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POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATIONby ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at AustinAdditional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYAN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
UNIT 1UNIT 1
PART A
3 Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three Major Body Cavities
Figure 3-1
The body is divided into various cavities but not all compartments have walls or are completely enclosed
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lumens of Hollow Organs
Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something other than the organ’s tissue.
Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Intestines
Lumen – interior of a hollow organ
Fluid-filled interior
Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functional Compartments
Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue
Plasma-fluid of blood
Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and tissue cells
Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-2
Body Fluid Compartments
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-3
Cell Membrane: Overview
Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or microscopic and serve different functions
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Function
Physical barrier- separates intracellular and extracellular fluid
Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and leaves the cell
Communication- surface proteins respond and recognize other molecules which can change cell activity
Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins. Membrane proteins also form cell junctions
Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions assist in controlling transport.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-4
Cell Membrane: Structure
The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Composition Lipids
Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane.
Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and reduces it’s freezing point.
Proteins Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel
Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton anchors
Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that may attract other proteins or enzymes
Carbohydrates Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-5a
Cell Membrane: Formation
Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Formation
Figure 3-5b
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-6
Cell Membrane: Proteins
The three types of membrane proteins: integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-9
Cell Membrane
Concept Map of cell membrane components
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-10
The cell membrane covers cells of various sizes, shapes, and functions
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Compartments
Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the organelles
Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble particles
Organelles - cell structures with specific function- “small organs”
Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-11
Cell Compartments
A map for the study of cell structure
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Organelle “Factory” and summary chart
See board drawing and table on board
Review on your own the functions and structures of the following cell organelles (see fig 3:12):
Inclusions (3-types)
Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella
Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes)
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasmic Vesicles
Nucleus
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Primary Tissue Types
Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange, and lining cavities.
Connective- major functions are: support, storage, communication, immunity.
Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat production, support and protection.
Nerve- major function is communication and control, information processing.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial Tissue: Structure
Basal lamina
Basement membrane
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Epithelial Tissue: Function
Exchange – quick movement of molecules
Transport – move from one side to another and process
Ciliated – move substances in the extracellular matrix
Protective – multiple layers, quickly regenerates
Secretory – produces substances secreted into the extracellular matrix or outside the body.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Exchange Epithelia Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates,
increase surface area with microvilli.
Rapid transport -
Oxygen -
Carbon dioxide -
Ions and fluids -
Capillaries and lung alveoli -
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Transporting Epithelia
single layer or cuboidal or columnar cells, take in a molecule from a lumen and transport it into the blood stream.
Exchange of ions and nutrients -
Tight junctions -
Intestine and kidney -
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Ciliated and Protective Epithelia apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the
cell, like the ovum or mucus
Ciliated epithelium -
Trachea -
Sweep mucous out -
Protective epithelium -
multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high regenerative ability.
Skin -
Prevent exchange -
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Secretory Epithelia contain goblet cells and
cells that form the different endocrine or exocrine glands in the body
Exocrine tissues Mucous glands
Goblet cells
Secreted externally via ducts
Endocrine tissues Hormones
Secreted to ECF and blood
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-28 (1 of 3)
Secretory Epithelia
Development of endocrine and exocrine glands from epithelium
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues: Structure
Support and barriers – strong high collagen content allow to withstand forces
Ground substance – varies in amount of water and changes the consistency of the type of connecitve tissue
Cells – have a wide variety of functions
Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance
Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the blood stream.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues: Structure
Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their unique characteristics.
Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance
Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are 12 variations, is most abundant in the body.
Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues
Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic organs.
Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in forming blood clots
Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphnodes
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Connective Tissues: Types
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Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue
Figure 3-29 (1 of 2)
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Various Connective Tissue Types Strength or flexibility
Tendons and ligaments Collagen dominates
Adipose connective tissue White
Single droplet Brown
Multiple droplets Blood
Plasma matrix Free blood cells
Cartilage Light and flexible Trachea and ears
Bone Calcified Rigid
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Muscle Tissues
Contractile Force and movement
Signal conduction
Types Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
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Nervous Tissues
Neurons send signals Excitable
Electrical
Chemical
Glial cells support
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Cell Death and Replacement
Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other external reasons
Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in normal body function cells reach a life limit and die
Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide”
Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and mulitpotent
Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have multipotent stem cells that can replace cells
Research uses and potential – need to find a good source of stem cells, face many ethical issues
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs
Groups of tissues with related function – each contains the four types of tissues in various ratios
Epidermal tissue (skin) -
Multiple cell layers – epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective, muscular, nervous
Multiple functions – protection, metabolism, temperature regulation, water proofing, blood storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN 3-1 - Overview
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integument System Functions
1. Protection
2. Insulation
3. Water proofing
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion
6. Cutaneous Sensory organ
7. Metabolism
8. Blood reservoir