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BY:- Dr. YASMEEN AHMED Dr. AJAY SRIVASTAVA

Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

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Page 1: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

BY:- Dr. YASMEEN AHMED Dr. AJAY SRIVASTAVA

Page 2: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one patient into the circulatory system of another.

Page 3: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

INDICATIONS OF BLOOD INDICATIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSIONTRANSFUSION

ANAEMIA :- ANAEMIA :- a)Acute haemorrhagica)Acute haemorrhagic b)Chronic haemorrhagicb)Chronic haemorrhagic c)Haemolytic anaemiac)Haemolytic anaemia

BLEEDING DISORDERSBLEEDING DISORDERSHYPOPROTEINAEMIAHYPOPROTEINAEMIABURNSBURNSTo provide specific & non-specific To provide specific & non-specific

resistance against infection.resistance against infection.

Page 4: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Whole blood preferred:- Haemorrhagic Whole blood preferred:- Haemorrhagic anaemiaanaemiaPacked blood cells:- Haemolytic Packed blood cells:- Haemolytic

anaemiaanaemiaPlasma:- Bleeding disorders, Plasma:- Bleeding disorders,

hypoproteinemia , Burns.hypoproteinemia , Burns.Serum:- Immunity. Serum:- Immunity.

Page 5: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals
Page 6: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

50% of transfused blood entered the 50% of transfused blood entered the circulation within 24 hrs.circulation within 24 hrs.

Max. conc. of transfused cells in Max. conc. of transfused cells in circulation :-2-3 days after injection.circulation :-2-3 days after injection.

Satisfactory in case of piglets.Satisfactory in case of piglets. Indicated in shocked & uncooperative Indicated in shocked & uncooperative

animals.animals.

Page 7: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Valuable in replacement of erythrocytes.Valuable in replacement of erythrocytes. Treatment of hemolytic anaemia in lambs.Treatment of hemolytic anaemia in lambs.

Not satisfactory for treatment of hypovolumic Not satisfactory for treatment of hypovolumic shock.shock.

Absorption of RBC is delayed.Absorption of RBC is delayed. Not recommended in Ascitis,Peritonitis, Not recommended in Ascitis,Peritonitis,

Abdominal distention,Peritoneal adhesion.Abdominal distention,Peritoneal adhesion.

Page 8: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Best method in large % of cases.Best method in large % of cases. Slow I.V. drip usually most desirable Slow I.V. drip usually most desirable

method.method. Jugular vein is preferred.Jugular vein is preferred. Dogs:- Cephalic or Recurrent tarsal Dogs:- Cephalic or Recurrent tarsal

vein.vein.

Page 9: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Satisfactory in treatment of hypovolumic Satisfactory in treatment of hypovolumic shock.shock.

Therapeutic effects of transfusion Therapeutic effects of transfusion delivered by I.V. injection are extremely delivered by I.V. injection are extremely rapid.rapid.

Suitable method when large volume of Suitable method when large volume of blood is transfused.blood is transfused.

Useful in emergency cases.Useful in emergency cases.

Page 10: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Administration at too rapid rate:-Administration at too rapid rate:- a) overloading of circulationa) overloading of circulation b) acute heart failureb) acute heart failureOther complications:- Other complications:- a) Heart rate increases a) Heart rate increases

rapidlyrapidly b) Weaknessb) Weakness c) Dyspnoea precede c) Dyspnoea precede

collapse collapse

Page 11: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Limited application in kittens & Limited application in kittens & small dogs.small dogs.

75.3% of RBC transfuse into 75.3% of RBC transfuse into medullary cavity remain intact.medullary cavity remain intact.

Maximal uptake obtained in 5 Maximal uptake obtained in 5 minutes. minutes.

Page 12: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Provide rapid access to central Provide rapid access to central

compartment of circulatory system.compartment of circulatory system. Demonstrate efficacy & onset of action.Demonstrate efficacy & onset of action.

Contraindicated for placement of Bone Contraindicated for placement of Bone marrow needle :- Skeletal abnormality, marrow needle :- Skeletal abnormality, skin & wound infection, abscess & skin & wound infection, abscess & fracture.fracture.

Contraindicated :- Septic shock.Contraindicated :- Septic shock.

Page 13: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Less frequently used.Less frequently used.Less than 3% of RBCs are absorbed, Less than 3% of RBCs are absorbed,

97% are destroyed.97% are destroyed.

Page 14: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

HORSE:- 10-20 ml/ kg/ hr.HORSE:- 10-20 ml/ kg/ hr. CATTLE:- 4.5 l/ hr.CATTLE:- 4.5 l/ hr.

100 drops/ min.100 drops/ min. Amount of blood required for transfusion Amount of blood required for transfusion

depends on:- a) Size of recepientdepends on:- a) Size of recepient b) Volume of blood loss.b) Volume of blood loss.

Page 15: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals
Page 16: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals
Page 17: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Due to a blood type incompatibility.Due to a blood type incompatibility. It is a class II (Ag-Ab) hypersensitivity It is a class II (Ag-Ab) hypersensitivity

reaction.reaction. Common reaction, particularly in dogs & Common reaction, particularly in dogs &

horses.horses. Reaction time depends upon the type of Reaction time depends upon the type of

antibody involved (IgM or IgG).antibody involved (IgM or IgG). Hemolysis can be :- a) ExtravascularHemolysis can be :- a) Extravascular b) Intravascular b) Intravascular

Page 18: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Result of extravascular hemolysis.Result of extravascular hemolysis.May occur in dogs :- incompatible May occur in dogs :- incompatible

blood on first transfusion.blood on first transfusion.Usually mild & may not be Usually mild & may not be

recognised.recognised.Common signs are :- fever, Common signs are :- fever,

anorexia & jaundice.anorexia & jaundice.Minimized by using cross Minimized by using cross

matching or cross-matched blood.matching or cross-matched blood.

Page 19: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

ICTERUS OF SCLERA & MUCUS MEMBRANE

Page 20: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Reported in cats, dogs, cows, pigs & horses.Reported in cats, dogs, cows, pigs & horses.Clinical signs :- weaknessClinical signs :- weakness failure to thrivefailure to thrive haemoglobinuriahaemoglobinuria deathdeathNeonatal immune-mediated Neonatal immune-mediated

thrombocytopenia reported.thrombocytopenia reported.Occur when a female animal of one blood Occur when a female animal of one blood

type is mated to a male of another.type is mated to a male of another.

Page 21: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals
Page 22: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Usually due to Anaphylactic reaction.Usually due to Anaphylactic reaction.Mediated by IgE antibody which Mediated by IgE antibody which

activate Mast cells.activate Mast cells.Frequently seen with infusion of Frequently seen with infusion of

plasma.plasma.Can occur on first transfusion.Can occur on first transfusion.Minimize by pre-treatment with Minimize by pre-treatment with

Antihistaminics & slow transfusion Antihistaminics & slow transfusion rate.rate.

Page 23: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

MINOR SKIN REACTIONSMINOR SKIN REACTIONS:-:-PruritisPruritisFacial edemaFacial edemaWhealsWhealsUrticariaUrticaria SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONSSEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS:-:-Broncho-constrictionBroncho-constrictionCardiopulmonary arrestCardiopulmonary arrest

Page 24: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Produces mild & transient fever.Produces mild & transient fever.Most common type:- observed with Most common type:- observed with

whole blood.whole blood.Suspected:- when temperature Suspected:- when temperature

increase of atleast 1˚C with no other increase of atleast 1˚C with no other cause.cause.

Can occur on first transfusion.Can occur on first transfusion.Vomiting & tremor may be seen.Vomiting & tremor may be seen.

Page 25: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Reported in Dogs with Haemophilia A.Reported in Dogs with Haemophilia A.Occur due to development of platelet Occur due to development of platelet

specific Antibody.specific Antibody.Platelet count may normalized within Platelet count may normalized within

4-6 days of Corticosteroid therapy.4-6 days of Corticosteroid therapy.

Page 26: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Similar to Neonatal Isoerythrolysis.Similar to Neonatal Isoerythrolysis.Recognised in Pigs.Recognised in Pigs.Develop Thrombocytopenia.Develop Thrombocytopenia.Clinical signs:- Cutaneous Clinical signs:- Cutaneous

haemorrhagehaemorrhage..

Page 27: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

TRANSFUSION REACTION BY COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

PRODUCT CONTENT REACTION Whole blood RBCs, WBCs,

Plasma, Platelets, Anticoagulant

Fever Acute hemolytic rxn Vol. overload

Packed RBCs RBCs Acute hemolytic rxn Fever

Fresh frozen plasma

Plasma, Anticoagulants,All clotting factors,Ig’s

Vol. overload Allergic rxn Fever

Page 28: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Platelet rich Platelet rich plasmaplasma

Platelets, Platelets, PlasmaPlasma Allergic rxnAllergic rxn

FeverFever

Frozen plateletsFrozen platelets 1×10¹¹ 1×10¹¹ platelets,platelets,PlasmaPlasma

BradycardiaBradycardia

Cryo poorCryo poor plasmaplasma

Factors II, IV, Factors II, IV, IX, XIX, X

Allergic rxnAllergic rxn FeverFever

Cryo pptCryo ppt Factors VIII, Factors VIII, XIII,FibrinogenXIII,Fibrinogen

Allergic rxnAllergic rxn FeverFever

Page 29: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

Reasons :-Reasons :- A)Failure to administer sufficient blood.A)Failure to administer sufficient blood. B)Irreversible changes occur in patient.B)Irreversible changes occur in patient. C)Short survival of transfused RBCs.C)Short survival of transfused RBCs. In Horses, survival of RBCs:- 60-100% at 4 daysIn Horses, survival of RBCs:- 60-100% at 4 days In Cattle RBCs remain in recepient circulation:-upto In Cattle RBCs remain in recepient circulation:-upto

24 hr.24 hr. Main site of RBC destruction:- Lung & Spleen. Main site of RBC destruction:- Lung & Spleen.

Page 30: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals

CURRENT VETERINARY THERAPY-IX SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE:- CURRENT VETERINARY THERAPY-IX SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE:- ROBERT W. KIRKROBERT W. KIRK

VETERINARY HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:- VETERINARY HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:- MARY MARY ANNAL THRALL, DALE C, BAKER, E DUAVE ANNAL THRALL, DALE C, BAKER, E DUAVE

VETERINARY MEDICINE-A TEXTBOOK OF DISEASE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE-A TEXTBOOK OF DISEASE OF CATTLE,SHEEP,PIG,GOAT AND HORSES:- CATTLE,SHEEP,PIG,GOAT AND HORSES:- OTTO M. RADOSTITS, OTTO M. RADOSTITS, CLIVE C. GRAY, DOUGLAS C. BLOOD, KENNETH W. HINCHCLIFF.CLIVE C. GRAY, DOUGLAS C. BLOOD, KENNETH W. HINCHCLIFF.

SCHALM’S VETY. HEMATOLOGY:- SCHALM’S VETY. HEMATOLOGY:- NEMI C. JAIN.NEMI C. JAIN.

HANDBOOK FOR VETY. CLINICIANS:- HANDBOOK FOR VETY. CLINICIANS:- BHIKANEBHIKANE

Page 31: Transfusion OF blood in anemic animals