Document01

السالم علی الحسینشهر ما هم کم تر از آن کوفه نیست

Abdalsamad keramatfar, Scientometrics section of SID


Information about a digital object may change over time, including where to find it,

but its DOI name will not change.


DOI The digital object identifier [DOI®] system provides an infrastructure for persistent unique identification of objects of any type. DOI is an acronym for "digital object identifier", meaning a "digital identifier of an object" rather than an "identifier of a digital object". The DOI system was initiated by the International DOI Foundation in 1998, and initially developed with the collaboration of some participants in ISO/TC46/SC9.


The DOI System provides a framework for persistent identification, managing intellectual content, managing metadata, linking customers with content suppliers, facilitating electronic commerce, and enabling automated management of media.


The DOI system is designed to work over the Internet. A DOI name is permanently assigned to an object to provide a resolvable persistent network link to current information about that object, including where the object, or information about it, can be found on the Internet. While information about an object can change over time, its DOI name will not change. A DOI name can be resolved within the DOI system to values of one or more types of data relating to the object identified by that DOI name, such as a URL, an e-mail address, other identifiers and descriptive metadata.


The DOI system enables the construction of automated services and transactions. Applications of the DOI system include but are not limited to managing information and documentation location and access; managing metadata; facilitating electronic transactions; persistent unique identification of any form of any data; and commercial and non-commercial transactions.


DOI name syntaxThe DOI name has two components, the prefix and the suffix, which together form the DOI name, separated by the "/" character. The portion following the "/" separator character, the suffix, may be an existing identifier, or any unique string chosen by the registrant. The portion preceding the "/" character (the prefix) denotes a unique naming authority. There is no limitation on the length of a DOI name


DOI name syntaxThe prefix is assigned to an organization that wishes to register DOI names; any organization may choose to have multiple prefixes. Following the prefix (separated by a forward slash) is the suffix (unique to a given prefix) to identify the entity. The combination of a prefix for the Registrant and unique suffix provided by the Registrant avoids any necessity for the centralized allocation of DOI names.


DOI prefixGeneralThe DOI prefix shall be composed of a directory indicator followed by a registrant code. These two components shall be separated by a full stop (period). Directory indicatorThe directory indicator shall be "10". The directory indicator distinguishes the entire set of character strings (prefix and suffix) as digital object identifiers within the resolution system.


Registrant code

The second element of the DOI prefix shall be the registrant code. The registrant code is a unique string assigned to a registrant.


Examples10.1000 DOI prefix comprising a directory

indicator "10" followed by registrant code "1000".

The registrant code may be further divided into sub-elements for administrative convenience if desired. Each sub-element of the registrant code shall be preceded by a full stop. Such sub-division implies no hierarchical relationship; each registrant code, whether subdivided or not, has equal status in the DOI system. However a sub divided registrant code can have technical resolution implications. It is recommended that registrants consult the ISO 26324 Registration Authority for further information about assignment of registrant codes.

10.1000.10 DOI prefix in which the registrant code has a subdivision "10"


DOI name resolutionResolution is the process in which an identifier is the input (a request) to a network service to receive in return a specific output of one or more pieces of current information (state data) related to the identified entity, e.g. a location (such as URL) where the object can be found. Resolution provides a level of managed indirection between an identifier and the output. The resolution component allows redirection on a digital network from a DOI name to associated data. Initial applications were resolution to a single location (URL), providing a tool for persistence (since even if a URL is changed, the DOI name still functions and redirects to the new location). However, more useful resolution may be to multiple associated data such as multiple locations, metadata, common services, or to extensible assigner-defined data. The resolution tool used in the DOI system is the Handle System. This has advantages over other mechanisms including global scalability, full Unicode character support, and security.The Handle System implementation in the DOI system has been supplemented by expanded technical infrastructure and features specific to DOI system applications. The Handle System has no pre-existing constraints to define a framework to express relationships; the DOI system is an application of the Handle System which adds constraints for a specific purpose of content management. In the DOI system the constraints are defined using a semantically interoperable data dictionary.


DOI® data modelThe DOI system data model consists of a data dictionary and a framework for applying it. Together these provide tools for defining what a DOI name specifies (through use of a data dictionary), and how DOI names relate to each other. This provides semantic interoperability, enabling information that originates in one context to be used in another in ways that are as highly automated as possible.The DOI system uses an interoperable data dictionary built from an underlying ontology. The data dictionary component is designed to ensure maximum interoperability with existing metadata element sets; the framework allows the terms to be grouped in meaningful ways so that certain types of DOI names all behave predictably in an application through association with specified services. This provides a means of integrating the features of handle resolution with a structured data approach. DOI names need not make extensive use of this data model, but it is envisaged that many will. The ontology logical data model, providing a consistent and logical world view, differs from the traditional taxonomic approach to knowledge representation in that it does not follow a rigid parent/child hierarchical structure. Terms may inherit meaning from more than one parent and a more complex relationship may be maintained. An interoperable data dictionary contains terms from different computerized systems or metadata schemes, and shows the relationships they have with one another in a formal way. The IDF participates in several efforts using this approach, notably the Linked Content Coalition and the Vocabulary Mapping Framework. The Vocabulary Mapping Framework provides an expansion of the existing RDA/ONIX Framework into a comprehensive vocabulary of resource relators and categories, a superset of those used in major standards from the publisher/producer, education, and bibliographic/heritage communities (CIDOC CRM; DCMI; DDEX; DOI; FRBR; MARC21; LOM; ONIX; and RDA).

http://www.linkedcontentcoalition.org/

http://www.doi.org/VMF/index.html


Assigning numbersEach DOI® name is a unique "number", assigned to identify only one entity. Although the DOI system will assure that the same DOI name is not issued twice, it is a primary responsibility of the Registrant (the company or individual assigning the DOI name) and its Registration Agency to identify uniquely each object within a DOI name prefix. Uniqueness (specification by a DOI name of one and only one referent) is enforced by the DOI system. It is desirable that two DOI names should not be assigned to the same thing.


DOI suffixThe DOI suffix shall consist of a character string of any length chosen by the registrant. Each suffix shall be unique to the prefix element that precedes it. The unique suffix can be a sequential number, or it might incorporate an identifier generated from or based on another system used by the registrant (e.g. ISAN, ISBN, ISRC, ISSN, ISTC, ISNI; in such cases, a preferred construction for such a suffix can be specified, as in Example 1).


Example

10.1000/123456 DOI name with the DOI prefix "10.1000" and the DOI suffix "123456".

10.1038/issn.1476-4687 DOI suffix using an ISSN. To construct a DOI suffix using an ISSN, precede the ISSN (including the hyphen) with the lowercase letters "issn" and a period, as in this hypothetical example of a DOI for the electronic version of Nature.


Assignment of DOI name


GranularityA DOI name can be assigned to any object, regardless of the extent to which that object might be a component part of some larger entity. DOI names can be assigned at any desired degree of precision and granularity that a registrant deems to be appropriate.For example, for granularity in textual materials, separate DOI names can be assigned to a novel as an abstract work, a specific edition of that novel, a specific chapter within that edition of the novel, a single paragraph, a specific image, or a quotation, as well as to each specific manifestation in which any of those entities are published or otherwise made available.


UniquenessEach DOI name shall specify one and only one referent in the DOI system. While a referent can be specified by more than one DOI name, it is recommended that each referent has only one DOI name.


DescriptionThe assignment of a DOI name requires that the registrant provide metadata describing the object to which the DOI name is being assigned. The metadata shall describe the object to the degree that is necessary to distinguish it as a separate entity within the DOI system


PersistenceNo time limit for the existence of a DOI name shall be assumed in any assignment, service or application.A DOI name and its referent are unaffected by changes in the rights associated with the referent, or changes in the management responsibility of the referent.The DOI system provides a means to continue interoperability through exchange of information about identified entities (at a minimum, the DOI name and a description of the referent).


Case sensitivity DOI names are case insensitive. 10.123/ABC is identical to 10.123/AbC. All DOI names are converted to upper case upon registration, which is a common practice for making any kind of service case insensitive. The same is true with resolution. If a DOI name were registered as 10.123/ABC, then 10.123/abc will resolve it and an attempt to register 10.123/AbC would be rejected with the error message that this DOI name already existed.


ResolutionResolution is the process in which an identifier is the input — a request — to a network service to receive in return a specific output of one or more pieces of current information (state data) related to the identified entity: e.g., a location (URL). Multiple resolution, that is made possible by the Handle System used as the DOI resolution component, is the return as output of several pieces of current information related to a DOI-identified entity — specifically at least one URL plus defined data structures allowing management.


DOI resolution records can include one or more URLs, where the object can be located, and other information provided about the object to which a DOI name has been assigned, optionally including but not restricted to:namesidentifiersdescriptionstypesclassificationslocationstimesmeasurementsrelationships to other entities


How to become a DataCite Member?

Membership is open to all not for profit organizations who wish to allocate DOI names and use the Registration Agency of DataCite in their capacity as allocating agents. A member should be actively working with data centers for the purpose of issuing DOIs. The membership fee for full members is 8.500€ p.a.A member is eligible to actively take part in the working groups, has full voting rights on all decisions, and may register unlimited DOI names for themselves and their clients.

Science

Document01