Ruminant Production( cattle production)

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)

Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal

EDLS207-LivestockProduction(Ruminant)

Krishna Aryal

Msc.Ag

Tribhuvan University

Nepal05/26/2017 1Krishna Aryal



Cattle Production

( Origin and Distribution)

05/26/2017 2Krishna Aryal



Cattle

Large ruminant animals with horns and cloven hoofs,

domesticated for meat or milk

Bovine animals, especially domesticated members of the genus

Bos

Bos indicus( Zebu cattle)- Humped

Bos taurus ( European cattle)- Humpless

Bos grunnicus- Yak




Origin

Siri: Bhutan

Jersey: Island of Jersey(England)

Holstein-Friesian: Holland

Brown Swiss: Switzerland

Hariyana: East Punjab




Distribution of Cattle

Distributed globally







72.2605

72.44944

72.94022

72.43916 72.41743

71.8

72

72.2

72.4

72.6

72.8

73

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

Nu

mb

er(x

100000)

Fiscal year

cattle

In Nepal










Indigenous/native breeds of cattle (Nepal)

Siri Acchami

Khaila Lulu

Terai Pahadi

Yak/Nak

These native cattle have short lactation length(180-200 days),

long calving interval(12-24) months and low milk yield

capabilities(< 300 ltrs/lactation)

Being a Hindu dominated country killing of cattle is restricted in

Nepal. So the number of unproductive cattle is being increased.

However the cattle population is decreasing each year




Siri

Origin: Bhutan

Small to medium sized small head, square cut, wide and flat

forehead sharp horns, relatively small ears, well placed hump

covered with tuft (bunch) of hair at the top, strong legs and feet,

the dewlap is moderately developed, bulls have tight sheath (skin

cover). The udders of the cows are well developed

Often black and white or all black in color

Average body weight- 286 Kg




Reared at 1200 masl

Found in eastern hills (Illam

and Panchthar )

Undergone cross breeding and

are extinct at pure form

Can produce upto 6 liters of

milk per day

Attain sexual maturity at about

3.5 years




Lulu

Small body, black or white, humpless

Found in Mustang, Dolpa and

Manang districts

Adopted to high altitude, dry and

cooler environment

Hardy, can thrive in harsh condition

and produce in low input system

Can produce 1-2 liters of milk per

day

Population declining

Average body weight- 125 kg05/26/2017 13Krishna Aryal



Acchami

Found in far western region in Nepal

( Achham, Bajhang, Bajura and Doti

districts)

Suitable for hill condition

Smallest cattle breed in the world

(upto 1m height)

Also known as ‘Sano gai or

Naumuthe gai’

Average body weight: 124 kg

Can produce upto 1-2 liters of milk

per day05/26/2017 14Krishna Aryal



Khaila

Found in Far Western hilly region of the country( Doti,

Dadeldhura and Baitadi)

Good drought breed

Larger in size and strongly built

Sexual maturity:4 years

Milk production: 2.5 ltrs/ day

Lactation length: 10 months

Average body weight: 250 kg




Pahadi

Dominating cattle breed in Nepal

Located across the hills and good for

draught purpose in the terraced hill

condition

Used for milk and manure

Milk production: 1-2 ltrs/day

Lactation length: 240 days

Mostly black in colour and are

acceptable to cool climates

Normal from conservation point of

view05/26/2017 16Krishna Aryal



Terai

Found at southern belt

Bigger in size compared to hill cattle

Average body weigth: 210 kg

Milk production: 2 ltrs/day


Normal from conservation point of view




Yak/NakMountainous cattle and are located at mountain regions of country

Localized in northern belts

Raised in 3000masl

It has long hairs and pointed horns

adult body weight of a male is about 245 kg and of female Nak is about 215 kg

Number is declining

Yak(male) is crossed with female hill cattle to produce Chauri(female) and

Jhopkyos(male). Male is sterile

Yak(male) crossed with female hill cattle to produce Urang chauri

Nak ( female) crossed with male hill cattle to produce Dimjo chauri




The performances of the Yak/Nak are

• The age of first calving is 48 months,

• The milk yield is 470 Lt/lactation

• The calving interval is 687 days,

• The lactation length is about 174 days.

The performances of the Chauris' are:

• The age of first calving is 36 months,

• The milk yield is 1960 Lt/lactation

• The calving interval is 425 days,

• The lactation length is 254-400 days

Milk production capability of a Chauris is more than Nak




Characteristics features and performance of native cattle:

The native cattle are resistant to most of the tropical diseases

It has ability to better utilisation of coarse roughage

It can withstand more heat and cold conditions

It is adapted to thrive well in harsh conditions

It can climb steep hills and mountains for grazing

The age of first calving ranges 32-52 months

The milk yield ranges 360-760 ltrs/lactation




Exotic Breeds/commercial breeds of Nepal

Jersey

Holstein- Friesian

Brown Swiss

Hariyana




Jersey

Origin: Island of Jersey in the English

Channel

varies in colour from light red to black

and from white spotted to solid in

marking

famous dairy breed of cattle, noted for

small body size, low feed intake with

high milk yield of rich fat content

cows have straight top line, levelled

rumps and sharp withers




They have excellent udders, both in shape and in fore and rear

attachment

Adult cows weigh about 500 Kg and males about 600 to 700 Kg

Average gestation period - 280 days and yield

Average milk yield- 4000 litres fat- 5.5%

Lactation period of 305 days

First introduced in Nepal -1957 from US government under

Heifer Project

Bulls used for semen- Upgrading through AI




Holstein- Friesian

Origin: Holland

Sharply defined black and white spotted

markings(black ears, white feet, and white end

of the tail)

Head long and narrow, rounded withers

Has large feeding capacities and udder

One of the highest producing dairy breed of

world

Average weight-:500 to 750 kg

Gestation period: 280 days

Age at first calving: 23- 26 month

Average milk yield: 6150 ltrs/lactation , fat-

3.5%05/26/2017 24Krishna Aryal



Brown Swiss

Origin: Switzerland

Colour: Distinctly brown

Draft milch and beef purpose breed

More heat tolerant than Jersey

Docile and easily manageable.

Average body weigth: 700- 800 kg

Average gestation period: 290 days

Lactation period: 305 days

Milk yield of 5250 litres/ lactation, fat 4%




Hariyana

Origin: East punjab

Horns are short and the face is narrow and

long

Colour: white

Can tolerate high temperature

The bullocks are powerful work animals


Adult bull weights about 400-500 kg and

cow 800-1000 kg.

Age of first calving :4 years

Milk yield:3000-3500 ltrs/lactation




Care and management of newly born calf

As soon as the birth of calves takes place, it should be dried. Do

not allow mother to lick

Remove the mucus from the nose and mouth and clean it.

If the calf does not start breathing, artificial respiration should be

used by pressing and relaxing alternatively, the chest walls with

hands.

Another method is to hold the calf by the rear legs and lift from

the floor with the head down. This may be repeated several times

and helps in restoring respiration.




As soon as the calf starts breathing, observe as to whether the

navel cord is still attached.

The navel cord should be disinfected. The navel cord of the calf is

tied about 2.5 cm away from the body and cut about one cm below

the ligature.

Apply tincture of iodine to the cut end and repeat it 2-3 days. This

will prevent infection.

Allow it to suckle the milk by cleaning the udder

Colustrum should be fed within half an hour after birth




Feed the Colostrum within 15 minutes of calving,

The calf should be fed with colostrum at the rate- 1/10th of body

weight and buffalo calves at the rate -1/15th of body weight.

Should be fed upto 4-5 days

Colostrum containing low fat, high protein, vitamins and

minerals forms a balanced feed for new-born calves. This helps

to protect the calf against various diseases as it contains

antibodies. Colostrum also helps to eliminate the material

accumulated in the digestive tract before it was born.




If muconium (first faecal matter) is not voided out, mild enema by

dissolving soap in a liter of warm water should be given.

Between two to three weeks of age, introduce high quality

roughage. This can be supplemented with concentrates preferably

calf starter pellets. Where hay is used, it should be of high quality,

fine texture and mixed with legumes

The calf is encouraged to consume dry feeds, including

concentrates until weaning time at week nine.

Serve fresh water

Carry out identification/dehorning /disbuding within 3-10 dayscalves are weaned at about 9 to 12 weeks of age. It is possible to wean early at

about five to eight weeks if more milk was fed and calves got introduced to pre-

starter and starter feeds early in life. 05/26/2017 30Krishna Aryal



At the age of 15 days HS serum vaccine should be given

Deworm the calf at the age of 3 weeks

At the age of 3 months the calf should be vaccinated against

anthrax and 15 days thereafter BQ.




Care and management of heifer

Heifers are reared indoors, outdoors- 9-12 months.

Outdoors-protection from the adverse climatic condition ,rain, hot

sun, snow, heavy winds biting flies , parasitic infestation.

Exotic breeds-Heifers performance is slow in tropical areas in the

out doors.

Small breeds –Age at first breeding -15 months.Large breeds-18

months.

Adequate live weight would be 200-225 kg for smaller breeds and

275 kgs for the larger breeds.

Cross bred heifers show signs of heat as early as 10 months of age

but none of them are mated until attain the body weight of 225/275

body weight or a minimum of 14 months age.05/26/2017 32Krishna Aryal



Age at first calving 25-28 months.

Feeding of Heifers.

A. Concentrate feed :

3 months- 1 year : 1 kg.

Above one year : 2 kg.

Pregnant Heifers : 3-3.5 kg.

B. Green Fodder

Leguminous fodder : 10 kg.

Non Leguminous fodder : 25 kg.

C. Dry fodder : 3 kg.05/26/2017 33Krishna Aryal



Vaccination Schedule.

Brucell Strain 19 –to prevent abortion due to Brucellosis-

Vaccinated at the age of 4-6 months of Calf.

Other Contagious Disease Vaccination are done accordingly prior

to the prevalence of disease and prior to rainy season

Foot and Mouth disease : Once in 4 months/9 months/12 months.

Rinderpest : 1-3 years.

Haemorraghic Septicaemia: 1 year.

Anthrax : 1 year.

Black Quarters : 1 year.




Housing

Outdoor system / Grazing method

Reared chiefly of grazing

Care to be taken not to overstock on limited grazing land.

Rotational grazing.

Arrangement of shade and drinking water – pasture land

Concentrate feed is to be provided – Centrally located feed

trough

Protect from rain.




Indoors

Management in covered area.

Sufficient concentrate feed and fodder provided.

Steaming up of heifers.

Feeding grains to pregnant heifers prior calving at 1.5 Kg. per

day. It helps in their growth, bear the stress of foetus. It

produces more milk after calving and increases lactation

length.




Training of heifers

Heifers in early stage should be lead with halter to make them

docile.

Pregnant Heifers are to be housed along with milking cows at

least a month prior to calving.

The udder should be washed warm water and mopped with cloth

to accustom her to feel the hands in this place. Just few days prior

to calving pulling teats slightly may be practiced so that heifer

would not excited.

Control of Parasites – Dewormed periodically – 4 – 6 months

intervals

Grooming is to be practiced to avoid ecto- parasites.05/26/2017 37Krishna Aryal



Care and management of Pregnant animals

Usually a dairy cow caries her calf for a period of 282 days.

However, they may range from 270- 290 days after conception

Deworming should be done before 3 weeks of calving

At advanced pregnancy it should be throughly washed with soap

and warm water to disinfect adhering parasite eggs and other

germs

Transfer it to the clean and disinfected calving box 6-7 days

before due date

Prevent from being injured by slipping on the floors and from

disturbances from other animals

Avoid long distance travel

Room should be well ventilated , well bedded 05/26/2017 38Krishna Aryal



Provide concentrate feed 3.5 kg per day.

Provide 25 – 35 Kg. Greed fodder per day and 5 Kg. Paddy straw

Laxative feed should be provided to the animal 3 days prior to

calving

Overfeeding should be avoided 3 days prior and 12 hrs after

calving

Avoid chasing by dogs, bulls or children.

Avoid infighting between pregnant animals.

Separate pregnant animals from recently aborted animals or

carriers of diseases like brucellosis.

Provide adequate clean drinking water

Protect against extremes of climate( excessive hot and cold)

After parturition, the external genitals, flanks and tail should be

washed with warm water containing Kmno405/26/2017 39Krishna Aryal



Care and Management: Lactating animals.

Protection against inclement weather.

Housing – Discussed earlier

Hygiene and sanitation of cattle shed and animals grooming,

washing, disinfection etc.

Feeding a) concentrate – DM, DCP TDN b) Roughages – GF – L,

NL, DF

Thumb Rule : 450 –500 g Concentrate / Kg. milk production

DCP 15% : TDN 75% : DM. 33% Wheat Bran : 40% Mineral

Mixture : 1% Salt :1%

Green Fodder – 25 kg (1/3 L : 2/3 NL) 3-5 kg DF




5. Peak yield – 6 week – Ca 1.3-1.18 g P : 1 g

Supplemented : ca i/v injection

6. Breeding – 60 days after calving does not come to heat –

check with veterinary Doctor.

7. Artificial Insemination – Pregnancy verification – 90 days

conception delayed – 2 A.I : check – 13-14 month calf.

8. Pregnant – 45 – 60 days period.

9. Drying – withdraw concentrate : feed dry fodder : milking

alternate M/E –4 days.

10. Periodical vaccination

RP, Bq, Hs, Anthrax Once in a year.

Foot and mouth – once – 4 months.

11. Isolation of pregnant animal05/26/2017 41Krishna Aryal



Care and management of dry animals

Dry period: time from the end of lactation until the calving

Usually 56 days dry period is necessary for following

reasons:

Involution of the udder

Foetal development

Replenishment( restore) of body reserves

To rest the organ of milk secretion

Drying off the cows

Cut out all the concentrates and even keep the cows in poor

roughages for 3- 4 days

Separate from the herd

Do not extract all the milk for first 2 days, milk once a day

thereafter once in every next day or complete cessation05/26/2017 42Krishna Aryal



Management

usually from about a week after the dry off date, she must be

fed completely for the growth and replacement of her body

reserves

Dry cow normally be fed more concentrates than about 0.5%

of body weight

Should be fed with calcium and phosphorus




Care and management of breeding bulls

Make sure that te bull is typical of the breed and comes from the

parent with high index of production

Do not use the bulls for breeding purpose unless it attains proper

maturity( 3- 3.5 years)

It should be free from communicable disease

Allow bull to move about and have regular exercise otherwise

they are likely to put on fat and slow at service

Overfeeding and underfeeding should be avoided




Feeding

The properly balanced ration should be given which contains

adequate energy, protein, minerals & vitamins.

Feed to male calf after discontinuation of milk, it should be

provided with good quality, legume hay and 2 to 2.5 kg of

concentrate having 12-15% DCP.

Feeding to mature bull: Should be fed adequately to keep it on

good flesh but not over fat, sufficient amount of green feed, 1 kg of

good quality hay (DM) and 1.5 kg of concentrates per 100 kg of

body weight per day will keep in good breeding condition.

The breeding calf if provided with good feeding practices it will

develop in a vigorous nature mature bull & reach sexual maturity

of young age.05/26/2017 45Krishna Aryal



Care and management of working bullocks

Avoid over working the bullocks. The work should be evenly

distributed in such a way that light and heavy work are distributed

evenly.

Protect the bullocks from rain and inclement weather exposure

Lean type roof on the side of farmers house.

Shoe the bullock properly before using them for work on hard

ground.

The hoof should be prepared first and shoe should made to fit the

natural shape of hoof.

Hooves should be hard, black and waxy, the two halves should be

even. The cleft of hoof should be narrow




Body weight Light work Heavy work

300 kg 2 kg 2.5 kg

400 kg 2.5 kg 3 kg

500 kg 3 kg 3.5 kg

Feeding

Concentrates

Roughages: 25 Kg of green and 3 to 5 Kg of dry fodder




Thank You

Any Queries?????


Science

Ruminant Production( cattle production)