112
Rey Ty Education for Justice Dr. Rey Ty Northern Illinois University Immortal Technique: Poverty of Philosophy https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v = bURgTLHryrg

2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

  • Upload
    rey-ty

  • View
    523

  • Download
    4

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Citation preview

Page 1: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Education for Justice

Dr. Rey TyNorthern Illinois University

Immortal Technique: Poverty of Philosophy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bURgTLHryrg

Page 2: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Unity Conference 2013 • The NIU Latino Student Alliance

(LSA) hosts a conference and celebration during Latino Heritage Month 2013. This event is a campus wide collaborative effort to celebrate unity and diversity, as well as feature Freireian inspired social justice work.

Page 3: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

If you are burning to say something, raise your hand,

get recognized, & speak up! Spea

k U

p!

Page 4: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Education for Justice

Page 5: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

OutlineI. IntroductionII. Justice throughout

HistoryIII. Implications

Page 6: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Education for Justice

Dr. Rey TyNorthern Illinois University

Page 7: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Introduction

Page 8: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

What brought you to this specific session on “Education for Justice”?

Page 9: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

DWB

Page 10: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

New Jim Crow1. Racism is

alive2. School-to-

prison pipeline3. Criminal

injusticeMichelle Alexander

Page 11: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 12: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Immigration

Rights to the

Undocumented

Jobs

&

Li

ving

Wag

es!

Civil

Liberties! Women’s

Rights!

Rey Ty

Climate Justice!

Food, Health,

Education

Education for Justice

Page 13: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Equality &

Progress

Just

ice

!

People

over

Profits

Human &

People’s Rights!

Rey Ty

Peace based on Justice!

Power to the

People!

Education for Justice

Page 14: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

When You Hear the Word Justice•What comes to mind?

Page 15: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problem1. Education is not

neutral. By keeping quiet about inequality, educators in effect accept the status quo.

Page 16: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problem• Many promote justice without

knowing what it means.

Page 17: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problem•Worse, the term “justice”

is not defined.

Page 18: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Goal1.To provide a

historically & socially grounded discussion of justice

2. link theory with practice

Page 19: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Questions1. What is “justice”

throughout history?2. Implications to

education & practice?

Page 20: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Theory & Practice1. Critical pedagogy2. Anti-racist, citizenship, civic,

development, environmental, gender, human rights, peace, intercultural, multicultural, human rights, global, & values education (Flowers, 2007; Osler & Starkey, 1996; Tarrow, 1991).

3. Although they are related, each has different priorities & focus

Page 21: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Research Process1. Literature review (Torraco,

2005): etymology & genesis of the term from classical to medieval, modern & postmodern times.

2. Analysis, critique, synthesis & implications

Page 22: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Findings

Page 23: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Etymology• Justice (n.): mid-12c., "the exercise of authority in

vindication of right by assigning reward or punishment;" also "quality of being fair and just," from Old French justice "justice, legal rights, jurisdiction" (11c.), from Latin iustitia "righteousness, equity," from iustus "upright, just" (see just (adj.)). The Old French word had widespread senses, including "uprightness, equity, vindication of right, court of justice, judge." The word began to be used in English c.1200 as a title for a judicial officer. Meaning "right order, equity" is late 14c. Justice of the peace first attested early 14c. In the Mercian hymns, Latin iustitia is glossed by Old English rehtwisnisse. To do justice to (someone or something) "render fully and fairly showing due appreciation" is from 1670s.

Page 24: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Justice & Injustice

Pay & Work

Rewards &Punishment

Crime &Punishment

Rights &Duties

Page 25: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Differences

Good & Evil

Justice &Injustice

Individual Level

Societal Level

Page 26: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

How to View the WorldX Abstract, Immutable Changing

X One Point in Time,

SynchronicDiachronic, Historical

X Deductive Inductive

Page 27: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Justice throughthe Ages

Ancient Times

MedievalTimes

ModernTimes

Post-Modern

Narratives

Page 28: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Justice throughthe Ages

Ancient Times

MedievalTimes

ModernTimes

Post-Modern

Narratives

Buddha, Confucius,Sophocles,

Plato,Aristotle

Augustine,Aquinas

Machiavelli,Hobbes, Locke,Rousseau, U.S.Constitution, Marx,

U.N., Rawls

Feminism,Chomsky, Foucault,Habermas

Page 29: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 30: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problems:Slavery & Gender Inequality

Ancient Times

Magical Thinking

Page 31: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 32: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 33: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 34: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 35: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 36: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 37: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 38: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 39: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 40: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 41: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problems:Medieval Times

Feudal Relations, Patriarchy &

Superstition

Page 42: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 43: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 44: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 45: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 46: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problems:Worker Exploitation & Patriarchy

Modern Times

Page 47: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Chomsky (2012)•Plutonomy (the very few rich) vs. Precariat (the majority living precariously)

Modern Problem

Page 48: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 49: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 50: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 51: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 52: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 53: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 54: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 55: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 56: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 57: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problems:Gender, Color, Culture, Religion

Critical Views of

Page 58: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problems1. Capitalist Neoliberal Globalization

& International Economic & Financial Crisis

2. Widening rich-poor gap3. Fear: Anti-terrorism, security,

drones, peace movements4. Xenophobia: undocumented,

people of color 5. Islamophobia6. Plutocracy: Financial oligarchy

Page 59: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problems•“The New Military Humanism reveals instead a world where victims of human rights violations are either worthy or unworthy. In the case of Turkey, its Kurdish victims of ethnic cleansing are so unworthy that we sell arms to our paying ally to help it accomplish the task. Meanwhile, Serbia, a disorderly miscreant impeding the institution of the U.S.-dominated global system, is the target of impassioned arguments—and bombs—that the UN Declaration on Human Rights must be enforced.” Back Cover of: Noam Chomsky. (1999). The new military humanism. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. Back Cover.

Page 60: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 61: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

U.S. ViewGlobal View

Page 62: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

U.S.A. is Among 1%

Page 63: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 64: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 65: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 66: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Act!Howard Zinn: “You never know what spark is going to really result in a conflagration… You have to do things…; you have to light that match,… not knowing how often it’s going to sputter & go out & at what point it’s going to take hold. That’s what happened in the civil-rights movement, & that’s what happens in other movements. Things take a long time. It requires patience, but not a passive patience—the patiences of activism.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 11.

Page 67: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Capitalist ReformHoward Zinn: “…capitalism is an old idea, & one which caused so much misery… We have an educational job to do. We must point out that the only reason capitalism was able to survive in the Western world is that its victims organized—in trade-union movements, in farmers’ movements, in tenants’ movements, in women’s movements, in civil-rights movements—and brought about just enough reforms (the eight-hour day, old-age pensions, higher pay, unemployment insurance, civil-rights laws, women’s suffrage) to stave off revolution & leave capitalism alive, with a surface of great prosperity & a core of economic & cultural sickness.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 34.

Page 68: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Starvation & WarsHoward Zinn: “And we must point out that in the era of capitalism, whatever ‘progress’ was made for new middle classes, starvation remained for most of the world, & national rivalries brought the most murderous wars in history.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 34.

Page 69: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Organize Glocally!Howard Zinn: “So our job today is to organize, to create a vast movement in our country that can link up with popular movements in other countries of the world.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 35.

Page 70: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Democratic RevolutionHoward Zinn: “The irresistible popular movements for change in Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, & elsewhere in Eastern Europe, the great populist surges that toppled the Shah in Iran, Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines, dictatorships in Latin America; the black movement in South Africa, the Palestinian upsurge in the Occupied Territories—all this is evidence of the potential for democratic revolutions everywhere.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 35.

Page 71: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Democratic RevolutionHoward Zinn: “It should not be impossible to persuade Americans that such a democratic revolution is needed, when wealth is more & more concentrated at the top, when the economy is unhealthy, when we are ridden by homelessness, by frightening violence in our cities, by pervasive drug addiction, by alcoholism, by a deteriorating, poisonous environment —in short, when we show all the signs of a rich but sick society.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 35.

Page 72: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

From Arms to PloughshareHoward Zinn: “That agenda is: using the immense wealth that goes each year into the military ($200 billion of the $300 billion, as an arbitrary starting point) & showing in detail how this $200 billion can give us: universal health care, guaranteed housing for everyone, useful work for everyone capable of working, child care for all working mothers, a cleanup of air & water all over the country, subsidies for the arts, a doubling of teachers’ salaries & more.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 36.

Page 73: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

People, Not Politicians!Howard Zinn: “Our job is not to give (politicians) a blank check or simply be cheerleaders. It was good that we were cheerleaders while (politicians were) running for office, but it’s not good to be cheerleaders now. Because we want the country to go beyond where it has been in the past. We want to make a clean break from what it has been in the past.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 230.

Page 74: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Two Parties, Same ThreadHoward Zinn: “I had a teacher at Columbia U… name Richard Hofstadter, who wrote a book called The American Political Tradition… he found… that the difference between the liberals & the conservatives, & between Republicans & Democrats, was not a polar difference. There was a common thread that ran through all American history, and all of the presidents—Republican, Democrat, liberal, conservative—followed this thread. The thread consisted of two elements: one, nationalism; and two, capitalism. And Obama is not yet free of that powerful double heritage.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 230.

Page 75: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

What We WantHoward Zinn: “People say, ‘What, are you a dreamer?” And the answer is, yes, we’re dreamers We want it all. We want a peaceful world. We want an egalitarian world. We don’t want war. We don’t want capitalism. We want a decent society.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 230.

Page 76: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Help the Banks or People?Howard Zinn: “The banks aren’t poverty-stricken. The CEOs aren’t poverty-stricken. But there are people who are out of work. There are people who can’t pay their mortgages. Let’s take $700 billion & give it directly to the people who need it. Let’s take $1 trillion, let’s take $2 trillion.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 231.

Page 77: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Money to the People!Howard Zinn: “Let’s take this money & give it directly to the people who need it. Give it to the people who have to pay their mortgages. Nobody should be evicted. Nobody should be left with their belongings out on the street.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 232.

Page 78: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Jobs to the People!Howard Zinn: “No—if people need jobs, you don’t give money to the corporations, hoping that maybe jobs will be created. You give people work immediately.” Howard Zinn, (2012). The historic unfulfilled promise. San Francisco, CA: City Light Books, p. 232.

Page 79: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 80: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Conclusion

Page 81: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Summary1. Justice is a concern

throughout history.2. Meaning changed.3. Classical, Medieval,

Modern, & Post-modern authors have different views.

Page 82: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 83: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Implications•So what?

Page 84: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Implications1. Justice issues

always change 2. Constantly learn

about current situation

3. Respond to justice issues of the day

4. Pose problems5. Work on solutions6. Safe zone7. Fair treatment8. Humane society

Page 85: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Implications•Now what?

Page 86: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 87: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

JusticeCritique:

Page 88: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Critique:•Justice is necessary, but not sufficient!

Page 89: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 90: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Now!1. Study &

talk are not enough.

2. We have to act!

Page 91: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Can’t rely on politicians only

1. Top: Leaders2. Middle: NGOs3. Grassroots

Page 92: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Ordinary heroes respond to & fight against injustice.

Page 93: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Car Problem AnalogyEngineers vis-à-vis Mechanics

Page 94: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Priority Setting1. Cultural & class sensitivity2. Improve minority data3. Partnership & Collaboration

a. Challengesb. Opportunities

4. Research data accessibility5. Intervention: Change

Oriented6. Results

Page 95: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Peasant Movement

Page 96: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Labor MovementSo

cial

Rev

olut

ion!

Page 97: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Anti-Globalization Movement

Social Revolution!

Page 98: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Women’s & LGBTQ Movement

Page 99: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Teachers’ ProtestSocial Revolution

Page 100: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 101: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Occupy MovementSocial Revolution!

Page 102: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Nature Protection Movement

Social Revolution!

Page 103: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Justice & Peace Movement

Page 104: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Use alternative pop culture including hip hop to convey message of social progress & change.

Page 105: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Dream Activists

Social Revolution!

Page 106: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Work on Our Collective

Page 107: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Who We Are1. Care for

a. Other peopleb. Nature

2. Share

Page 108: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 109: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Page 110: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Problem Values & SolutionsHegemony Counter-Hegemony Inequality Equality Injustice Justice Colonialism Self-Determination Bondage & Slavery Liberation Othering Respect Genocide Human Rights Competition Cooperation Patriarchy Gender Equality Individualism Communitarianism Objectivity Partisanship Genocide Human Rights Consumerism Prosumerism Exploitation Sharing & Caring for Others & Nature Alienation Engagement “Help” Self-Liberation Privilege Self-Empowerment Militarism Justice & Peace Passivity Action Dictation Dialogue Tyranny People-Power Hate Love

Page 111: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

References:1. Aquinas, T. (2010). Summa theologica. Seattle: Kindle Edition. 2. Aristotle. (2009). Nichomachean ethics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 3. Augustine. (2009). City of God. New York: Classic Books America.4. Babchuk, W. & Brand, L. (2013). Improving research-based practice through qualitative inquiry: A community-based study of minority

health care. Proceedings of the Research to Practice Conference. St. Charles, MO: Lindenwood University.5. Bakschanovsky, V. I., Guseinov, A. A., Harchev, A. G., Sogomonov, Y. V., & Titarenko, A. I. (1986). Ethics. Moscow: Progress

Publishers. 6. Bentham, J. (2010). Utilitarianism. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press. 7. Buddha. (1966). The teaching of Buddha. Tokyo: Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai. 8. Chomsky, N. & Foucault, M. (2006). The Chomsky-Foucault debate on human nature. New York: The New Press. 9. Confucius. (2010). Analects. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10. Curtis, M. (1981). The great political theories, Vol. 1. New Yor: Avon Books. 11. Flowers, N. (Ed.). (2007). Compasito: Manual on human rights education for children. Budapest: Directorate of Youth and Sports of

the Council of Europe. 12. Frolov, I. (Ed.). (1984). Dictionary of philosophy. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 13. Habermas, J. (1984). Theory of communicative action. Volume 1: Reason and the rationalization of society. Ypsilanti, MI: Beacon Press. 14. Hamilton, A., Madison, J. & Jay, J. (1999). The Federalist papers. New York: Mentor.15. Harvey, V. A. (1997). A handbook of theological terms. New York: Touchstone.16. Martin, E. A. (1997). Oxford Dictionary of law. (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.17. Machiavelli, N. (2009). The prince. New York: SoHo Books. 18. Online Etymology Dictionary (2010). Justice. Retrieved July 28, 2010 from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=justice. 19. Osler, A. & Starkey, H. (1996). Teacher education and human rights. London: David Fulton Publishers. 20. Plato. (2009). Gorgias. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. 21. Plato. (1981). The republic. In M. Curtis (Ed.). The great political theories, Vol. 1. (pp. 34-64). New Yor: Avon Books. 22. Rawls, J. (1958 April). Justice as fairness. The Philosophical Review 67(2), 164-194.23. Rawls, J. (1981). A theory of justice. In M. Curtis (Ed.). The great political theories, Vol. 2. (pp. 457-467). New Yor: Avon Books. 24. Sen, A. (2009). The idea of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.25. Sophocles. (2010). Antigone. (R. Whitelaw, Trans.). Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, LLC.26. Stewart, W. J. (2006). Collins dictionary of law. (3rd ed.). London: Collins. 27. Tarrow, N. (1991). United States of America: Human rights education: Alternative conceptions. In H. Starkey, (Ed.). Socialisation of

school children and their education for democratic values and human rights (pp. 183-203). Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe. 28. Tong, R. (2008). Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction (3rd. ed.). Westview Press.29. Torraco, R. (2005 September). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review,

4, 356-367.30. United Nations. (2002). Human rights: A compilation of international instruments: Universal instruments. Volume 1 (First part) Universal

instruments. New York and Geneva: United Nations.

Page 112: 2013 09-28 Rey Ty Education for Justice

Rey Ty

Fair Use• In good faith, this work contains fair use of copyrighted and

non-copyrighted images from the public domain & the web for non-commercial & nonprofit educational purposes.

• This work is distributed free of charge.• The author has neither monetized this work nor sought any

profit from its distribution.• Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act

1976: Allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.

• This work contains original work of commentary and critical analysis.

• Quotations are attributed to the original authors and sources.