welcome

.We wish give you some information about crude oil

Contain

• Oil and gas formation (Rastgo Bakhtyar)

• Using technology to find crude oil. (Karim Qadr)

• Refining petroleum. (shahen)

• Uses of crude oil (Brwa Hamarash)

•Sweet VS Sours and Heavy oil VS light oil (Soma Mhamad)

•Barrel Breakdown U.S. shale and U.K. (Nadya)

What is crude oil ? Oil and gas formation.

Most of today's energy needs are met by fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. these unique high energy fuels are non-renewable resources that took millions of years to form, about 2 billion years ago marine organisms like algae and microscopic animals and plant died and settled on the ocean floor, beneath other sediments in the ocean and in the absence of oxygen these fossils change into a substance called kerogen, under heat and pressure Kerogen gradually changes into oil or gas, the whole process usually takes at least a million years, at the molecular level oil and gas are hydrocarbon made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

. What is crude oil ? Oil and gas formation

The constant pressure and movement of the earth's crust squeezes oil and gas through the pause or spaces within rocks, some oil and gas reaches the earth's surface and seeps out naturally into land or water, often it is trapped beneath the surface by impermeable layers or rock structures, within the crust oil or gas deposits build up and form reservoir, reservoirs are like vast sponges filled within oil and gas they can be as large as a city too.

What is crude oil ? using technology to find crude oil.

To find oil and gas deposits geologists use a number of different techniques including geological mapping, sniffers, sensitive magnetometers, seismic surveys and gravitational

surveys. " sniffers: sensitive electronic noses, can detect the smell of hydrocarbons.

as well as sensitive magnetometers to measure tiny changes in the earth's magnetic field caused by flowing oil.

finally, and most commonly, seismic surveys use to reflected sound waves to produce a 3D view of the earth's interior.

 New technologies such as four dimensional projections and sophisticated graphic renderings of rock structures are improving the way we find conventional oil and gas deposits.

What is crude oil ? using technology to find crude oil .

energy resources the are currently difficult or expensive to extract a called unconventional oil and gas.In a world with limited energy resources, people are looking at more efficient ways of tapping into unconventional oil and gas or alternative and renewable sources of energy from bio-fuels of the sun, all of the world waiting for this on the future.

What is crude oil? Refining crude oil.

Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oil or bitumen into more useful products, such as fuel or asphalt.

Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities, from sulfur to sand. These components have to be separated. This is done by heating the crude oil in a distillation tower that has trays and temperatures set at different levels. Oil’s hydrocarbons and metals have different boiling temperatures, and when the oil is heated, vapors from the different elements rise to different levels of the tower before condensing back into a liquid on the tiered trays.

What is crude oil Refining petroleum.

Propane, kerosene, and other components condense on different tiers of the tower, and can be individually collected. They are transported by pipeline, ocean vessels, and trucks to different locations, to either be used directly or further processed.

What is crude oil Uses crude oil.

The main use of crude oil is to make it into other products. There are many products that are derived from crude oil.

• Crude oil is used to make a variety of fuels including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, bunker fuel and kerosene.

•Crude oil is also used to make fertilizers and pesticides.

•Crude oil is used to make other products such as plastics and waxes.

•It is also used to make tar, sulfuric acid, asphalt, petroleum coke (solid fuel) and paraffin wax.

What is crude oil? Uses of crude oil.

•Crude oil is also a main ingredient in the production of synthetic rubbers

•Crude oil is used in the production of cosmetics and perfumes.

•Crude oil is also used to produce a number of industrial solvents that are used to clean machinery.

•It is also used in liquid fuels such as butane and propane which are used in home grills.

what is crude oil ? Heavy oil VS Light oil

you may have heard the term "light" crude oil; this refers to oil of a lower density.the easier it is for it to be refined into gasoline or diesel fuel.

conversely, the higher the density, or "heavier," the oil is, the harder it is to refine. therefore, generally speaking, light crude oil tends to fetch a premium in the oil future market.

as it is easier to refine and produced a greater amount of gasoline or diesel fuel. heavier crude oils are cheaper because they are not as easily refined, needing more advanced methods and technologies for refinement.

What is crude oil? Sweet VS Sour

if we put all of the above together, we have at one end of the spectrum sweet light crude oil, the holy grail so to speak, and at the other end heavy sour crude oil with some medium grades somewhere there in the middle.

sweet light crude oil has a higher liquid density to water and a higher sulphur

content .

the light and sweet variety is preferred to it is heavy and source counterpart because of the amount of processing necessary to remove impurities for refinement into fuels such as gasoline and diesel.

however, being that light and sweet crude is of a higher quality than it is counterpart, it will probably cost you a pretty penny in the futures market.

what is crude oil ? Barrel breakdown U.S. Shale

Gross taxes: 27.5% of barrel cost

after years of declining output .the U.S. oil and gas industry was revived by the shale boom, which kicked off amid the great recession and gained steam after 2008, advances in technology-notably, the combination of horizontal drilling and a technique known as hydraulic fracturing-allowed companies to tap vast amounts of oil

and gas trapped in dense rock formations .

oil and gas taxes vary by state in the U.S. with many imposing a production or extraction tax, or otherwise using the market price of oil

and gas to tax output on a specific well .

What is crude oil? U.K.

Capital spending: 51.1% of barrel cost

The U.K. has some of the highest production costs in the world as the oil and gas is offshore in deep stormy waters.

The region has been in production since the 1970s and remaining resources require more costly technology to extract, while aging infrastructure such as pipelines, production hubs and terminals require constant maintenance and upgrades.

sources

National geographic link(:// . / /http nationalgeographic org encyclopedia petrole

/um)

Science AAAS website( :// . /http aaas org.)

Barrel breakdown- WSJ.com

Want to know it .com/uses-of-crude-oil/

Earth science western Australia (You Tube) link(

:// . . / ? =8 1https www youtube com watch v YHsxXEVB M)