأي

Sources of Hanbali SchoolSources of Hanbali School

The Quran:The Quran:

– Interpretation of Quran is Interpretation of Quran is dependent on the dependent on the SunnahSunnah, not according to later understanding of , not according to later understanding of apparent meanings.apparent meanings.

– Sahaba’s understanding of Quran is second to Sahaba’s understanding of Quran is second to Sunnah.Sunnah.

– No interpretation of Quran is acceptable without No interpretation of Quran is acceptable without textual referencetextual reference (Sunnah or Athar). (Sunnah or Athar).

QuranQuranالقرآنالقرآن

The Sunnah:The Sunnah:

Accepted solitary-narrated Hadith as source of Accepted solitary-narrated Hadith as source of Jurisprudence. Jurisprudence.

Accepted interrupted (Mursal) Hadith, but only in the Accepted interrupted (Mursal) Hadith, but only in the absence of Sahabi ruling. absence of Sahabi ruling.

A “weak” Hadith to Imam Ahmad is considered A “weak” Hadith to Imam Ahmad is considered “good”“good”حسنحسن in the later definition of Imam Termithi. in the later definition of Imam Termithi. (questionable link in the chain, but not a known liar. (questionable link in the chain, but not a known liar. The Hadith does not have aberrancy The Hadith does not have aberrancy شواذشواذ or problem or problem ((علةعلة



Repeatedly Connected Repeatedly Connected المتواترالمتواتر

الله )رسول ص(

The Prophet PBUH

راويNarrator

صحابيCompanion

راويNarrator

تابعيFollower

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صحابيCompanion

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تابعيFollower

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صحابيCompanion

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تابعيFollower

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صحابيCompanion

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تابعيFollower

راويNarrator

راويNarrator

صحابيCompanion

راويNarrator

تابعيFollower

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Famous Famous المشهورالمشهورالله )رسول ص(

The Prophet PBUH

راويNarrator

صحابيCompanion

راويNarrator

تابعيFollower

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تابعيFollower

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تابعيFollower

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تابعيFollower

راويNarrator

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تابعيFollower

راويNarrator


Single Narration Single Narration اآلحاداآلحاد


The Prophet PBUH

راويNarrator

صحابيCompanion

راويNarrator

راويNarrator

راويNarrator

راويNarrator

راويNarrator

تابعيFollower

راويNarrator

راويNarrator

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راويNarrator

راويNarrator

Accepted by Imam Ahmad in matters of Jurisprudence and Creed

Accepted by other Imams after examination in matters of Jurisprudence but not Creed.


Loose-end Chain Loose-end Chain المرسلالمرسل


The Prophet PBUH

راويNarrator

صحابيCompanion

راويNarrator

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Accepted by Imam Ahmad in absence of Sahabi’s ruling. (considered it “weak”)

Accepted by other Imams with strict conditions.


Accepted as a ruling based on textual evidence. Accepted as a ruling based on textual evidence. أثرأثر

When there is disagreement among Sahaba:When there is disagreement among Sahaba:– Takes more than one opinion.Takes more than one opinion.– Chooses the opinion of the Guided Khulafa over others.Chooses the opinion of the Guided Khulafa over others.

Sahaba’sSahaba’sRulingsRulings

الصحابي الصحابي قول قول


Accepted the principle, but argued that it is a Accepted the principle, but argued that it is a virtual impossibility to achieve true “Unanimity” virtual impossibility to achieve true “Unanimity” after the age of Sahaba.after the age of Sahaba.

AgreementAgreementاإلجماعاإلجماع


Accepted in the absence of a clear text, Accepted in the absence of a clear text, only as a necessity. only as a necessity.

Limited to matters that pause an actual Limited to matters that pause an actual problem, not as an exercise or precaution. problem, not as an exercise or precaution.




Preserving Status QuoPreserving Status Quo : Keeping the ruling or the : Keeping the ruling or the status on an issue as is, if not proven otherwise.status on an issue as is, if not proven otherwise.

Accepted widely in the Hanbali school.Accepted widely in the Hanbali school.

PreservingPreservingStatus QuoStatus Quoاإلستصحاباإلستصحاب



Accepted with conditions:Accepted with conditions:– True necessity.True necessity.– Real needs related to goals of Shari’a.Real needs related to goals of Shari’a.– No contradiction with textual evidence.No contradiction with textual evidence.

Sources of Hanbali SchoolSources of Hanbali SchoolPrevention ofPrevention of

ViceViceالذرائع الذرائع سد سد

Preventing deeds, that are Preventing deeds, that are allowed otherwise, for fear allowed otherwise, for fear of leading to forbidden or of leading to forbidden or harmful results.harmful results.

Widely used in Hanbali school.Widely used in Hanbali school.

Examples: Examples: – Prohibiting sales of arms in times of Civil war or internal Prohibiting sales of arms in times of Civil war or internal

conflicts.conflicts.– Selling weapons to crimonalsSelling weapons to crimonals– Selling or renting property to be used in unlawful cause.Selling or renting property to be used in unlawful cause.

The Spread of Hanbali SchoolThe Spread of Hanbali School– Arabian peninsula.Arabian peninsula.– Levant and Egypt (limited)Levant and Egypt (limited)

Reasons for limited spread of Hanbali Reasons for limited spread of Hanbali School:School:– Last of the major schools in time order. Most Last of the major schools in time order. Most

schools already established by then.schools already established by then.– Hanbalis generally distanced themselves from Hanbalis generally distanced themselves from

government and position of influence.government and position of influence.


Spiritual

Ahmad Bin Hanbal