A PRESENTATION ON

ORDER HYMENOPTERA & ITS AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANCE

PRESENTED BY:Sandeep Kumar Sathua

M.Sc. (Ag) final YearDept. of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology

BHU, Varanasi, Uttarprades

WELCOME TO MY ORDER

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The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words "hymen" meaning membrane and "ptera" meaning wings. It is also a reference to Hymeno, the Greek god of marriage. The name is appropriate not only for the membranous nature of the wings, but also for the manner in which they are "joined together as one" by the hamuli.Over 115,000 species present worldwideIt is the order of Ants / Wasps / Bees / Sawflies / Horntails.

HYMENOPTERA

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COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDER HYMENOPTERA

Head- Hypognathous, extremely mobile & freeMouthparts- Larvae – Chewing type

Adult– Chewing & lapping type(e.g. bees).

Compound eyes that are usually large (although many are blind e.g. ants and fig wasps).The females generally have an ovipositor which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging.Complete metamorphosis

COMPOUND EYE

HYPOGNATHOUSHEAD

CHEWING & LAPPING TYPE MOUTHPART

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Two pairs of membranous thin wings. The forewings and hindwings are held together by small hooks (Hamulli). The hindwings < forewings and the wing venation (vein arrangement) is often much reduced. However, in many species the wings are not present or are present only during mating flights (e.g. ants).Larva are eruciform & grub is apodousAntenae – Filliform, geniculate, clavate etc with 4-70 segments

GENICULATE ANTENAE

Ham

ulli

GRUB

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Hymenoptera devided into 2 suborders

Symphyta & Apocrita

Suborder SYMPHYTA have a broad junction between thorax and abdomen (sawflies and horntails) <10% of species

Suborder APOCRITA have a narrow junction between the thorax and abdomen.

Division Parasitica (parasitoids), >70% of species

Division Aculeata (stinging wasps, ants, & bees) ~20% spp.

Taxonomy & Diversity

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HYMENOPTERA

SYMPHYTA

TENTHREDINOIDEAXYELOIDEA

MEGALODONTOIDEASIRICOIDEA

ORUSSOIDEACEPHOIDEA

APOCRITA

ACULEATAAPOIDEA

VESPOIDEACHRYSIDOIDEA

PARASITICA

ICHNEUMONOIDEACEREPHRONOIDEA

PROCTOTRUPOIDEASTEPHANOIDEA

EVANIOIDEAMEGALYROIDEATRIGONALOIDEACHALCIDOIDEA

CYNIPOIDEA

Phylogeny of Order Hymenoptera

ORDER

SUBORDER

SUBORDER

DIVISION

DIVISION

SUPER FAMILY

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WINGS

Symphyta: All have two pair of membranous (clear) wings as adults with most displaying a fairly "basic" set of cells and veins, i.e. simple venation

Apocrita: 2 pair or one sex apterous, venation often reduced, membrane may be patterned, fore- & hind wings attached with hammuli.

Difference Between SYMPHYTA & APOCRITA

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LARVAE

Symphyta: caterpillar-like, one pair stemmata, 3 pair of thoracic & 6-8 pair

abdominal legs; free-living.

Apocrita: grub-like maggots, apodous or eucephalous; live in protected nest cells.

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Abdomen broadly jointed to thoraxStemmata PresentFore tibia with 2 spursPre pupa absentMostly polyphagous in natureOvipositor well developed & modified for piercing plant tissue

e.g.- Saw fly

Other Differences

Abdomen attached to thorax by narrow ‘Petiole’Stemmata absentTibial spurs absentPre pupa presentMostly parasitic on other insectsOvipositor modified for parasitizing or stinging other insects

e.g.- Bee, Wasp, Ants

SYMPHYTA APOCRITA

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Suborder- SymphytaFamily-Tenthredinidae (Saw Fly)

Bright colored stout adultAntennae non segmentedOvipositor is blade or saw likeLarvae eruciform devoid of crochets

e.g- Mustard Saw Fly (Athalia lugens proxima)

IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF HYMENOPTERA

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Suborder- Symphyta Family-Siricidae (Horntails) Pale brown legs and the rest metallic

blue-black Ovipositor is stiff and straight as a

needle, polished black, with slight notches

It pierces the bark of trees to lay eggs & Larvae are wood borers.

e.g- Sirex Woodwasp ( Sirex noctilio )

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Division- AculetaFamily- Apidae (True bee)

Head & body with plumose hairHind legs are foragialFore tibia with spursOvipositor modified to stingSocial insects , generally act as pollinator

e.g.- Apis melifera, A. indica etc.Egg – The queen bee lays the eggs. Larva – The worker bees care for the larvae, feeding and cleaning them.Pupa – After molting several times, the larvae will cocoon inside the cells of the hive.Adult – Male adults are always drones; females may be workers or queens.

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

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Sting

Honey Bee Photo Gallery

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Division- AculetaFamily- Vespidae (Social Wasps) Red or yellow body with black markings Long slender petiole Antennae in female 12 & in male 13

segmented Trochanter undivided & no trochantellus Abdomen is modified into terminal ovipositor

or sting 3 marginal cells in fore wing & hind wing

without anal lobe

Potter Wasp

Paper Wasp

HornetsYellowJacket

SUBORDER- APOCRITA Paper Wasp

Papery

Nest

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They prey on caterpillars and spiders. Adults provision nest sites with prey that they catch and paralyze by stinging.

Lateral margin of pronotum forms a distinct lobe that does not touch the tegula

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

Division- Aculeta Family- Sphicidae (Sand Wasps, Digger Wasps )

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Division- ParasiticaFamily- Ichneumonidae (Ichneumonid wasp) Forewings lack a costal cell 16 or more segments in the antennae 2 segmented trochanters & tarsus 4 segmented Females with a long, slender ovipositor Filliform antennae with more than 16 segmented Most adults are parasitic e.g- Giant ichneumon wasp (Megarhyssa

macrurus)

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

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Division- ParasiticaFamily- Braconidae (Braconid wasp) Minute small sized insects, most of them parasitoids of lepidopteron larvae Ovipositor is long & well developed Cross vein 2m- Cu is absent in fore wing Pupation inside cocoon, inside/outside body of host e.g- Bracon hebetor & Bracon brevicornis

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

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Division- ParasiticaFamily- Trichogrammatidae (Trichogramma sps.) Minute insects with 3 segmented tarsi Fore wings broad with rows of microscopic

hairs They are not strong fliers All are egg parasitoid on mostly

Lepidopteran insects e.g- Trichogamma chilonis, T. japonicum

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

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Family- Formicidae (Ants) Eusocial, with perennial colonies Wingless worker caste Females with prognathous heads Antennae elbowed or geniculate Abdominal segment II differentiated, forming

a petiole Mating performed in mass nuptial flights.

Wings of alate queens shed after mating Forewings always lacking cross-veins 3rs-m

and 2m-cu

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

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Division- Parasitica Family- Cynipidae (Gall Wasps)

GALLS ON LEAF

ADULT WASP

LARVA

GALLS ON FRUITS

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

- Larvae are herbivores. - They induce the formation of plant galls on fruit & leaves and live in or on these tissues.

GALLS ON LEAF

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Family- Eulopidae (Pupal Parasitoids) They are minute pupal parasites Fore wing narrower with pubascence on wing

lamina Hairs are not arranged in rows Ovipositor present allmost at the tip of the

abdomen e.g- Tetrasticus israelli used for control of

Coconut black headed caterpillar

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

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Family- Evaniidae (Ensign Wasp) Petiole is long and abrupt Gaster is short, compressed and attached

to propodium by slender petiole They are parastic on the ootheca of

cockroaches e.g- Evania appendigaster

SUBORDER- APOCRITA

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POMPILIDAE: (Spider Wasps) They prey on spiders

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WING IDENTIFICATION

Trichogammatidae

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“The little things that run the world.” --E. O. Wilson

FOR NATURAL WORLDSpecial ecosystem functions:• Resource cycling, especially ants

• Population control, parasitoids, predators

• Pollination (plant reproduction), bees, Wasps and others

IMPORTANCE OF THE ORDER

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FOR ANTHROPOPHILIC WORLD

Beneficials

• Bioloical Control: horticultural & agricultural

• Pollinators: honey bees, bumble bees, solitary bees

• Hive Products: honey, wax, medicines & misc.

Pests

• Agriculture: phytophagous sawflies• Structural damage: carpenter bees &

ants• Nuisance: stinging wasps, ants• Medical: stings to allergic individuals,

trauma

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Bees, ants and wasps have chemoreceptors for taste and smell on their antennae as well as on their mouthparts.

Apart from the termites all the social insects are in the Hymenoptera order.

Recently a 100 million year old bee was found fossilized in amber.

Bees evolved from wasps around 130 million years ago.

One third of the food eaten by humans comes directly or indirectly from crops pollinated by bees.

In Hymenoptera the females develop from fertilized (diploid) eggs, and the males from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. So males have no father.

SOME EXTRA POINTS

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ANY DOUBTS….?

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